Finding the beat: A neural perspective across humans and non-human primates

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 370, Issue 1664, 2015, Pages

  Merchant, Hugo ^a   Grahn, Jessica ^b   Trainor, Laurel ^c   Rohrmeier, Martin ^d,f   Fitch, W Tecumseh ^e  

^a INSTITUTO DE NEUROBIOLOGÍA   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^f DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Beat perception; Beat synchronization; Modelling; Neurophysiology

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; ENTRAINMENT; MUSIC; NEUROLOGY; PERCEPTION; PRIMATE; SYNCHRONY; CELLS AND CELL COMPONENTS; MENTAL HEALTH; NUMERICAL MODEL; PHYSIOLOGY;

MACACA; PRIMATES;

ANIMAL; GENETICS; HEARING; HUMAN; MUSIC; PERIODICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIMATE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

ANIMALS; AUDITORY PERCEPTION; HUMANS; MUSIC; PERIODICITY; PRIMATES; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE;

EID: 84922174612     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0093     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Honing H. 2013 Structure and interpretation of rhythm in music. In Psychology of music (ed. D Deutsch), 3rd edn, pp. 369-404. London, UK: Academic Press.
2. Large EW, Palmer C. 2002 Perceiving temporal regularity in music. Cogn. Sci. 26, 1-37. (doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2601_1)
3. Large EW, Jones MR. 1999 The dynamics of attending: how people track time-varying events. Psychol. Rev. 106, 119-159. (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.119)
4. Drake C, Jones MR, Baruch C. 2000 The development of rhythmic attending in auditory sequences: attunement, referent period, focal attending. Cognition 77, 251-288. (doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00106-2)
5. Phillips-Silver J, Trainor LJ. 2007 Hearing what the body feels: auditory encoding of rhythmic movement. Cognition 105, 533-546. (doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.11.006)
6. Winkler I, Haden G, Lading O, Sziller I, Honing H. 2008 Newborn infants detect the beat in music. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 2468-2471. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0809035106)
7. Merchant H, Honing H. 2014 Are non-human primates capable of rhythmic entrainment? Evidence for the gradual audiomotor evolution hypothesis. Front. Neurosci. 7, 274. (doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00274)
8. Zatorre RJ, Chen JL, Penhune VB. 2007 When the brain plays music. Auditory-motor interactions in music perception and production. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 547-558. (doi:10.1038/nrn2152)
9. Phillips-Silver J, Trainor LJ. 2005 Feeling the beat in music: movement influences rhythm perception in infants. Science 308, 1430. (doi:10.1126/science.1110922)
10. Povel DJ, Essens P. 1985 Perception of temporal patterns. Music Percept. 2, 411-440. (doi:10.2307/40285311)
11. Yee W, Holleran S, Jones MR. 1994 Sensitivity to event timing in regular and irregular sequences: influences of musical skill. Percept. Psychophys. 56, 461-471. (doi:10.3758/BF03206737)
12. Teki S, Grube M, Kumar S, Griffiths TD. 2011 Distinct neural substrates of duration-based and beat-based auditory timing. J. Neurosci. 31, 3805-3812. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5561-10.2011)
13. Merchant H, Battaglia-Mayer A, Georgopoulos AP. 2003 Interception of real and apparent circularly moving targets: psychophysics in human subjects and monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 152, 106-112. (doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1514-5)
14. Mendez JC, Prado L, Mendoza G, Merchant H. 2011 Temporal and spatial categorization in human and non-human primates. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 5, 50. (doi:10.3389/fnint.2011.00050)
15. Repp BH, Su YH. 2013 Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of recent research (2006-2012). Psychon. Bull. Rev. 20, 403-452. (doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0371-2)
16. Zarco W, Merchant H, Prado L, Mendez JC. 2009 Subsecond timing in primates: comparison of interval production between human subjects and rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3191-3202. (doi:10.1152/jn.00066.2009)
17. Merchant H, Zarco W, Pérez O, Prado L, Bartolo R. 2011 Measuring time with different neural chronometers during a synchronization-continuation task. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 19784-19789. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1112933108)
18. Donnet S, Bartolo R, Fernandes JM, Cunha JP, Prado L, Merchant H. 2014 Monkeys time their movement pauses and not their movement kinematics during a synchronization-continuation rhythmic task. J. Neurophysiol. 111, 2138-2149. (doi:10.1152/jn.00802.2013)
19. Doumas M, Wing AM. 2007 Timing and trajectory in rhythm production. J. Exp. Psychol. 33, 442-455. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.2.442)
20. Konoike N, Mikami A, Miyachi S. 2012 The influence of tempo upon the rhythmic motor control in macaque monkeys. Neurosci. Res. 74, 64-67. (doi:10.1016/j.neures.2012.06.002)
21. Honing H, Merchant H. 2014 Differences in auditory timing between human and non-human primates. Behav. Brain Sci. 37, 373-374.
22. Patel AD. 2014 The evolutionary biology of musical rhythm: was Darwin wrong? PLoS Biol. 12, e1001821. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001821)
23. Patel AD, Iversen JR, Chen Y, Repp BH. 2005 The influence of metricality and modality on synchronization with a beat. Exp. Brain Res. 163, 226-238. (doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2159-8)
24. Fitch WT, Rosenfeld AJ. 2007 Perception and production of syncopated rhythms. Music Percept. 25, 43-58. (doi:10.1525/mp.2007.25.1.43)
25. Repp BH, Iversen JR, Patel AD. 2008 Tracking an imposed beat within a metrical grid. Music Percept. 26, 1-18. (doi:10.1525/mp.2008.26.1.1)
26. Bengtsson SL, Ullén F, Henrik Ehrsson H, Hashimoto T, Kito T, Naito E, Forssberg H, Sadato N, 2009 Listening to rhythms activates motor and premotor cortices. Cortex 45, 62-71. (doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.07.002)
27. Chen JL, Penhune VB, Zatorre RJ. 2008 Listening to musical rhythms recruits motor regions of the brain. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2844-2854. (doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn042)
28. Chen JL, Penhune VB, Zatorre RJ. 2008 Moving on time: brain network for auditory-motor synchronization is modulated by rhythm complexity and musical training. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 226-239. (doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20018)
29. Chen JL, Zatorre RJ, Penhune VB. 2006 Interactions between auditory and dorsal premotor cortex during synchronization to musical rhythms. NeuroImage 32, 1771-1781. (doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.207)
30. Grahn JA, Brett M. 2007 Rhythm perception in motor areas of the brain. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 893-906. (doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.893)
31. Grahn JA. 2009 The role of the basal ganglia in beat perception: neuroimaging and neuropsychological investigations. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1169, 35-45. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04553.x)
32. Grahn JA, Rowe JB. 2009 Feeling the beat: premotor and striatal interactions in musicians and nonmusicians during beat perception. J. Neurosci. 29, 7540-7548. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2018-08.2009)
33. Grahn JA, Rowe JB. 2013 Finding and feeling the musical beat: striatal dissociations between detection and prediction of regularity. Cereb. Cortex 23, 913-921. (doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs083)
34. Kung SJ, Chen JL, Zatorre RJ, Penhune VB. 2013 Interacting cortical and basal ganglia networks underlying finding and tapping to the musical beat. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 25, 401-420. (doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00325)
35. Lewis PA, Wing AM, Pope PA, Praamstra P, Miall RC. 2004 Brain activity correlates differentially with increasing temporal complexity of rhythms during initialisation, synchronisation, and continuation phases of paced finger tapping. Neuropsychology 42, 1301-1312. (doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.03.001)
36. Schubotz RI, Friederici AD, von Cramon DY. 2000 Time perception and motor timing: a common cortical and subcortical basis revealed by fMRI. NeuroImage 11, 1-12.(doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0514)
37. Ullén F, Bengtsson SL. 2003 Independent processing of the temporal and ordinal structure of movement sequences. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 3725-3735. (doi:10.1152/jn.00458.2003)
38. Vuust P, Ostergaard L, Pallesen KJ, Bailey C, Roepstorff A. 2009 Predictive coding of music- brain responses to rhythmic incongruity. Cortex 45, 80-92. (doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.05.014)
39. Vuust P, Roepstorff A, Wallentin M, Mouridsen K, Ostergaard L. 2006 It don’t mean a thing: keeping the rhythm during polyrhythmic tension, activates language areas (BA47). Neuroimage 31, 832-841. (doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.037)
40. Ramnani N, Passingham RE. 2001 Changes in the human brain during rhythm learning. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13, 952-966. (doi:10.1162/089892901753165863)
41. Grube M, Cooper FE, Chinnery PF, Griffiths TD. 2010 Dissociation of duration-based and beat-based auditory timing in cerebellar degeneration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 11597-11601. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0910473107)
42. Grube M, Lee KH, Griffiths TD, Barker AT, Woodruff PW. 2010 Transcranial magnetic theta-burst stimulation of the human cerebellum distinguishes absolute, duration-based from relative, beat-based perception of subsecond time intervals. Front. Psychol. 1, 171. (doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00171)
43. Geiser E, Notter M, Gabrieli JDE. 2012 A corticostriatal neural system enhances auditory perception through temporal context processing. J. Neurosci. 32, 6177-6182. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5153-11.2012)
44. Grahn JA, Henry MJ, McAuley JD. 2011 FMRI investigation of cross-modal interactions in beat perception: audition primes vision, but not vice versa. NeuroImage 54, 1231-1243. (doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.033)
45. Chapin HL, Zanto T, Jantzen KJ, Kelso SJA, Steinberg F, Large EW. 2010 Neural responses to complex auditory rhythms: the role of attending. Front. Psychol. 1, 224. (doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00224)
46. Riecker A, Kassubek J, Gröschel K, Grodd W, Ackermann H. 2006 The cerebral control of speech tempo: opposite relationship between speaking rate and BOLD signal changes at striatal and cerebellar structures. NeuroImage 29, 46-53. (doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.046)
47. Riecker A, Wildgruber D, Mathiak K, Grodd W, Ackermann H. 2003 Parametric analysis of rate- dependent hemodynamic response functions of cortical and subcortical brain structures during auditorily cued finger tapping: a fMRI study. NeuroImage 18, 731-739. (doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00003-X)
48. Fraisse P. 1984 Perception and estimation of time. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 35, 1-36. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.35.020184.000245)
49. van Noorden L, Moelants D. 1999 Resonance in the perception of musical pulse. J. New Music Res. 28, 43-66. (doi:10.1076/jnmr.28.1.43.3122)
50. Chen Y, Repp BH, Patel AD. 2002 Spectral decomposition of variability in synchronization and continuation tapping: comparisons between auditory and visual pacing and feedback conditions. Hum. Mov. Sci. 21, 515-532. (doi:10.1016/S0167-9457(02)00138-0)
51. Grahn JA, Manly T. 2012 Common neural recruitment across diverse sustained attention tasks. PLoS ONE 7, e49556. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049556)
52. Hove MJ, Fairhurst MT, Kotz SA, Keller PE. 2013 Synchronizing with auditory and visual rhythms: an fMRI assessment of modality differences and modality appropriateness. Neuroimage 67, 313-321. (doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.032)
53. McAuley JD, Henry MJ. 2010 Modality effects in rhythm processing: auditory encoding of visual rhythms is neither obligatory nor automatic. Att. Percep. Psychophys 72, 1377-1389. (doi:10.3758/APP.72.5.1377)
54. Repp BH, Penel A. 2002 Auditory dominance in temporal processing: new evidence from synchronization with simultaneous visual and auditory sequences. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 28, 1085-1099. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1085)
55. Merchant H, Zarco W, Prado L. 2008 Do we have a common mechanism for measuring time in the hundred of milliseconds range? Evidence from multiple interval timing tasks. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 939-949. (doi:10.1152/jn.01225.2007)
56. Marchant JL, Driver J. 2013 Visual and audiovisual effects of isochronous timing on visual perception and brain activity. Cereb. Cortex 23, 1290-1298. (doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs095)
57. Rao SM, Harrington DL, Haaland KT, Bobholz JA, Cox RW, Binder JR. 1997 Distributed neural systems underlying the timing of movements. J. Neurosci. 17, 5528-5535.
58. Halsband U, Ito N, Freund HJ. 1993 The role of premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area in the temporal control of movement in man. Brain 116, 243. (doi:10.1093/brain/116.1.243)
59. Honing H, Bouwer F, Háden GP. 2014 Perceiving temporal regularity in music: the role of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) in probing beat 14 perception. In Neurobiology of interval timing (eds V Merchant, H de Lafuente). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
60. Honing H, Merchant H, Heden G, Prado LA, Bartolo R. 2012 Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) can detect rhythmic groups in music, but not the beat. PLoS ONE, 7, e51369. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051369)
61. Näätänen R, Paavilainen P, Rinne T, Alho K. 2007 The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118, 2544-2590. (doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.026)
62. Selezneva E, Deike S, Knyazeva S, Scheich H, Brechmann A, Brosch M. 2013 Rhythm sensitivity in macaque monkeys. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 7, 49. (doi:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00049)
63. Hove MJ, Marie C, Bruce IC, Trainor LJ. 2014 Superior time perception for lower musical pitch explains why bass-ranged instruments lay down musical rhythms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 10383-10388. (doi:10.1073/PNAS.1402039111)
64. Marie C, Fujioka T, Herrington L, Trainor LJ. 2012 The high-voice superiority effect in polyphonic music is influenced by experience: a comparison of musicians who play soprano-range compared to bass-range instruments. Psychomusicology 22, 97-104. (doi:10.1037/a0030858)
65. Fujioka T, Trainor LJ, Ross B, Kakigi R, Pantev C. 2005 Automatic encoding of polyphonic melodies in musicians and non-musicians. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 1578-1592. (doi:10.1162/089892905774597263)
66. Marie C, Trainor LJ. 2014 Early development of polyphonic sound encoding and the high voice superiority effect. Neuropsychologica 57, 50-58. (doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.023)
67. Marie C, Trainor LJ. 2012 Development of simultaneous pitch encoding: infants show a high voice superiority effect. Cereb. Cortex 23, 660-669. (doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs050)
68. Trainor LJ, Marie C, Bruce IC, Bidelman GM. 2014 Explaining the high-voice superiority effect in polyphonic music: Evidence from cortical evoked potentials and peripheral auditory models. Hear. Res. 308, 60-70. (doi:10.1016/j.heares.2013.07.014)
69. Arnal LH. 2012 Predicting ‘When’ using the motor system’s beta-band oscillations. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, 225. (doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00225)
70. Fujioka T, Trainor LJ, Large EW, Ross B. 2009 Beta and gamma rhythms in human auditory cortex during musical beat processing. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1169, 89-92. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04779.x)
71. Fujioka T, Trainor LJ, Large EW, Ross B. 2012 Internalized timing of isochronous sounds is represented in neuromagnetic beta oscillations. J. Neurosci. 32, 1791-1802. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4107-11.2012)
72. Lakatos P, Karmos G, Mehta AD, Ulbert I, Schroeder CE. 2008 Entrainment of neuronal oscillations as a mechanism of attentional selection. Science 320, 110-113. (doi:10.1126/science.1154735)
73. Arnal LH, Wyart V, Giraud AL. 2011 Transitions in neural oscillations reflect prediction errors generated in audiovisual speech. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 797-801. (doi:10.1038/nn.2810)
74. Besle J, Schevon CA, Mehta AD, Lakatos P, Goodman RR, McKhann GM, Emerson RG, Schroeder CE. 2011 Tuning for the human neocortex to the temporal dynamics of attended events. J. Neurosci. 31, 3176-3185. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4518-10.2011)
75. Schroeder CE, Wilson DA, Radman T, Scharfman H, Lakatos P. 2010 Dynamics of active sensing and perceptual selection. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 172-176. (doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.02.010)
76. Large EW. 2008 Resonating to musical rhythm: theory and experiment. In Psychology of time (ed. S Grondin), pp. 189-232. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publsihing.
77. Nozaradan S, Peretz I, Missal M, Mouraux A. 2011 Tagging the neuronal entrainment to beat and meter. J. Neurosci. 31, 10234-10240. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0411-11.2011)
78. Nozaradan S, Peretz I, Mouraux A. 2012 Selective neuronal entrainment to the beat and meter embedded in a musical rhythm. J. Neurosci. 32, 17572-17581. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3203-12.2012)
79. Giraud AL, Kleinschmidt A, Poeppel D, Lund TE, Frackowiak RS, Laufs H. 2007 Endogenous cortical rhythms determine cerebral specialization for speech perception and production. Neuron 56, 1127-1134. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.038)
80. Arnal LH, Doelling KB, Poeppel D. In press. Delta-beta coupled oscillations underlie temporal prediction accuracy. Cereb. Cortex (doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu103)
81. Arnal LH, Giraud AL. 2012 Cortical oscillations and sensory predictions. Trends Cogn Sci. 16, 390-398. (doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.05.003)
82. Schubotz RI. 2007 Prediction of external events with our motor system: towards a new framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 211-218. (doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.006)
83. Tian X, Poeppel D. 2010 Mental imagery of speech and movement implicates the dynamics of internal forward models. Front. Psychol. 1, 166. (doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00166)
84. Large EW, Snyder JS. 2009 Pulse and meter as neural resonance. The neurosciences and music III-disorders and plasticity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1169, 46-57. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04550.x)
85. Iversen JR, Repp BH, Patel AD. 2009 Top-down control of rhythm perception modulates early auditory responses. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1169, 58-73. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04579.x)
86. Engel AK, Fries P. 2010 Beta-band oscillations- signalling the status quo? Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 156-165. (doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.02.015)
87. Gerloff C, Richard J, Hadley J, Schulman AE, Honda M, Hallett M. 1998 Functional coupling and regional activation of human cortical motor areas during simple, internally paced and externally paced finger movements. Brain 121, 1513-1531. (doi:10.1093/brain/121.8.1513)
88. Pfurtscheller G. 1981 Central beta rhythm during sensorimotor activities in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 51, 253-264. (doi:10.1016/0013-4694(81)90139-5)
89. Pollok B, Südmeyer M, Gross J, Schnitzler A. 2005 The oscillatory network of simple repetitive bimanual movements. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 25, 300-311. (doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.06.004)
90. Salmelin R, Hamalainen M, Kajola M, Hari R. 1995 Functional segregation of movement-related rhythmic activity in the human brain. Neuroimage 2, 237-243. (doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1031)
91. Toma K, Mima T, Matsuoka T, Gerloff C, Ohnishi T, Koshy B, Andres F, Hallett M. 2002 Movement rate effect on activation and functional coupling of motor cortical areas. J. Neurophysiol. 88, 3377-3385. (doi:10.1152/jn.00281.2002)
92. Cirelli LK, Bosnyak D, Manning FC, Spinelli C, Marie C, Fujioka T, Ghahremani A, Trainor LJ. 2014 Beat- induced fluctuations in auditory cortical beta-band activity: using EEG to measure age-related changes. Front. Psychol. 5, 742. (doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00742)
93. Cravo AM, Rohenkohl G, Wyart V, Nobre AC. 2011 Endogenous modulation of low frequency oscillations by temporal expectations. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 2964-2972. (doi:10.1152/jn.00157.2011)
94. Nelson A, Schneider DM, Takatoh J, Sakurai K, Wang F, Mooney R. 2013 A circuit for motor cortical modulation of auditory cortical activity. J. Neurosci. 33, 14342-14353. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2275-13.2013)
95. Hoppensteadt FC, Izhikevich EM. 1997 Weakly connected neural networks. New York, NY: Springer.
96. Mendoza G, Merchant H. 2014 Motor system evolution and the emergence of high cognitive functions. Prog. Neurobiol. 121, 20-41. (doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.09.001)
97. Buzsáki G, Anastassiou CA, Koch C. 2012 The origin of extracellular fields and currents: EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 407-420. (doi:10.1038/nrn3241)
98. Bartolo R, Prado L, Merchant H. 2014 Information processing in the primate basal ganglia during sensory guided and internally driven rhythmic tapping. J. Neurosci. 34, 3910-3923. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2679-13.2014)
99. Snyder JS, Large EW. 2005 Gamma-band activity reflects the metric structure of rhythmic tone sequences. Cogn. Brain Res. 24, 117-126. (doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.014)
100. Zanto TP, Large EW, Fuchs A, Kelso JAS. 2005 Gamma-band responses to perturbed auditory sequences: Evidence for synchronization of perceptual processes. Music Percept. 22, 531-547. (doi:10.1525/mp.2005.22.3.531)
101. Lakatos P, O’Connell MN, Barczak A, Mills A, Javitt DC, Schroeder CE. 2009 The leading sense: supramodal control of neurophysiological context by attention. Neuron 64, 419-430. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.014)
102. Schroeder CE, Lakatos P. 2009 Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection. Trends Neurosci. 32, 9-18. (doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.012)
103. Steriade M, Dossi RC, Nunez A. 1991 Network modulation of a slow intrinsic oscillation of cat thalamocortical neurons implicated in sleep delta waves: cortically induced synchronization and brainstem cholinergic suppression. J. Neurosci. 11, 3200-3217.
104. Nácher V, Ledberg A, Deco G, Romo R. 2013 Coherent delta-band oscillations between cortical areas correlate with decision making. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 15085-15090. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1314681110)
105. Fries P. 2009 Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 209-224. (doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135603)
106. Kimura M. 1992 Behavioral modulation of sensory responses of primate putamen neurons. Brain Res. 578, 204-214. (doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90249-9)
107. Merchant H, Zainos A, Hernández A, Salinas E, Romo R. 1997 Functional properties of primate putamen neurons during the categorization of tactile stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 1132-1154.
108. Merchant H et al. 2015 Neurophysiology of timing in the hundreds of milliseconds: multiple layers of neuronal clocks in the medial premotor areas. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 829, 185-196.
109. Merchant H, Perez O, Zarco W, Gamez J. 2013 Interval tuning in the primate medial premotor cortex as a general timing mechanism. J. Neurosci. 33, 9082-9096. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5513-12.2013)
110. Crowe DA, Zarco W, Bartolo R, Merchant H. 2014 Dynamic representation of the temporal and sequential structure of rhythmic movements in the primate medial premotor cortex. J. Neurosci. 34, 11972-11983. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2177-14.2014)
111. Merchant H, Harrington DL, Meck WH. 2013 Neural basis of the perception and estimation of time. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 36, 313-336. (doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349)
112. Perez O, Kass RE, Merchant H. 2013 Trial time warping to discriminate stimulus-related from movement-related neural activity. J. Neurosci. Methods 212, 203-210. (doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.10.019)
113. Nagarajan SS, Blake DT, Wright BA, Byl N, Merzenich M. 1998 Practice-related improvements in somatosensory interval discrimination are temporally specific but generalize across skin location, hemisphere, and modality. J. Neurosci. 18, 1559-1570.
114. Bartolo R, Merchant H. 2009 Learning and generalization of time production in humans: rules of transfer across modalities and interval durations. Exp. Brain Res. 197, 91-100. (doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1895-1)
115. Merchant H, de Lafuente V, Peña F, Larriva-Sahd J. 2012 Functional impact of interneuronal inhibition in the cerebral cortex of behaving animals. Prog. Neurobiol. 99, 163-178. (doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.005)
116. Gewaltig MO, Diesmann M, Aertsen A. 2001 Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single trials and stability in the mean. Neural Netw. 14, 657-673. (doi:10.1016/S0893-6080(01)00070-3)
117. Nagasaka Y, Chao ZC, Hasegawa N, Notoya T, Fujii N. 2013 Spontaneous synchronization of arm motion between Japanese macaques. Sci. Rep. 3, 1151. (doi:10.1038/srep01151)
118. Guttman SE, Gilroy LA, Blake R. 2005 Hearing what the eyes see: auditory encoding of visual temporal sequences. Psychol. Sci. 16, 228-235. (doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00808)
119. Brodsky W, Henik A, Rubinstein BS, Zorman M. 2003 Auditory imagery from musical notation in expert musicians. Percept. Psychophys. 65, 602-612. (doi:10.3758/BF03194586)
120. Rilling JK, Glasser MF, Preuss TM, Ma X, Zhao T, Hu X, Behrens TEJ. 2008 The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 426-428. (doi:10.1038/nn2072)
121. Merchant H, Perez O, Bartolo R, Mendez JC, Mendoza G, Gamez J, Yc K, Prado L. In press. Sensorimotor neural dynamics during isochronous tapping in the medial premotor cortex of the macaque. Eur. J. Neurosci.
122. Hove MJ, Iversen JR, Zhang A, Repp BH. 2013 Synchronization with competing visual and auditory rhythms: bouncing ball meets metronome. Psychol. Res. 77, 388-398. (doi:10.1007/s00426-012-0441-0)
123. Marr D. 1982 Vision: a computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. San Francisco: W HFreeman & Co.
124. Lerdahl F, Jackendoff R. 1983 A generative theory of tonal music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
125. Longuet-Higgins HC, Lee CS. 1982 The perception of musical rhythms. Perception 11, 115-128. (doi:10.1068/p110115)
126. Desain P, Honing H. 1999 Computational models of beat induction: the rule-based approach. J. New Music Res. 28, 29-42. (doi:10.1076/jnmr.28.1.29.3123)
127. Dixon S. 2007 Evaluation of the audio beat tracking system BeatRoot. J. New Music Res. 36, 39-50. (doi:10.1080/09298210701653310)
128. Gouyon F, Dixon S. 2005 A review of automatic rhythm description systems. Comput. Music J. 29, 34-54. (doi:10.1162/comj.2005.29.1.34)
129. Large EW, Kolen JF. 1994 Resonance and the perception of musical meter. Connect. Sci. 6, 177-208. (doi:10.1080/09540099408915723)
130. Velasco MJ, Large EW. 2010 Entrainment to complex rhythms: tests of a neural model. In Abstracts of Neuroscience 2010, 13-17 November 2010, San Diego, CA, 324.3. Society for Neuroscience.
131. Snyder J, Krumhansl CL. 2001 Tapping to ragtime: Cues to pulse finding. Music Percept. 18, 455-489. (doi:10.1525/mp.2001.18.4.455)
132. Hattori Y, Tomonaga M, Matsuzawa T. 2013 Spontaneous synchronized tapping to an auditory rhythm in a chimpanzee. Sci. Rep. 3, 1566. (doi:10.161038/srep01566)
133. Cook P, Rouse A, Wilson M, Reichmuth CJ. 2013 A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) can keep the beat: motor entrainment to rhythmic auditory stimuli in a non vocal mimic. J. Comp. Psychol. 127, 1-16. (doi:10.1037/a0032345)
134. Hasegawa A, Okanoya K, Hasegawa T, Seki Y. 2011 Rhythmic synchronization tapping to an audio-visual metronome in budgerigars. Sci. Rep. 1, 120. (doi:10.1038/srep00120)
135. Patel AD, Iversen JR, Bregman MR, Schulz I. 2009 Experimental evidence for synchronization to a musical beat in a nonhuman animal. Curr. Biol. 19, 827-830. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.038)
136. Schachner A. 2010 Auditory-motor entrainment in vocal mimicking species: additional ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors. Commun. Integr. Biol. 3, 290-293. (doi:10.4161/cib.3.3.11708)
137. Ravignani A, Bowling D, Fitch WT. 2014 Chorusing, synchrony and the evolutionary functions of rhythm. Front. Psychol. 5, 118. (doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01118)
138. Ackermann H, Hage S, Ziegler W. In press. Brain mechanisms of acoustic communication in humans and nonhuman primates: an evolutionary perspective. Behav Brain Sci. 37, 529-546.
139. Patel AD, Iversen JR. 2014 The evolutionary neuroscience of musical beat perception: the Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8, 57. (doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00057)