Identification of the hikikomori syndrome of social withdrawal: Psychosocial features and treatment preferences in four countries

International Journal of Social Psychiatry

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 64-72

  Teo, Alan R ^a   Fetters, Michael D ^b   Stufflebam, Kyle ^c   Tateno, Masaru ^d   Balhara, Yatan ^e   Choi, Tae Young ^f   Kanba, Shigenobu ^g   Mathews, Carol A ^h   Kato, Takahiro A ^g,i  

^a PORTLAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^d SAPPORO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^f Catholic University of Daegu   (South Korea)

^g KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

ⁱ KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

cross national; culture; Social isolation

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIA; JAPAN; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOUTH KOREA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIA; JAPAN; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84921878511     PISSN: 00207640     EISSN: 17412854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020764014535758     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. De Michele F., Caredda M., Delle Chiaie R., Salviati M., Biondi M.. Hikikomori: A culture-bound syndrome in the web 2.0 era. Rivista di Psichiatria. 2013 ; 48: 354-358
2. Dickens A. P., Richards S. H., Greaves C. J., Campbell J. L.. Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011 ; 11: 647
3. Furuhashi T., Figueiredo C., Pionnié-Dax N., Fansten M., Vellut N., Castel P. H.. Pathology seen in French "Hikikomori". Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi = Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica. 2012 ; 114: 1173-1179
4. Furuhashi T., Suzuki K., Teruyama J., Sedooka A., Tsuda H., Shimizu M., Castel P. H.. Commonalities and differences in hikikomori youths in Japan and France. Nagoya Journal of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports. 2011 ; 34 (1). 29-33
5. Garcia-Campayo J., Alda M., Sobradiel N., Sanz Abos B.. A case report of hikikomori in Spain. Medicina Clinica (Barc). 2007 ; 129: 318-319
6. Grov C., Golub S. A., Parsons J. T., Brennan M., Karpiak S. E.. Loneliness and HIV-related stigma explain depression among older HIV-positive adults. AIDS Care. 2010 ; 22: 630-639
7. Hong M., Casado B. L., Harrington D.. Validation of Korean versions of the Lubben Social Network Scales in Korean Americans. Clinical Gerontologist. 2011 ; 34: 319-334
8. Study on personality and loneliness among the students of IIT Hyderabad. India: Lecture conducted from Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad ; 2013 :
9. Kato T. A., Tateno M., Shinfuku N., Fujisawa D., Teo A. R., Sartorius N., Kanba S.. Does the "hikikomori" syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2012 ; 47: 1061-75
10. Kim O. S.. Korean version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Reliability and validity test. The Journal of Nurses Academic Society. 1997 ; 27: 871-879
11. Koyama A., Miyake Y., Kawakami N., Tsuchiya M., Tachimori H., Takeshima T.. Lifetime prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and demographic correlates of 'hikikomori' in a community population in Japan. Psychiatry Research. 2010 ; 176: 69-74
12. Krieg A., Dickie J. R.. Attachment and hikikomori: A psychosocial developmental model. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2013 ; 59 (1). 61-72
13. Kudou R., Nishikawa M.. Kaiteiban UCLA kodokukun shakudo. Experimental Social Psychological Research. 1983 ; 22: 99-108
14. Kurimoto A., Awata S., Ohkubo T., Tsubota-Utsugi M., Asayama K., Takahashi K., Imai Y.. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi/ Japanese Journal of Geriatrics. 2011 ; 48: 149-157
15. Lee J. Y., Lee S. H.. Depression, loneliness, impulsiveness, sensation-seeking and self-efficacy of adolescents with cybersexual addiction. The Korea Journal of Counseling. 2004 ; 12: 145-155
16. Lee Y. S., Lee J. Y., Choi T. Y., Choi J. T.. Home visitation program for detecting, evaluating, and treating socially withdrawn youth in Korea. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2013 ; 67: 193-202
17. Lee Y., Song J.. A study of the reliability and the validity of the BDI, SDS, and MMPI-D Scales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1991 ; 10: 98-113
18. Lubben J., Blozik E., Gillmann G., Iliffe S., Kruse W. V. R., Beck J. C., Stuck A. E.. Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. The Gerontologist. 2006 ; 46: 503-513
19. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Tost H.. Neural mechanisms of social risk for psychiatric disorders. Nature Neuroscience. 2012 ; 15: 663-668
20. Nagata T., Yamada H., Teo A. R., Yoshimura C., Nakajima T., van Vliet I.. Comorbid social withdrawal (hikikomori) in outpatients with social anxiety disorder: Clinical characteristics and treatment response in a case series. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2013 ; 59: 73-78
21. Olfson M., Fireman B., Weissman M. M., Leon A. C., Sheehan D. V., Kathol R. G., Farber L.. Mental disorders and disability among patients in a primary care group practice. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 ; 154: 1734-1740
22. Pfeiffer P. N., Heisler M., Piette J. D., Rogers M. A., Valenstein M.. Efficacy of peer support interventions for depression: A meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2011 ; 33: 29-36
23. Proudfoot J. G., Jayawant A., Whitton A. E., Parker G., Manicavasagar V., Smith M., Nicholas J.. Mechanisms underpinning effective peer support: A qualitative analysis of interactions between expert peers and patients newly-diagnosed with bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2012 ; 12: 196
24. Raue P. J., Schulberg H. C., Heo M., Klimstra S., Bruce M. L.. Patients' depression treatment preferences and initiation, adherence, and outcome: A randomized primary care study. Psychiatric Services. 2009 ; 60: 337-343
25. Russell D. W.. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996 ; 66: 20-40
26. Saito K. Hikikomori no hyouka shien ni kansuru gaidorain. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare ; 2010 :
27. Sakamoto N., Martin R. G., Kumano H., Kuboki T., Al-Adawi S.. Hikikomori, is it a culture-reactive or culture-bound syndrome? Nidotherapy and a clinical vignette from Oman. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2005 ; 35: 191-198
28. Schwarz N.. Cognitive aspects of survey methodology. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2007 ; 21: 277-287
29. Sheehan D. V. Sheehan disability scale. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association ; 1983 :
30. Tateno M., Park T. W., Kato T. A., Umene-Nakano W., Saito T.. Hikikomori as a possible clinical term in psychiatry: A questionnaire survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2012 ; 12: 169
31. Teo A. R.. Social isolation associated with depression: A case report of hikikomori. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2013 ; 59: 339-341
32. Teo A. R., Gaw A. C.. Hikikomori, a Japanese culture-bound syndrome of social withdrawal?. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2010 ; 198: 444-449
33. Umeda M., Kawakami N.. Association of childhood family environments with the risk of social withdrawal ("hikikomori") in the community population in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2012 ; 66: 121-129
34. Watts J.. Public health experts concerned about "hikikomori". The Lancet. 2002 ; 359: 1131
35. Yoshida T., Otsubo T., Tsuchida H., Wada Y., Kamijima K.. Reliability and validity of the Sheehan Disability Scale-Japanese Version. Rinsyoseishinyakuri. 2004 ; 7: 1645-1653