Association of childhood family environments with the risk of social withdrawal ('hikikomori') in the community population in Japan

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 121-129

  Umeda, Maki ^a   Kawakami, Norito ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

childrearing; Japan; risk factors; social class; social isolation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CHILDHOOD; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAMILY LIFE; FEMALE; HIKIKOMORI; HUMAN; JAPAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD REARING; FAMILY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; JAPAN; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL ISOLATION;

EID: 84857538904     PISSN: 13231316     EISSN: 14401819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02292.x     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. Ito J, Ikehara K, Kim Y, et al,. Community Mental Health Intervention Guidelines Aimed at Socially Withdrawn Teenagers and Young Adults. Ministry of Health LW, Tokyo, 2003 (in Japanese).
2. Koyama A, Miyake Y, Kawakami N, Tsuchiya M, Tachimori H, Takeshima T,. Lifetime prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and demographic correlates of 'hikikomori' in a community population in Japan. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 176: 69-74.
3. Shioji R, Kubota M, Nakamura K,. 'Shinkeishitu' and hikikomori. Seishin Ryoho. 2000; 26: 549-556 (in Japanese).
4. Suwa M, Suzuki K,. Psychopathological features of 'primary social withdrawal'. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2002; 104: 1228-1241.
5. Furlong A,. The Japanese hikikomori phenomenon: acute social withdrawal among young people. Sociol. Rev. 2008; 56: 309-325.
6. Saito T,. Social Withdrawal: A Neverending Adolescence. PHP Shinsho, Tokyo, 1998 (in Japanese).
7. Ushijima S,. How do we understand so-called social withdrawal? Seishin Ryoho. 2000; 26: 3-8 (in Japanese).
8. Cabinet Office Government of Japan. Reports of the survey of social and family life among youth; youth in a hikikomori state and their needs. 2010 (in Japanese).
9. Biederman J, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Rosenbaum JF, et al,. Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1673-1679. (Pubitemid 32923661)
10. Weich S, Patterson J, Shaw R, Stewart-Brown S,. Family relationships in childhood and common psychiatric disorders in later life: systematic review of prospective studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 2009; 194: 392-398.
11. Borovoy A,. Japan's hidden youths: mainstreaming the emotionally distressed in Japan. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 2008; 32: 552-576.
12. Yajima S, Nemoto T,. Psychological tendency to withdrawal among female undergraduate students and their parents' childrearing attitudes. Tokyo Kasei Gakuin Kiyou. 2002; 42: 111-116 (in Japanese).
13. Yamamoto K,. The background and types of social withdrawal. Bull. Faculty of Health and Welfare Osaka Univ. of Health and Sport Sciences 2005; 2: 23-37 (in Japanese).
14. Hattori Y,. Social withdrawal in Japanese youth. J. Trauma Pract. 2006; 4: 181-201 (in Japanese).
15. Suwa M, Suzuki K, Hara K, Watanabe H, Takahashi T,. Family features in primary social withdrawal among young adults. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2003; 57: 586-594. (Pubitemid 37463001)
16. Kawakami N, Takeshima T, Ono Y, et al,. Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and treatment of common mental disorders in communities in Japan: preliminary finding from the World Mental Health Japan Survey 2002-2003. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2005; 59: 441-452. (Pubitemid 41139553)
17. Kessler RC, Ustun TB,. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2004; 13: 93-121.
18. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1994.
19. Haro JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Brugha TS, et al,. Concordance of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical assessments in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 2006; 15: 167-180. (Pubitemid 47047025)
20. Teo AR,. A new form of social withdrawal in Japan: a review of Hikikomori. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2010; 56: 178-185.
21. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G,. The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1977; 34: 1229-1235. (Pubitemid 8216736)
22. Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB,. A parental bonding instrument. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 1979; 52: 1-10. (Pubitemid 9171341)
23. Scott KM, Von Korff M, Alonso J, et al,. Childhood adversity, early-onset depressive/anxiety disorders, and adult-onset asthma. Psychosom. Med. 2008; 70: 1035-1043.
24. Cooper PJ, Fearn V, Willetts L, Seabrook H, Parkinson M,. Affective disorder in the parents of a clinic sample of children with anxiety disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2006; 93: 205-212. (Pubitemid 43816071)
25. Hughes AA, Furr JM, Sood ED, Barmish AJ, Kendall PC,. Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in parents of children with anxiety disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 2009; 40: 405-419.
26. Martin C, Cabrol S, Bouvard MP, Lepine JP, Mouren-Simeoni MC,. Anxiety and depressive disorders in fathers and mothers of anxious school-refusing children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1999; 38: 916-922. (Pubitemid 29309853)
27. Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, et al,. A controlled study of behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 2000; 157: 2002-2010.
28. Schneider S, Houweling JE, Gommlich-Schneider S, Klein C, Nundel B, Wolke D,. Effect of maternal panic disorder on mother-child interaction and relation to child anxiety and child self-efficacy. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 2009; 12: 251-259.
29. Someya T, Kitamura H, Uehara T, et al,. Panic disorder and perceived parental rearing behavior investigated by the Japanese version of the EMBU scale. Depress Anxiety 2000; 11: 158-162. (Pubitemid 30612765)
30. Warren SL, Gunnar MR, Kagan J, et al,. Maternal panic disorder: infant temperament, neurophysiology, and parenting behaviors. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2003; 42: 814-825. (Pubitemid 39571845)
31. Degnan KA, Fox NA,. Behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: multiple levels of a resilience process. Dev. Psychopathol. 2007; 19: 729-746. (Pubitemid 47316373)
32. Leen-Feldner EW, Blumenthal H, Babson K, Bunaciu L, Feldner MT,. Parenting-related childhood learning history and panic vulnerability: a test using a laboratory-based biological challenge procedure. Behav. Res. Ther. 2008; 46: 1009-1016.
33. Bartels M, van den Oord EJ, Hudziak JJ, Rietveld MJ, van Beijsterveldt CE, Boomsma DI,. Genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying stability and change in problem behaviors at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12. Dev. Psychol. 2004; 40: 852-867. (Pubitemid 39203008)
34. Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Myers JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS,. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005; 62: 182-189. (Pubitemid 40189135)
35. Yamagata S, Sugawara M, Sakai A, et al,. Why externalizing and internalizing problems co-occur: behavioral genetic analysis of correlations. Jpn. J. Pers. 2006; 15: 103-119 (in Japanese).
36. McLeod BD, Weisz JR, Wood JJ,. Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: a meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2007; 27: 986-1003. (Pubitemid 47600442)
37. McLeod BD, Wood JJ, Weisz JR,. Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2007; 27: 155-172. (Pubitemid 46123125)
38. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office for Youth Affairs and Public Safety. Survey report on psychological states of withdrawn youths. 2008 (in Japanese).