Systematic assessment of the correlations of household income with infectious, biochemical, physiological, and environmental factors in the United States, 1999-2006

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 181, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 171-179

  Patel, Chirag J ^a   Ioannidis, John P A ^b,c   Cullen, Mark R ^b   Rehkopf, David H ^b  

^a Harvard Medical School Center for Biomedical Informatics   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c STANFORD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Environment; Income; Nutrition; Socioeconomics

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOMARKER; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH RISK; HEALTH SURVEY; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; NUTRITION; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHILD; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; ETHNIC OR RACIAL ASPECTS; FEMALE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; INCOME; INFECTION; MALE; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES; BLOOD; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH STATUS; INFANT; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; YOUNG ADULT;

UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; BLOOD; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; INCOME; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION SURVEYS; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84922389734     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu277     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Kitagawa E, Hauser P. Differential Mortality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1973.
2. Goldberger J, Wheeler GA, Sydenstricker E. A study of the relation of family income and other economic factors to Pellagra incidence in seven cotton-mill villages of South Carolina in 1916. Public Health Rep. 1920;35(46):2673-2714.
3. Backlund E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ. The shape of the relationship between income and mortality in the United States. Evidence from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6(1):12-20.
4. Dowd JB, Albright J, Raghunathan TE, et al. Deeper and wider: income and mortality in the USA over three decades. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(1):183-188.
5. Hiscock R, Bauld L, Amos A, et al. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1248:107-123.
6. Crespo CJ, Smit E, Andersen RE, et al. Race/ethnicity, social class and their relation to physical inactivity during leisure time: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(1): 46-53.
7. Miller JE. The effects of race/ethnicity and income on early childhood asthma prevalence and health care use. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(3):428-430.
8. Loucks EB, Magnusson KT, Cook S, et al. Socioeconomic position and the metabolic syndrome in early, middle, and late life: evidence from NHANES 1999-2002. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(10):782-790.
9. Kawachi I, Adler NE, Dow WH. Money, schooling, and health: mechanisms and causal evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1186:56-68.
10. Benzeval M, Judge K. Income and health: the time dimension. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(9):1371-1390.
11. Kant AK, Graubard BI. Secular trends in the association of socio-economic position with self-reported dietary attributes and biomarkers in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10(2): 158-167.
12. Rehkopf DH, Krieger N, Coull B, et al. Biologic risk markers for coronary heart disease: nonlinear associations with income. Epidemiology. 2010;21(1):38-46.
13. Denton M, Walters V. Gender differences in structural and behavioral determinants of health: an analysis of the social production of health. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48(9):1221-1235.
14. Prus SG, Gee E. Gender differences in the influence of economic, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors on later-life health. Can J Public Health. 2003;94(4):306-309.
15. Rehkopf DH, Berkman LF, Coull B, et al. The non-linear risk of mortality by income level in a healthy population: US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey mortality follow-up cohort, 1988-2001. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:383.
16. Tang M, Chen Y, Krewski D. Gender-related differences in the association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(3):381-385.
17. Zick CD, Smith KR. Patterns of economic change surrounding the death of a spouse. J Gerontol. 1991;46(6):S310-S320.
18. Loucks EB, Rehkopf DH, Thurston RC, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in metabolic syndrome differ by gender: evidence from NHANES III. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(1):19-26.
19. Rehkopf D, Dow WH, Gruenewald T, et al. Cardiovascular consequences of income change. In: Wolfe B, Evans WN, Seeman T, eds. The Biological Consequences of Socioeconomic Inequalities. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2012:126-157.
20. McLaren L. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:29-48.
21. Schmeiser MD. Expanding wallets and waistlines: the impact of family income on the BMI of women and men eligible for the earned income tax credit. Health Econ. 2009;18(11): 1277-1294.
22. Miller JE, Korenman S. Poverty and children's nutritional status in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140(3):233-243.
23. Patel CJ, Bhattacharya J, Butte AJ. An environment-wide association study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2010;5(5):e10746.
24. Tzoulaki I, Patel CJ, Okamura T, et al. A nutrient-wide association study on blood pressure. Circulation. 2012;126(21): 2456-2464.
25. Lind PM, Risérus U, Salihovic S, et al. An environmental wide association study (EWAS) approach to the metabolic syndrome. Environ Int. 2013;55:1-8.
26. Patel CJ, Cullen MR, Ioannidis JP, et al. Systematic evaluation of environmental factors: persistent pollutants and nutrients correlated with serum lipid levels. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(3): 828-843.
27. Patel CJ, Rehkopf DH, Leppert JT, et al. Systematic evaluation of environmental and behavioural factors associated with all-cause mortality in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(6): 1795-1810.
28. Patel CJ, Yang T, Hu Z, et al. Investigation of maternal environmental exposures in association with self-reported preterm birth. Reprod Toxicol. 2014;45:1-7.
29. Galobardes B, Lynch J, Smith GD. Measuring socioeconomic position in health research. Br Med Bull. 2007;81-82:21-37.
30. Entringer S, Epel ES, Kumsta R, et al. Stress exposure in intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomere length in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(33): E513-E518.
31. Lumley T. Survey: analysis of complex survey samples. R package version 3.28-2. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012.
32. Gordon AD. Classification. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 1999.
33. Patel CJ, Ioannidis JP. Placing epidemiological results in the context of multiplicity and typical correlations of exposures. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(11): 1096-1100.
34. Evans WN, Garthwaite CL. Giving Mom a Break: The Impact of Higher EITC Payments on Maternal Health. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2010.
35. Strully KW, Rehkopf DH, Xuan Z. Effects of prenatal poverty on infant health: state earned income tax credits and birth weight. Am Sociol Rev. 2010;75(4):534-562.
36. Bruckner TA, Rehkopf DH, Catalano RA. Income gains and very low-weight birth among low-income black mothers in California. Biodemography Soc Biol. 2013;59(2): 141-156.
37. Baird SJ, Garfein RS, McIntosh CT, et al. Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9823):1320-1329.
38. Fernald LC, Hamad R, Karlan D, et al. Small individual loans and mental health: a randomized controlled trial among South African adults. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:409.
39. Adler NE, Rehkopf DH. U.S. disparities in health: descriptions, causes, and mechanisms. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29: 235-252.
40. Duncan GJ, Peterson E. The long and short of asking questions about income, wealth, and labor supply. Soc Sci Res. 2001; 30(2):248-263.
41. Kunitz SJ. The Health of Populations: General Theories and Particular Realities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007.
42. Braveman PA, Cubbin C, Egerter S, et al. Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all. JAMA. 2005; 294(22):2879-2888.
43. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol. 1995;57(1):289-300.
44. Holm S. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat. 1979;6(2):65-70.
45. Brody DJ, Pirkle JL, Kramer RA, et al. Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991). JAMA. 1994;272(4):277-283.
46. McElroy JA, Shafer MM, Hampton JM, et al. Predictors of urinary cadmium levels in adult females. Sci Total Environ. 2007;382(2-3):214-223.
47. Nazmi A, Victora CG. Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials of C-reactive protein levels: a systematic review of population-based studies. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:212.
48. Chuang JC, Callahan PJ, Lyu CW, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999;9(2):85-98.
49. Kant AK, Graubard BI. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in variability in nutritional biomarkers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87(5):1464-1471.
50. van Poppel G. Epidemiological evidence for beta-carotene in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(Suppl 3):S57-S61.
51. Oakes JM, Andrade KN. Methodologic innovations and advances in social epidemiology. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014;1(1):1-7.
52. Galea S, Link BG. Six paths for the future of social epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(6):843-849.