Uricosuric medications for chronic gout

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 11, 2014, Pages

  Kydd, Alison S R ^a   Seth, Rakhi ^b   Buchbinder, Rachelle ^c   Edwards, Christopher J ^b   Bombardier, Claire ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SOUTHAMPTON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d INSTITUTE FOR WORK AND HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; BENZBROMARONE; COLCHICINE; PROBENECID; SULFINPYRAZONE; URIC ACID; URICOSURIC AGENT;

ANALGESIA; APLASTIC ANEMIA; BRAIN DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DIZZINESS; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG SAFETY; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GOUT; HEADACHE; HEART ARREST; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; JAUNDICE; LEUKEMIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEPSIS; SKIN MANIFESTATION; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL; ADULT; AGED; BLOOD; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); FEMALE; MALE; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ADULT; AGED; ALLOPURINOL; BENZBROMARONE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; FEMALE; GOUT; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROBENECID; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; URIC ACID; URICOSURIC AGENTS;

EID: 84922211386     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010457.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Liang DR, Xu N, Zhang HM, Cai YN, Zhang HL. Benzbromarone and probenecid in treating gout: a randomized controlled study. West China Medical Journal 1994:405-8.
2. Perez-Ruiz F, Calabozo M, Fernandez-Lopez MJ, Herrero-Beites A, Ruiz-Lucea E, Garcia-Erauskin G, et al.Treatment of chronic gout in patients with renal function impairment: an open, randomized, actively controlled study. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 1999;5(2):49-55.
3. Reinders MK, Haagsma C, Jansen TL, van Roon EN, Delsing J, van de Laar MAFJ, et al.A randomised controlled trial on the efficacy and tolerability with dose escalation of allopurinol 300-600 mg/day versus benzbromarone 100-200 mg/day in patients with gout. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2009;68(6):892-7.
4. Reinders MK, van Roon EN, Jansen TL, Delsing J, Griep EN, Hoekstra M, et al.Efficacy and tolerability of urate-lowering drugs in gout: a randomised controlled trial of benzbromarone versus probenecid after failure of allopurinol. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2009;68(1):51-6.
5. Scott JT. Comparison of allopurinol and probenecid. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1966;25(6 Suppl):623-6.
6. Akkasilpa S, Osiri M, Deesomchok U, Avihingsanon Y. The efficacy of combined low dose of allopurinol and benzbromarone compared to standard dose of allopurinol in hyperuricemia. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2004;87(9):1087-91.
7. Allwright GT. Letter: a clinical impression of benzbromarone (Minuric). South African Medical Journal 1974;48:2301.
8. Anonymous. Zyloprim and other drugs in the management of gout. Medical Letter on Drugs & Therapeutics 1966;8:98-9.
9. Anonymous. Ethebenecid (Urelim). Drug & Therapeutics Bulletin 1968;6:102-3.
10. Anonymous. Gout and the kidney. Lancet 1968;1:961-2.
11. Baiatova KV. Effect of long-term base therapy on the clinical picture of gout. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1981;53:87-91.
12. Bain LS, Galloway DB, Petrie JC, Wood RA. Gout. British Medical Journal 1974;1:446-8.
13. Balkarov IM. The use of Allomaron in treating hyperuricemia. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1994;66:40-2.
14. Ball GV, Freeman D. Management of chronic and recurrent gout. Modern Treatment 1971;8:829-39.
15. Bannwarth B, Netter P, Pere P, Gaucher A. Antihyperuricemic drugs [in French]. Concours Medical 1988;110:957-62.
16. Barden-Maja A. Gout. Internal Medicine 1999;20:40-1.
17. Barsom S. Allomaron in hyperuricemia and gout. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin 1979;55:1336-40.
18. Bayliss RI. Gout. British Medical Journal 1979;1:1695-6.
19. Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Hunt BJ, Lademacher C, Joseph-Ridge N. Determinants of the clinical outcomes of gout during the first year of urate-lowering therapy. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 2008;27(6-7):585-91.
20. Bennack E. Hyperuricemia: prevention of gout with drugs [in German]. Pharmazeutische Zeitung 2006;151:18-25.
21. Berg H. Effectiveness and tolerance of long-term uricosuric treatment. Zeitschrift fur die Gesamte Innere Medizin und Ihre Grenzgebiete 1990;45(23):719-20.
22. Bluestone R, Kippen I, Klinenberg JR. Effect of drugs on urate binding to plasma proteins. British Medical Journal 1969;4(5683):590-3.
23. Bluestone R, Klinenberg J, Lee IK. Benzbromarone as a long-term uricosuric agent. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 1980;122A:283-6.
24. Boger WP, Strickland SC. Probenecid (Benemid); its uses and side-effects in 2, 502 patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 1955;95:83-92.
25. Bollet AJ. Diagnostic and therapeutic aids in gout and hyperuricemia. Medical Times 1981;109:23-31.
26. Bosmansky K, Trnavsky K. Normurat (benzbromaron) in the treatment of gout. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 1979;38:342-8.
27. Bosmansky K, Trnavsky K. Evaluation of the therapy effects of Acidum tienilicum, benzbromaron and allopurinol in gout patients. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie 1982;4:165.
28. Bresnik W, Muller MM. Results obtained with long-term benzbromarone therapy (author's translation). Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1974;86:283-7.
29. Broll H, Sochor H, Tausch G, Eberl R. Long-term therapy with benzbromarone in uric arthritis. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1975;125:546-8.
30. Brzozowska-Jurkowska AM. Effect of benziodarone and benzbromarone on the uric acid level in the blood and urine and on the incidence of gout attacks. Reumatologia 1980;18:287-92.
31. Carrasco J. Association of a uricosuric and a uric acid inhibitor in the prophylaxis and treatment of the basis of gout. Revista Clinica Espanola 1970;117:289-94.
32. Casademont M. Results of long-term treatment of gout using Anturane. Revista Espanola de Reumatismo y Enfermedades Osteo-Articulares 1968;12:291-6.
33. Cheng TT, Lai HM, Chang HW, Luo SF. Elevated serum homocysteine levels for gouty patients. Clinical Rheumatology 2005;24(2):103-6.
34. de Gery A, Auscher C, Saporta L, Delbarre F. Treatment of gout and hyperuricaemia by benzbromarone, ethyl 2 (dibromo-3, 5 hydroxy-4 benzoyl)-3 benzofuran. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 1974;41:683-9.
35. Delbarre F, Saporta L, de Gery A, Jabre E. Treatment of gout with the combination of xanthine oxidase inhibitors and uricosuric agents. Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires 1970;37:443-50.
36. Dorn M. The effect on uric acid and other laboratory parameters. A long-term study. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin 1982;58(5):296-300.
37. Emmerson BT. The management of gout. Medical Journal of Australia 1972;1:475-8.
38. Erill S, Laporte J. Uricosuric activity of suxibuzone, a new phenylbutazone derivative. Archivos de Farmacologia y Toxicologia 1975;1(1):43-6.
39. Famaey JP, Vandenabeele G. Analysis of the hypo-uricemic action of benzbromarone in 40 cases of gouty and non-gouty hyperuricemia. Journal Belge de Rhumatologie et de Medecine Physique 1970;25:5-9.
40. Fanelli GM Jr. Uricosuric agents. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1975;18:853-8.
41. Ferber H, Bader U, Matzkies F. The action of benzbromarone in relation to age, sex and accompanying diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 1980;122A:287-94.
42. Frerick H, Schaefer J, Rabinovici K, Schmidt U, Schenk N. Long-term treatment of hyperurikemia and gout; randomised study [in German]. Therapiewoche 1987;37(36):3379-84.
43. Gibson T, Grahame R. Gout and hyperlipidaemia. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1974;33(4):298-303.
44. Gresser U, Gathof BS, Gross M. Benzbromarone and fenofibrate are lipid lowering and uricosuric: a possible key to metabolic syndrome?. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 1994;370:87-90.
45. Grobner W, Loffler W. Pharmacotherapy of hyperuricaemia and gout [in German]. Aktuelle Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel 1982;3:176-9.
46. Grobner W, Walter-Sack I. Hyperuricemia and gout - treatment. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2002;127:210-3.
47. Gunther R, Herbst M, Knapp E, Siller K. On the influence of Anturan on uric acid and plasma lipids in patients with gout. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1968;80:473-8.
48. Gunther R, Knapp E. Clinical findings and therapy of gout with special reference to the metabolic effects of sulfinpyrazone (Anturan) and allopurinol (Zyloric). Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1969;81:817-20.
49. Gutierrez G. Gout and crystal arthropathy [in Spanish]. Investigacion Medica Internacional 1982;9:52-6.
50. Hamburger M, Baraf HSB, Adamson TC Jr, Basile J, Bass L, Cole B, et al.2011 recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout and hyperuricemia. Physician and Sportsmedicine 2011;39:98-123.
51. Hanly JG, Skedgel C, Sketris I, Cooke C, Linehan T, Thompson K, et al.Gout in the elderly - a population health study. Journal of Rheumatology 2009;36:822-30.
52. Hanvivadhanakul P, Akkasilpa S, Deesomchok U. Efficacy of benzbromarone compared to allopurinol in lowering serum uric acid level in hyperuricemic patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2002;85 Suppl 1:S40-7.
53. Healey LA. Treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. Medical Times 1977;105:55-60.
54. Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Benzbromarone: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in gout and hyperuricaemia. Drugs 1977;14:349-66.
55. Hertz P, Yager H, Richardson JA. Probenecid-induced nephrotic syndrome. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 1972;94:241-3.
56. Hollander E, Schwarczmann P. Gout in advanced age. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1968;110:649-53.
57. Houpt JB. The effect of allopurinol (HPP) in the treatment of gout. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1965;8(5):899-904.
58. Hutchison JC, Wilkinson WH, McMahon FG. Drug-induced hyperuricemia prevented by probenecid. Journal of Medicine 1971;2(1):45-59.
59. Jain AK, Ryan JR, McMahon FG, Noveck RJ. Effect of single oral doses of benzbromarone on serum and urinary uric acid. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1974;17:149-57.
60. Jansen TL, Reinders MK, van Roon EN, Brouwers JRBJ. Benzbromarone withdrawn from the European market: another case of "absence of evidence is evidence of absence"?. Clinical & Experimental Rheumatology 2004;22:651.
61. Joseph-Ridge N, Cazzetta S, MacDonald P. Clinical trials in crystal arthropathy. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 2006; Vol. 32:359-82.
62. Kawenoki-Minc E. Effect of decrease in hyperuricemia levels on joint, kidney and other symptoms in patients with gout. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 1987;59:25-8.
63. Kersley GD. Allopurinol in primary gout with and after the administration of uricosuric agents. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1966;25:643-4.
64. Kersley GD. Treatment of gout by reduction of uric acid production. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1966;25:353-5.
65. Kersley GD. The pharmaceutical treatment of gout. Annals of Physical Medicine 1966;8:199-203.
66. Kersley GD. Long-term use of allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1970;29:89-92.
67. Kersley GD. The treatment of gout. Scottish Medical Journal 1973;18 Suppl 1:249-50.
68. Kim KY, Schumacher HR, Hunsche E, Wertheimer AI, Kong SX. A literature review of the epidemiology and treatment of acute gout. Clinical Therapeutics 2003; Vol. 25:1593-617.
69. Klein G, Griendl W, Kalb R. Allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Zeitschrift fur Rheumaforschung 1968;27:455-60.
70. Kotzaurek R, Hueber EF. On clinical experiences with 2-ethyl-3(4-hydroxy-3, 5-dibrombenzoyl)-benzofuran ("Benzbromaron") in the therapy of gout and hyperuricemia. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1968;118:1014-8.
71. Kuzell WC, Seebach LM, Glover RP, Jackman AE. Treatment of gout with allopurinol and sulphinpyrazone in combination and with allopurinol alone. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1966;25:634-42.
72. Lee MH, Graham GG, Williams KM, Day RO. A benefit-risk assessment of benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Was its withdrawal from the market in the best interest of patients?. Drug Safety 2008;31:643-65.
73. Masbernard A, Giudicelli CP. A new drug therapy for gout and hyperuricemia. Long term results. Therapeutique 1976;52:369-74.
74. Matsumoto K. Drug-induced hepatic injury, the challenge for cause investigation. Rinsho Byori - Japanese Journal of Clinical Pathology 2011;59:1117-22.
75. Matzkies F. Therapy of hyperuricemia and gout. Effect of a combination therapy of allopurinol with benzbromarone. Fortschritte der Medizin 1983;101:953-9.
76. Mertz DP. Changes in the serum concentration of uric acid under the effect of benzbromaronum. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1969;111:491-5.
77. Mertz DP. Reducing the risks in the treatment of gout and hyperuricaemia (author's translation). Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1976;101(35):1288-92.
78. Mertz DP. Therapy with allopurinol and benzbromarone, single and combined. Renal elimination of lithogenous and colloid protective substances (author's translation). Medizinische Klinik 1977;72(15):664-8.
79. Mertz DP. Isolated or combined drug therapy of hyperuricemia?. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1977;102:1096-7.
80. Mertz DP, Borner K. Excretion and serum concentrations of allopurinol, oxipurinol and oxipurines in combined treatment with allopurinol and benzbromarone in increasing doses. Medizinische Welt 1983;34(36):974-9.
81. Mertz DP. Current therapy: combined drug therapy of hyperuricemia, gout and alcohol induced fatty liver. Fortschritte der Medizin 1983;101:851-3.
82. Mikkelsen WM, Strottman MP, Thompson GR. The effects of allopurinol on serum and urinary uric acid. Archives of Internal Medicine 1966;118:224-8.
83. Müller FO, Schall R, Groenewoud G, Hundt HK, van der Merwe JC, van Dyk M. The effect of benzbromarone on allopurinol/oxypurinol kinetics in patients with gout. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;44(1):69-72.
84. Müller FO, Schall R, Groenewoud G, Hundt HK, van der Merwe JC, van Dyk M. The effect of benzbromarone on allopurinol/oxypurinol kinetics in patients with gout. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1993;44(1):69-72.
85. Nishizawa T, Nishida Y, Masuda T, Akaoka I. Treatment of gout with alternate-day hypo-uricaemic drugs. Rheumatology & Rehabilitation 1978;17:143-9.
86. Nyfos L. Treatment of the gouty diathesis with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. A clinical trial of allopurinol. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1967;129:253-7.
87. Palmer DG, Highton TC. A short trial assessment of uricosuric therapy in gout. Australasian Annals of Medicine 1968;17:242-7.
88. Peitzman SJ, Fernandez PC, Bodison W, Ellis I. Ticrynafen and probenecid in hyperuricemic, hypertensive men. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1979;26(2):205-8.
89. Perez-Ruiz Fernando, Hernandez-Baldizon Samuel, Herrero-Beites Ana M, Gonzalez-Gay Miguel A. Risk factors associated with renal lithiasis during uricosuric treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Arthritis care & research 2010;62(9):1299-305.
90. Podevin R, Paillard F, Amiel C, Richet G. Effect of benziodarone on the renal excretion of uric acid. Revue Francaise d Etudes Cliniques et Biologiques 1967;12(4):361-7.
91. Rausch-Stroomann JG. Benemid in the treatment of primary and secondary gout. Medizinische Welt 1965;45:2555-61.
92. Reinders MK, van Roon EN, Houtman PM, Brouwers JRBJ, Jansen TL. Biochemical effectiveness of allopurinol and allopurinol-probenecid in previously benzbromarone-treated gout patients. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26(9):1459-65.
93. Rice FA. Probenecid (Benemid) in the treatment of gout and gouty arthritis. Minnesota Medicine 1959;42:209-14.
94. Scott JT, Hall AP, Grahame R. Allopurinol in treatment of gout. British Medical Journal 1966;2(5509):321-7.
95. Scott JT, O'Brien PK. Probenecid, nephrotic syndrome, and renal failure. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1968;27:249-52.
96. Seebach LM. Allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Lancet 1967;87:411-4.
97. Serre H, Simon L, Claustre J. Uric acid inhibitors in the treatment of gout. Apropos of 126 cases [in French]. La Semaine des Hopitaux 1970;46:3295-301.
98. Sjoberg KH. Allopurinol therapy of gout with renal complications. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1966;25:688-90.
99. Sternon J, Kocheleff P, Couturier E, Balasse E, Vanden Abeele P. Hypouricemizing effect of benzbromarone. Study of 24 cases (preliminary results). Acta Clinica Belgica 1967;22:285-93.
100. Sutaria S, Katbamna R, Underwood M. Effectiveness of interventions for the treatment of acute and prevention of recurrent gout - a systematic review. Rheumatology 2006;45:1422-31.
101. Weinberger A, Pinkhas J. The efficacy of treatment with allopurinol versus uricosuric drugs in gout. Panminerva Medica 1978;20:155-6.
102. Wortmann RL, Schumacher HR Jr, Lewis CS Jr. Monosodium urate deposition arthropathy part II: treatment and long-term management of patients with gout. Advanced Studies in Medicine 2005;5(4):183-94.
103. Xie J-Y, Wang L, Li Q-X, Li X-M. Study on mechanisms of electroacupuncture treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Zhongguo Zhenjiu 2007;27(12):898-900.
104. Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Yamakita J, Higashino K. Effect of allopurinol and benzbromarone on the concentration of uridine in plasma. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 1997;46:1473-6.
105. Yonetsugu Fujita. Uricosuric Effect of Yagifraxin Tablet in Gout: Comparison with Sulfinpyrazone. Clinical Report: Kiso to Rinsho 1971;5(11):1731-7.
106. Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, Pascual E, Barskova V, Conaghan P, et al.EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006;65:1312-24.
107. Zollner N, Griebsch A, Fink JK. Effect of benzbromarone on serum uric acid level and uric acid excretion of patients with gout. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1970;95:2405-12.
108. Campion EW, Glynn RJ, DeLabry LO. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Medicine 1987;82(3):421-6.
109. Cates C. Visual Rx Version 3. www.nntonline.net/visualrx/ (accessed 28 September 2014).
110. Dalbeth N, Schauer C, MacDonald P, Perez-Ruiz F, Schumacher HR, Hamburger S. Methods of tophus assessment in clinical trials of chronic gout: a systematic literature review and pictorial reference guide. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2011;70(4):597-604.
111. DeAngelis CD, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C, Hoey J, Horton R, et al.Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. JAMA 2004;292(11):1363-4.
112. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
113. Hagos Y, Stein D, Ugele B, Burckhardt G, Bahn A. Human renal organic anion transporter 4 operates as an asymmetric urate transporter. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(2):430-9.
114. Hautekeete ML, Henrion J, Naegels S. Severe hepatotoxicity related to benzarone: a report of three cases with two fatalities. Liver (Copenhagen) 1995;15(1):25-9.
115. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
116. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
117. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ. Chapter 7: Selecting studies and collecting data. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
118. Holmes EW. Clinical gout and the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. 10th Edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985:1445.
119. Khanna D, Sarkin AJ, Khanna PP, Shieh MM, Kavanaugh A, Terkeltaub R, et al.Minimally important differences of the gout impact scale in a randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology 2011;50(7):1331-6.
120. Khanna D, FitzGerald JD, Khanna PP, Bae S, Singh MK, Neogi T, et al.2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care & Research 2012;64(10):1431-46.
121. Perez-Ruiz F, Calabozo M, Pijoan JI, Herrero-Beites AM, Ruibal A. Effect of urate-lowering therapy on the velocity of size reduction of tophi in chronic gout. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2002;47(4):356-60.
122. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
123. Schumacher HR, Taylor W, Edwards L, Grainger R, Schlesinger N, Dalbeth N, et al.Outcome domains for studies of acute and chronic gout. Journal of Rheumatology 2009;36(10):2342-5.
124. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and 'Summary of findings' tables. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
125. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al.Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
126. Seth RS, Kydd AS, Buchbinder R, Bombardier C, Edwards CJ. Allopurinol for chronic gout. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006077.pub2].
127. Shin HJ, Takeda M, Enomoto A, Fujimura M, Miyazaki H, Anzai N, et al.Interactions of urate transporter URAT1 in human kidney with uricosuric drugs. Nephrology 2011;16(2):156-62.
128. Shoji A, Yamanaka H, Kamatani N. A retrospective study of the relationship between serum urate level and recurrent attacks of gouty arthritis: evidence for reduction of recurrent gouty arthritis with antihyperuricemic therapy. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;51(3):321-5.
129. Singh JA, Taylor WJ, Simon LS, Khanna PP, Stamp LK, McQueen FM, et al.Patient-reported outcomes in chronic gout: a report from OMERACT 10. Journal of Rheumatology 2011;38(7):1452-7.
130. Smith EUR, Diaz-Torne C, Perez-Ruiz F, March LM. Epidemiology of gout: an update. Best Practice Research in Clinical Rheumatology 2010;24(6):811-27.
131. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D. Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
132. Stocker SL, Williams KM, McLachlan AJ, Graham GG, Day RO. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in healthy subjects. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2008;47(2):111-8.
133. Stocker SL, Graham GG, McLachlan AJ, Williams KM, Day RO. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between allopurinol and probenecid in patients with gout. Journal of Rheumatology 2011;38(5):904-10.
134. Takahashi S, Moriwaki Y, Yamamoto T, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Fukuchi M. Effects of combination treatment using anti-hyperuricaemic agents with fenofibrate and/or losartan on uric acid metabolism. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62(6):572-5.
135. Tayar JH, Lopez-Olivo MA, Suarez-Almazor ME. Febuxostat for treating chronic gout. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008653.pub2].
136. Wallace SL, Robinson H, Masi AT, Decker JL, McCarty DJ, Yü T-F. Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1977;20:895-900.
137. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2011;63(10):3136-41.