Hikikomori, is it a culture-reactive or culture-bound syndrome? Nidotherapy and a clinical vignette from Oman

International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 191-198

  Sakamoto, Noriyuki ^a   Martin, Rodger G ^b   Kumano, Hiroaki ^a   Kuboki, Tomifusa ^a   Al Adawi, Samir ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY   (Oman)

Author keywords

Culture bound syndrome; Culture reactive syndrome; Hikikomori; Social withdrawal

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; ASIAN AMERICAN; BEHAVIOR; CASE REPORT; CULTURAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIC; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HIKIKOMORI; HUMAN; MALE; NIDOTHERAPY; OMAN; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SAUDI ARABIA; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ADULT; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CULTURE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; OMAN; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL ALIENATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SYNDROME;

EID: 27844572367     PISSN: 00912174     EISSN: 15413527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/7WEQ-216D-TVNH-PQJ1     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Gray JA. The neuropsychology of temperament. In Strelau J, Angleitner A, editors, Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement. London: Plenum, 1991:105-128.
2. Ollendick TH, Yang B, King NJ, Dong Q, Akande A. Fears in American, Australian, Chinese, and Nigerian children and adolescents: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 1996;37:213-220.
3. Neal JA, Edelmann RJ. The etiology of social phobia: Toward a developmental profile. Clinical Psychology Review 2003;23:761-786.
4. Tamaki S. Social withdrawal: Endless adolescence Social Hikikomori: endless adolescence [Shakaiteki Hikikomori: Owaranai shishunki]. Tokyo: PHP Shinsho, 1998 (Japanese).
5. Kawanishi Y. Japanese youth: The other half of the crisis? Asian Affairs 2004; 35:22-32.
6. Murakami R. Symbiosis worm [Kyoseichu]. Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd, 2000 (Japanese).
7. Al-Adawi S, Salmi A, Martin RG, Ghassani H. Zar: Group distress and healing. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 2001;4:47-61.
8. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975;12:189-198.
9. Raven JC, Court JH, Raven J. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Oxford: Oxford Psychologist Press, 1992:Section 3.
10. Al-Adawi S, Powell JH, Greenwood RJ. Motivational deficits after brain injury: A neuropsychological approach using new assessment techniques. Neuropsychology 1998;12:115-124.
11. Tyrer P. Nidotherapy: A new approach to the treatment of personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002;105:469-471.
12. Watanabe T, Kajimura N, Kato M, Sekimoto M, Nakajima T, Hori T, Takahashi K. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome. Sleep 2003;26:657-661.
13. Dwairy M, VanSickle TD. Western psychotherapy in traditional Arabic societies. Clinical Psychology Review 1996;16:231-249.
14. Jilek WG, Jilek-Aall L. Transient psychoses in Africans. Psychiatrica Cline 1970;3:337-364.
15. Koenig HG. Medicine and religion. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343:1339-1340.
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV-TR.(4 ed., text rev.). Washington: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
17. Torgersen S, Kringlen E, Cramer V. The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001;58:590-596.
18. Campbell SS, Murphy PJ, Van Den Heuvel CJ, et al. Etiology and treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Reviews 1999;3:179-200.
19. Watts J. Public health experts concerned about "hikikomori." Lancet 2002;359:1131.
20. Giddens A. Emile Durkheim; Selected writings. London: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
21. Wikan U. Shame and honour: A contestable pair. Man 1984;4:635-652.
22. Benedict R. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946.
23. Okano K. Shame and social phobia: A transcultural viewpoint. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 1994;58:323-338.
24. Haeri, N. Sacred language, ordinary people: Dilemmas of culture and politics in Egypt. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
25. Kitayama, O. Pre-oedipal "taboo" in Japanese folk tragedies. International Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1985;12:173-186.
26. Kiev A. Transcultural psychiatry. New York: The Free Press, 1972.