Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in Northern China

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 951-972

  Pan, Y P ^a   Wang, Y S ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRY DEPOSITION; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; POLLUTANT SOURCE; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TEMPERATE FOREST; TRACE ELEMENT; WET DEPOSITION;

CHINA;

EID: 84921916768     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-951-2015     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Almeida, S. M., Pio, C. A., Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., and Trancoso, M. A.: Approaching PM2:5 and PM2.5-10 source apportionment by mass balance analysis, princ ipal component analysis and particle size distribution, Sci. Total. Environ., 368, 663-674, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.031, 2006.
2. Chaemfa, C., Barber, J. L., Kim, K.-S., Harner, T., and Jones, K. C.: Further studies on the uptake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3843-3849, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.020, 2009 a.
3. Chaemfa, C., Wi ld, E., Davison, B., Barber, J. L., and Jones, K. C.: A study of aerosol entrapment and the influence of wind speed, chamber design and foam density on polyurethane foam passive air samplers used for persistent organic pollutants, J. Envir on. Monitor., 11, 1135-1139, doi:10.1039/B823016A, 2009b .
4. Chen, T. B., Zheng, Y. M., Lei, M., Huang, Z. C., Wu, H. T., Chen, H., Fan, K. K., Yu, K., Wu, X., and Tian, Q. Z.: Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 60, 542-551, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.072, 2005.
5. Chen, Y., Schleicher, N., Chen, Y., Chai, F., and Norra, S.: The influence of governmental mitigation measures on contamination characteristics of PM2:5 in Beijing, Sci. Total. Environ., 490, 647-658, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.049, 2014.
6. Cheng, H., and Hu, Y.: Lead (Pb) isotopic fingerprinting and its applications in lead pollution studies in China: A review, Environ. Pollut., 158, 1134-1146, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.028, 2010.
7. Chester, R., Nimmo, M., and Preston, M. R.: The trace metal chemistry of atmospheric dry deposition samples collected at Cap Ferrat: a coastal site in the Western Mediterranean, Mar. Chem., 68, 15-30, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00062-6, 1999.
8. Church, T. M., Veron, A., Patterson, C. C., Settle, D., Erel, Y., Maring, H. R., and Flegal, A. R.: Trace elements in the North Atlantic troposphere: shipboard results of precipitation and aerosols, Global. Biogeochem. Cy, 4, 431-443, doi:10.1029/GB004i004p00431, 1984.
9. Cizmecioglu, S. C. and Muezzinoglu, A.: Solubility of deposited airborne heavy metals, Atmos. Res., 89, 396-404, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.03.012, 2008.
10. Cong, Z., Kang, S., Zhang, Y., and Li, X.: Atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements to central Tibetan Plateau, Appl. Geochem., 25, 1415-1421, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.06.011, 2010.
11. Dasch, J. M.: Direct measurement of dry deposition to a polyethylene bucket and various surrogate surfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 721-725, doi:10.1021/es00138a011, 1985.
12. de Vries, W., Bakker, D. J., Groenenberg, J. E., Reinds, G. J., Bril, J., and van Jaarsveld, J. A.: Calculation and mapping of critical loads for heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants for Dutch forest soils, J. Hazard. Mater., 61, 99-106, doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00113-7, 1998.
13. Desboeufs, K. V., Sofikitis, A., Losno, R., Colin, J. L., and Ausset, P.: Dissolution and solubility of trace metals from na tural and anthropogenic aerosol particulate matter, Chemosphere, 58, 195-203, doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.025, 2005.
14. Duan, L., Song, J., Xu, Y., Li, X., and Zhang, Y.: The distribution, enrichment and source of potential harmful elements in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, North China, J. Hazard. Mater., 183, 155-164, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.005, 2010.
15. Duce, R. A., Hoffman, G. L., and Zoller, W. H.: Atmospheric trace metals at remote northern and Southern Hemisphere sites: pollution or natural?, Science, 187, 59-61, doi:10.1016/0029-554X(81)90639-X, 1975.
16. Duce, R. A., Liss, P. S., Merrill, J. T., Atlas, E. L., and Buat-Menard, P.: The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 5, 193-259, doi:10.1029/91GB01778, 1991.
17. F ang, G. C.: A study of mass size distributions and particle deposition velocities in ambient air, Ph.D.Thesis of Illinois Institute of Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 220 pp., 1992.
18. Golomb, D., Ryan, D., Eby, N., Underhill, J., and Zemba, S.: Atmospheric deposition of toxics onto Massachusetts Bay-I. Metals, Atmos. Environ., 31, 1349-1359, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00276-2, 1997.
19. Grömping , A. H. J., Ostapczuk, P., and Emons, H.: Wet deposition in Germany: long-term trends and the contribution of heavy metals, Chemosphere, 34, 2227-2236, doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00080-5, 1997.
20. Grantz, D. A., Garner, J. H. B., and Johnson, D. W.: Ecological effects of particulate matter, Environ. Int., 29, 213-239, doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00181-2, 2003.
21. Guieu, C., Chester, R., Nimmo, M., Martin, J., Guerzoni, S., Nicolas, E., Mateu, J., and Keyse, S.: Atmospheric input of dissolved and particulate metals to the northwestern Mediterranean, Deep Sea Research Pa rt II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 44, 655-674, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(97)88508-6, 1997.
22. Halstead, M. J. R., Cunninghame, R. G., and Hunter, K. A.: Wet deposition of trace metals to a remote site in Fiordland, New Zealand, Atmos. Environ., 34, 665-676, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00185-5, 2000.
23. Harner, T., Shoeib, M., Diamond, M., Stern, G., and Rosenberg, B.: Using Passive Air Samplers To Assess U rban-Rural Trends for Persistent Organic Pollutants. 1. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4474-4483, doi:10.1021/es040302r, 2004.
24. Heal, M. R., Hibbs, L. R., Agius, R. M., and Beverland, I. J.: Total and water-soluble trace metal content of urban background PM10, PM2:5 and black smoke in Edinburgh, UK, Atmos. Environ., 39, 1417-1430, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.11.026, 2005.
25. Herut, B., Nimmo, M., Medway, A., Chester, R., and Krom, M. D.: Dry atmospheric inputs of trace metals at the Mediterranean coast of Israel (SE Mediterranean): sources and fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 35, 803-8 13, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00216-8, 2001.
26. Hovmand, M. F., Kemp, K., Kystol, J., Johnsen, I., Riis-Nielsen, T., and Pacyna, J. M.: Atmospheric heavy metal deposition accumulated in rural forest soils of s outhern Scandinavia, Environ. Pollut., 155, 537-541, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.047, 2008.
27. Hovmand, M. F., Nielsen, S. P., and Johnsen, I.: Root uptake of lead by Norway spruce grown on 210Pb spiked soils, Environ. Pollut., 157, 404-409, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.038, 2009.
28. Hsu, S. C., Wong, G. T. F., Gong, G.-C., Shiah, F. K., Huang, Y. T., Kao, S. J., Tsai, F., Candice Lung, S. C., Lin, F. J., Lin, I. I., Hung, C. C., and Tseng, C. M.: Sources, solubility, and dry deposition of aerosol trace elements over the East China Sea, Mar. Chem., 120, 116-127, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2008.10.003, 2010.
29. Hu, G. P. and Balasubramanian, R.: Wet deposition of trace metals in Singapore, Water Air Soil Poll., 144, 285-300, doi:10.1023/A:1022921418383, 2003.
30. Huang, X. F., Li, X., He, L. Y., Feng, N., Hu, M., Niu, Y. W., and Zeng, L. W.: 5-Year study of rainwater chemistry in a coastal mega-city in South China, Atmos. Res., 97, 185-193, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.027, 2010.
31. Injuk, J., Grieken , R. V., and Leeuw, G. D.: Deposition of atmospheric trace elements into the north sea: Coastal, ship, platform measurements and model predictions, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3011-3025, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00497-4, 1998.
32. Kaya, G. and Tuncel, G.: Trace element and major ion composition of wet and dry depositon in Ankara, Turkey, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3985-3998, doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00221-5, 1997.
33. Kim, G., Scudlark, J. R., and Church, T. M.: Atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements to Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3437-3444, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00371-4, 2000.
34. Kim, J.-E., Han, Y .-J., Kim, P.-R., and Holsen, T. M.: Factors influencing atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements in rural Korea, Atmos. Res., 116, 185-194, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.04.013, 2012.
35. Kyllönen, K., Karlsson, V., and Ruoho-Airola, T.: Trace element deposition and trends during a ten year period in Finland, Sci. Total. Environ., 407, 2260-2269, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.045, 2009.
36. Levkov, L., Eppel, D. P., and Grabetal, H.: Modelling the atmospheric transport of trace metals including the role of precipitating clouds, Atmos. Environ., 25, 779-789, doi:10.1016/0960-1686(91)90076-J, 1991.
37. Li C.,Wen T.,Li Z.,Dickerson R. R.,Yang Y.,Zhao Y.,Wang Y.,Tsay, S.-C.: Concentrations and origins of atmospheric lead and other trace species at a rural site in Northern China J. Geophys. Res. 115, D00K23 10 .1029/2009JD013639 2010.
38. Li, Q., Cheng, H., Zhou, T., Lin, C., and Guo, S.: The estimated atmospheric lead emissions in China, 1990-2009, Atmos. Environ., 60, 1-8, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.025, 2012.
39. Lindberg, S. E. and Harriss, R. C.: The role of atmospheric deposition in an eastern U.S. deciduous forest, Water Air Soil Pollut., 16, 13-31, doi:10.1007/BF01047039, 1981.
40. Liu, C. L., Zhang, J., and Yu, Z. G.: Study on the characteristics of the aerosol and atmospheric flux of the heavy metals over the Yellow Sea, Mar. Environ. Sci., 17, 1-6, 1998. (in Chinese)
41. Liu, C. L., Ren, H. B., Chen, H. T., and Xia, N.: Heavy metals in precipitation from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Regions, Mar. Sci., 27, 64-68, 2003. (in Chinese
42. Lu, A., Wang, J., Qin, X., Wang, K., Han, P., and Zhang, S.: Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi, Beijing, China, Sci. Total. Environ., 425, 66-74, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.003, 2012.
43. Luo, L., Ma, Y. B., Zhang, S. Z., Wei, D. P., and Zhu, Y. G.: An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 2524-2530, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2 009.01.011, 2009.
44. Luo, X. S., Ip, C. C. M., Li, W., Tao, S., and Li, X. D.: Spatial-temporal variations, sources, and transport of airborne inhalable metals (PM10) in urban and rural areas of Northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 13133-13165, doi:10.5194/acpd-14-13133-2014, 2014.
45. Mason, B., and Morre, C. B.: Principles of geochemistry, Wiley, New York, 344 pp., 1982.
46. McTainsh, G. H., Nickling, W. G., and Lynch, A. W.: Dust deposition and particle size in Mali,West Africa, Catena., 29, 307-322, doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00075-6, 1997.
47. Meng, W., Qin, Y., Zheng, B., and Zhang, L.: Heavy metal pollution in Tianjin Bohai Bay, China, J. Environ. Sci., 20, 814-819, doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62131-2, 2008.
48. Momani, K. A., Jiries, A. G., and Jaradat, Q. M.: Atmospheric deposition of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd in Amman, Jordan, Turk. J. Chem., 24, 231-238, 2000.
49. Morselli, L., Brusori, B., Passarini, F., Bernardi, E., Francaviglia, R., Gataleta, L., Marchionni, M., Aromolo, R., Benedetti, A., and Olivieri, P.: Heavy metals monitoring at a Mediterranean natural ecosystem of Central Italy. Trends in different environmental matrixes, Environ. Int., 30, 173-181, doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00170-3, 2004.
50. Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Tiphagne, K., and Garban, B .: Atmospheric bulk deposition of trace metals to the Seine river Basin, France: concentrations, sources and evolution from 1988 to 2001 in Paris, Water Air. Soil Poll., 164, 119-135, doi:10.1007/s11270-005-1659-x, 2005.
51. Muezzinoglu, A. and Cizmecioglu, S. C.: Deposition of heavy metals in a Mediterranean climate area, Atmos. Res., 81, 1-16, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.10.004, 2006.
52. Nguyen, V. D., M erks, A. G. A., and Valenta, P.: Atmospheric deposition of acid, heavy metals, dissolved organic carbon and nutrients in the Dutch delta area in 1980-1986, Sci. Total. Environ., 99, 77-91, doi:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90213-E, 1990.
53. Noll, K. E., Fang, K. Y. P., and Watkins, L. A.: Characterization of the deposition of particles from the atmosphere to a flat plate, Atmos. Environ., 22, 1461-1468, doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90170-9, 1988.
54. Odabasi, M., Muezzinoglu, A., and Bozlaker, A.: Ambient concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Izmir, Turkey, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5841-5851, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00644-1, 2002.
55. Okubo, A., Takeda, S., and Obata, H.: Atmospheric deposition of trace metals to the western North Pacific Ocean observed at coastal station in Japan, Atmos. Res., 129-130, 20-32, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.014, 2013.
56. Pan, Y. P., Wang, Y. S., Xin, J. Y., Tang, G. Q., Song, T., Wang, Y. H., Li, X. R., and Wu, F. K.: Study on dissolved organic carbon in precipitation in Northern China, A tmos. Environ., 44, 2350-2357, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.033, 2010a.
57. Pan, Y. P., Wang, Y. S., Yang, Y. J., Wu, D., Xin, J. Y., and Fan, W. Y.: Determination of trace metals in atmospheric dry d eposition with a heavy matrix of PUF by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy after microwave digestion, Environ. Sci., 31, 553-559, 2010b. (in Chinese
58. Pan, Y. P., Wang, Y. S., Tang, G. Q., and Wu, D.: Wet and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at ten sites in Northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6515-6535, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6515-2012, 2012.
59. Pan Y. P.,Wang Y. S.,Sun Y.,Tian S. L.,Cheng, M. T.: Size-resolved aerosol trace elements at a rural mountainous site in Northern China: importance of regional transport Sci. Total. Environ. 461, 761-771 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.065, 2013a.
60. Pan, Y. P., Wang, Y. S., Tang, G. Q., and Wu, D.: Spatial distribution and temporal variations of atmospheric sulfur deposition in Northern China: insights into the potential acidification risks, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1675-1688, doi:10.5194/acp-13-1675-2013, 2013b.
61. Pike, S. M. and Moran, S. B.: Trace elements in aerosol and precipitation at New Castle, NH, USA, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3361-3366, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00525-2, 2001.
62. Sakata, M. and Marumoto, K.: Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of trace metals in the Tokyo metropolitan area measured with a wate r surface sampler, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2190-2197, doi:10.1021/es030467k, 2004.
63. Sakata, M., Marumoto, K., Narukawa, M., and Asakura, K.: Regional variations in wet and dry deposition fluxes of tr ace elements in Japan, Atmos. Environ., 40, 521-531, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.066, 2006.
64. Sakata, M., Tani, Y., and Takagi, T.: Wet and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Tokyo Bay, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5913-5922, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.027, 2008.
65. Sakata, M. and Asakura, K.: Factors contributing to seasonal variations in wet deposition fluxes of trace elements at sites along Japan Sea coast, Atmos. Env iron., 43, 3867-3875, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.001, 2009.
66. Sakata, M. and Asakura, K.: Atmospheric dry deposition of trace elements at a site on Asian-continent side of Japan, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1075-1083, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.043, 2011.
67. Sandroni, V. and Migon, C.: Atmospheric deposition of metallic pollutants over the Ligurian Sea: labile and residual inputs, Chemosphere, 47, 753-764, doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00337-X, 2002.
68. Schleicher, N., Norra, S., Chen, Y., Chai, F., and Wang, S.: Efficiency of mitigation measures to reduce particulate air pollution-A case study during the Olympic Summer Games 2008 in Beijing, China, Sci. Total. Environ., 427-428, 146-158, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.004, 2012.
69. Shannigrahi, A. S., Fukushima, T., and Ozaki, N.: Comparison of different m ethods for measuring dry deposition fluxes of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 39, 653-662, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.10.025, 2005.
70. Shoeib, M. and Harner, T.: Characterization and Comparison of Three Passive Air Samplers for Persistent Organic Pollutants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4142-4151, doi:10.1021/es020635t, 2002.
71. Sweet, C. W., Weiss, A., and Vermette, S. J.: Atmospheric deposition of tace metals at three sites near the Great Lakes, Water Air Soil Poll., 103, 423-439, doi:10.1023/A:1004905832617, 1998.
72. Takeda, K., Marumoto, K., Minamikawa, T., Sakugawa, H., and Fujiwara, K.: Three-year determination of trace metals and the lead isotope ratio in rain and snow depositions collected in Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan, Atmos. Envi ron., 34, 4525-4535, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00103-5, 2000.
73. Tasdemir, Y. and Kural, C.: Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of trace elements measured in Bursa, Turkey, Environ. Pollut., 138, 462-472, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.012, 2005.
74. Theodosi, C., Stavrakakis, S., Koulaki, F., Stavrakaki, I., Moncheva, S., Papathanasiou, E., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Koçak, M., and Mihalopoulos, N.: The si gnificance of atmospheric inputs of major and trace metals to the Black Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 109-110, 94-102, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.02.016, 2013.
75. Tian, H., Liu, K., Zhou, J., Lu, L., Hao, J., Qiu, P., Gao, J., Zhu, C., Wang, K., and Hua, S.: Atmospheric emission inventory of hazardous trace elements from China's coal-fired power plants-temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 3575-3582, doi:10.1021/es404730j, 2014.
76. Tripathee, L., Kang, S., Huang, J., Sharma, C. M., Sillanpää, M., Guo, J., and Paudyal, R.: Concentrations of trace elements in wet deposition over the Central Himalayas, Nepal, Atmos. Environ., 95, 231-238, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.043, 2014.
77. Wang, Y., Li, P. H., Li, H. L., Liu, X. H., and Wang, W. X.: PAHs distribution in precipitation at Mount Taishan: China. Identification of sources and meteorological influences, Atmos. Res., 95, 1-7, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.07.011, 2010.
78. Wang, Y., Yu, W., Pan, Y., and Wu, D.: Acid neutralization of precipitation in Northern China, J. AirWaste Manage., 62, 204-211, doi:10.1080/10473289.2011.640761, 2012.
79. W ang, Y., Peng, Y., Wang, D., and Zhang, C.: Wet deposition fluxes of total mercury and methylmercury in core urban areas, Chongqing, China, Atmos. Environ., 92, 87-96, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.059, 2014.
80. Wesely, M. and Hicks, B.: A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261-2282, 2000.
81. Williams, M. R., Millward, G. E., Nimmo, M., and Fones, G.: Fluxes of Cu, Pb and Mn to the north-eastern Irish Sea: The importance of sedimental and atmospheric inputs, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 36, 366-375, doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00199-4, 1998.
82. Wong, C. S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Qi, S. H., and Peng, X. Z.: Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in the Pearl River Delta, China, Atmos. Environ., 37, 767-776, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00929-9, 2003.
83. Wu, C. X., Qi, S. H., Su, Q. K., Fang, M., and Wang, W.: Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to Xinghua Bay, Fujian province, Environ. Chem., 25, 781-784 (in Chinese), 2006.
84. Yang, F., Tan, J., Shi, Z. B., Cai, Y., He, K., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Okuda, T., Tanaka, S., and Chen, G.: Five-year record of atmospheric precipitation chemistry in urban Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2025-2035, doi:10.5194/acp-12-2025-2012, 2012.
85. Yi, S. M., Lee, E. Y., and Holsen, T. M.: Dry deposition fluxes and size distributions of heavy metals in Seoul, Korea during Yellow-Sand events, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 35, 569-576, doi:10.1080/02786820120775, 2001 a.
86. Yi, S. M., Shahin, U., Sivadechathep, J., Sofuoglu, S. C., and Holsen, T. M.: Overall elemental dry deposition velocities measured around Lake Michigan, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1133-1140, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00242-9, 2001 b.
87. Zhang, L., Fang, G. C., Liu, C. K., Huang, Y. L., Huang, J. H., and Huang, C. S.: Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of seven trace metal species at five sites in central Taiwan – a summary of surrogate surface measurements and a comparison with model e stimations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3405-3417, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3405-2012, 2012.
88. Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., and Fu, J. S.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009, 2009.
89. Zhang, Y. L., Lee, X. Q., and Cao, F.: Chemical characteristics and sources of organic acids in precipitation at a semiurban site in Southwest China, Atmos. Environ., 45, 413-419, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.067, 2011.
90. Zhao, P. S., Dong, F., He, D., Zhao, X. J., Zhang, X. L., Zhang, W. Z., Yao, Q., and Liu, H. Y.: Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2:5 in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys ., 13, 4631-4644, doi:10.5194/acpd-13-863-2013, 2013.
91. Zheng, M., Guo, Z., Fang, M., Rahn, K. A., and Kester, D. R.: Dry and wet deposition of elements in Hong Kong, Mar. Chem., 97, 124-139, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2005.05.007, 2005.