Life after Life Imprisonment

Life after Life Imprisonment

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-280

  Appleton, Catherine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Criminal justice; Legal developments; Life sentenced offenders; Recall; Release; Resettlement

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921552501     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582716.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (459)

1. Abei, M. and Delgrande, N. (2009) Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics:Survey 2007. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
2. Advisory Council on the Penal System (1978) Sentences of Imprisonment: A Review of Maximum Penalties. London: HMSO.
3. Allen, S. (2001) Male Rape as a Threat to Masculine Identity. Unpublished thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Oxford.
4. Amos, M. (2004) 'R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Anderson-Ending the Home Secretary's sentencing role' Modern Law Review, 67: 108-23.
5. Andrews, D., Bonta, J., and Hoge, R. (1990) 'Classification for effective rehabilitation' Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17: 19-52.
6. Appleton, C. (2004) 'After life imprisonment: the role of the probation service' in D. Jones (ed.) Working with Dangerous People. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press.
7. Appleton, C. and GrØver, B. (2007) 'The pros and cons of life without parole' British Journal of Criminology, 47(4): 597-616.
8. Appleton, C. and Roberts, C. (2005) The Resettlement of Discretionary Lifesentenced Offenders. Home Office Development and Practice Report 44. London: Home Office.
9. Appleton, C. and Swan, M. (2008) 'Release and recall of lifers: recall rates and related factors', paper presented at the Parole Board's David Hatch Memorial Lecture, 17 January.
10. Arber, S. (1993) 'The research process' in N. Gilbert (ed.) Researching Social Life. London: Sage.
11. Ashworth, A. (2000) Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Third edition. London:Butterworths.
12. Ashworth, A. (2005) Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Fourth edition. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
13. Ashworth, A. and Mitchell, B. (eds) (2000) Rethinking English Homicide Law. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
14. Association of Chief Officers of Probation (ACOP) (1994) Guidance on Management of Risk and Public Protection. London: ACOP.
15. Bachman, R. and Schutt, R. (2003) The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Bailey, K. (1988) 'Ethical dilemmas in social problems research: a theoretical framework' American Sociologist, 19: 121-37.
17. Bailey, R. and Ward, D. (1992) Probation Supervision: Attitudes to Formalised Helping. Belfast: Probation Board for Northern Ireland.
18. Barker, A. (2001) 'The challenge of assessing discretionary lifers:emerging findings from a Parole Board study', paper presented at All Souls College, University of Oxford, 2 May.
19. Barry, M. (2000) 'The mentor/monitor debate in criminal justice: what works for offenders' British Journal of Social Work, 30(5): 575-95.
20. Baskin, D. and Sommers, I. (1998) Casualties of Community Disorder:Women's Careers in Violent Crime. Oxford: Westview Press.
21. Batchelor, S. and McNeill, F. (2004) 'The young person-worker relationship' in T. Bateman and J. Pitts (eds) The RHP Companion to Youth Justice. London:Russell House.
22. Bates, A., Saunders, R., and Wilson, C. (2007) 'Doing something about it:a follow-up study of sex offenders participating in Thames valley Circles of Support and Accountability', British Journal of Community Justice, 5(1): 19-42.
23. Beaumont, B. and Mistry, T. (1996) 'Doing a good job under duress' Probation Journal, 43(4): 200-4.
24. Beaumont, B., Caddick, B., and Hare-Duke, H. (2001) Meeting Offenders' Needs. Bristol: School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol.
25. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.
26. Becker, H. (1963) Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York:Free Press.
27. Beetham, D. (1991) The Legitimation of Power. London: Macmillan.
28. Bingham, T. (2000) 'The mandatory life sentence for murder' in T. Bingham (ed.) The Business of Judging: Selected Essays and Speeches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Blair, D. (1994) 'A matter of life and death: why life without parole should be a sentencing option in Texas', American Journal of Criminal Law, 22: 191-214.
30. Block, B. and Hostettler, J. (1997) Hanging in the Balance: A History of the Abolition of Capital Punishment in Britain. Winchester: Waterside Press.
31. Bogdan, R. and Biklen, S. (1982) Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
32. Bonta, J., Law, M., and Hanson, K. (1998) 'The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: a meta-analysis' Psychological Bulletin, 123(2): 123-42.
33. Boswell, G. (1996) Young and Dangerous: the Backgrounds and Careers of section 53 Offenders. Avebury: Aldershot.
34. Boswell, G. (1998) 'Research-minded practice with young offenders who commit grave crimes' Probation Journal, 45(4): 202-7.
35. Bottoms, A. (1983) 'Neglected trends in contemporary punishment' in D. Garland and P. Young (eds) The Power to Punish: Contemporary Penality and Social Analysis. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
36. Bottoms, A. (2000) 'The relationship between theory and research in criminology' in R. King and E. Wincup (eds) Doing Research on Crime and Justice. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
37. Bottoms, A., Shapland, J., Costello, A., Holmes, D., and Muir, G. (2004) 'Towards desistance: theoretical underpinnings for an empirical study' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4): 368-89.
38. Bouchard, T. (1976) 'Unobtrusive measures: an inventory of uses' Sociological Methods and Research, 4: 267-300.
39. Bracken, D., Deane, L., and Morrisette, L. (2009) 'Desistance and social marginalization: the case of Canadian Aboriginal Offenders' Theoretical Criminology, 13(1): 61-78.
40. Brady, H. and Collier, D. (eds) (2004) Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
41. Brannen, J. (1988) 'The study of sensitive subjects' Sociological Review, 36:552-63.
42. Brody, S. (1976) The Effectiveness of Sentencing. London: HMSO.
43. Brody, S. and Tarling, R. (1981) Taking Offenders out of Circulation. Home Office Research Study 64. London: HMSO.
44. Brown, D. (2005) 'Continuity, rupture, or just more of the "volatile and contradictory"? Glimpses of New South Wales' penal practice behind and through the discursive' in J. Pratt, D. Brown, M. Brown, et al (eds) The New Punitiveness: Trends, Theories, Perspectives. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
45. Brown, M. and Pratt, J. (2000) Dangerous Offenders: Punishment and Social Order. London: Routledge.
46. Brown, S. (1998) Understanding Youth Crime: Listening to Youth? Buckingham: Open University Press.
47. Browne, N. and Kandelia, S. (2005) (eds) Managing Effective Alternatives to Capital Punishment. Centre for Capital Punishment Studies Occasional Paper Series Vol Three, Special edition. London: Centre for Capital Punishment Studies.
48. Bryan, T. and Doyle, P. (2003) 'Developing multi-agency public protection arrangements' in A. Matravers (ed.) Sex Offenders in the Community:Managing and Reducing the Risks. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
49. Burgess, R. (ed.) (1989) Field Research: A Sourcebook and Field Manual. London: Routledge.
50. Burnett, R. (1992) The Dynamics of Recidivism. Oxford: Centre for Criminological Research, University of Oxford.
51. Burnett, R. (1996) Fitting Supervision to Offenders: Assessment and Allocation in the Probation Service. London: Home Office.
52. Burnett, R. (2004a) 'To reoffend or not to reoffend? The ambivalence of convicted property offenders' in S. Maruna and R. Immarigeon (eds) After Crime and Punishment: Pathways to Offender Reintegration. Cullompton:Willan Publishing.
53. Burnett, R. (2004b) 'One-to-one ways of promoting desistance: in search of an evidence base' in R. Burnett and C. Roberts (eds) What Works in Probation and Youth Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
54. Burnett, R. and Appleton, C. (2004a) 'Joined-up services to tackle youth crime: a case-study in England', British Journal of Criminology, 44(1): 34-54.
55. Burnett, R. and Appleton, C. (2004b) Joined-up Youth Justice. Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing.
56. Burnett, R. and Maruna, S. (2004) 'So prison works, does it?' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4): 390-404.
57. Burnett, R. and Maruna, S. (2006) 'The kindness of prisoners: strengths-based resettlement in theory and in action' Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(1):83-106.
58. Burnett, R. and McNeill, F. (2005) 'The place of the officer-offender relationship in assisting offenders to desist from crime' Probation Journal, 52(3): 221-42.
59. Burnett, R., Baker, K., and Roberts, C. (2007) 'Assessment, supervision and intervention: fundamental practice in probation' in L. Gelsthorpe and R. Morgan (eds) Handbook of Probation. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
60. Butler Committee (1975) Report of the Committee on Mentally Abnormal Offenders. (Cm 6244) London: HMSO.
61. Carlisle, Lord (Chairman) (1988) The Parole System in England and Wales. Report of the Review Committee. (Cm 532) London: HMSO.
62. Carter, P. (2003) Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime: A New Approach. London: Home Office.
63. Carter, P. (2007) Securing the Future: Proposals for the Efficient and Sustainable Use of Custody in England and Wales. London: Cabinet Office.
64. Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T. (1993) 'When do individual differences matter? Paradoxical theory of personality coherence', Psychological Inquiry, 4: 247-71.
65. Castell, R. (1991) 'From dangerousness to risk' in G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
66. Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2002) The Penal System: An Introduction, Third edition. London: Sage.
67. Chapman, T. and Hough, M. (1998) Evidence Based Practice. London: Home Office.
68. Chui, W. H., Tupman, B., and Farlow, C. (2003) 'Listening to young adult offenders: views on the effect of a police-probation initiative on reducing crime' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(3): 263-81.
69. Circles of Support and Accountability in the Thames Valley (2003) Interim Report November 2003. London: Quaker Communications for Quaker Peace and Social Witness.
70. Clemmer, D. (1958) The Prison Community. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
71. Cohen, S. (1979) 'The punitive city: notes on the dispersal of social control' Contemporary Crises, 3: 339-63.
72. Cohen, S. (1985) Visions of Social Control. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
73. Cohen, S. and Taylor, L. (1972) Psychological Survival: The Experience of Long-Term Imprisonment. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
74. Coker, J. and Martin, J. (1985) Licensed to Live. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
75. Cook, T. and Campbell, D. (1979) Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis for Field Settings. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally College.
76. Cooke, D. and Michie, C. (1999) 'Psychopathy across cultures: North America and Scotland compared' Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108: 55-68.
77. Cordilia, A. (1985) 'Alcohol and property crime: exploring the causal nexus' Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 46: 161-71.
78. Cormier, B., Kennedy, M., Sangovicz, J., and Trottier, M. (1959) 'The natural history of criminality and some tentative hypotheses on its abatement' Canadian Journal of Correction, 1(4): 35-49.
79. Crawley, E. and Sparks, R. (2005) 'Older men in prison: survival, coping and identity' in A. Liebling and S. Maruna (eds) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
80. Crawley, E. and Sparks, R. (2006) 'Is there life after imprisonment? How elderly men talk about imprisonment and release' Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(1):63-82.
81. Creighton, S. (2004) 'The meaning of life' Prison Report, 63: 8-9.
82. Creighton, S. and King, V. (1996) Prisonersand the Law. London: Butterworths.
83. Creswell, J. and Miller, D. (2000) 'Determining validity in qualitative inquiry' Theory into Practice, 39(3): 124-31.
84. Cromwell, P., Olson, J., and Avary, D. (1991) Breaking and Entering. London:Sage.
85. Cullen, E. and Newell, T. (1999) Murderers and Life Imprisonment:Containment, Treatment, Safety and Risk. Winchester: Waterside Press.
86. Cunliffe, J. and Shepherd, A. (2007) Re-offending of Adults: Results from the 2004 Cohort. Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 06/07. London: Home Office.
87. Cusson, M. and Pinsonneault, P. (1986) 'The decision to give up crime' in D. Cornish and R. Clarke (eds) The Reasoning Criminal. New York: Springer-Verlag.
88. Davies, M. (1979) 'Through the eyes of the probationer' Probation Journal, 26(3): 84-8.
89. Dawtry, F. (1966) 'The abolition of the death penalty in Britain' British Journal of Criminology, 6(2): 183-91.
90. Denzin, N. (1970) The Research Act in Sociology: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. London: Butterworths.
91. Denzin, N. (1978) The Research Act in Sociology: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, Second edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
92. Ditton, J. and Ford, R. (1994) The Reality of Probation: A Formal Ethnography of Process and Practice. Aldershot: Avebury.
93. Dostoevsky, F. (1983) [1861-2] Memoirs from the House of the Dead. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
94. Dowden, C. and Andrews, D. (2004) 'The importance of staff practice in delivering effective correctional treatment: a meta-analytic review of core correctional practice' International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(2): 203-14.
95. Drakeford, M. and Vanstone, M. (1996) 'Rescuing the social' Probation Journal, 43(1): 16-19.
96. Ebaugh, H. (1988) Becoming an Ex: The Process of Role Exit. Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
97. Eisner, E. (1991) The Enlightened Eye: Qualitative Inquiry and the Enhancement of Educational Practice. New York: Macmillan.
98. Emmerson, B. and Ashworth, A. (2001) Human Rights and Criminal Justice. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
99. Ericson, R. and Haggerty, K. (1997) Policing the Risk Society. Oxford:Clarendon Press.
100. Erikson, E. (1968) Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton.
101. Ezell, M. and Cohen, L. (2005) Desisting from Crime: Continuity and Change in Long-Term Crime Patterns of Serious Chronic Offenders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
102. Farrall, S. (2002) Rethinking What Works with Offenders: Probation, Social Context and Desistance from Crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
103. Farrall, S. (2005) 'On the Existential Aspects of Desistance from Crime' Symbolic Interaction, 28(3): 367-86.
104. Farrall, S. and Bowling, B. (1999) 'Structuration, human development and desistance from crime' British Journal of Criminology, 39(2): 253-68.
105. Farrall, S. and Calverley, A. (2006) Understanding Desistance from Crime:Theoretical Directions in Resettlement and Rehabilitation. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
106. Farrall, S., Godfrey, B., and Cox, D. (2009) 'The role of historically-embedded structures in processes of criminal reform: a structural criminology of desistance' Theoretical Criminology, 13(1): 79-104.
107. Farrington, D. (1996) 'Individual, family and peer factors in the development of delinquency' in C. Hollin and K. Howells (eds) Clinical Approaches to Working with Young Offenders. Chichester: Wiley.
108. Feeley, M. (2003) 'Crime, social order and the rise of neoconservative politics' Theoretical Criminology, 7(1): 111-30.
109. Feeley, M. and Simon, J. (1992) 'The new penology: notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications' Criminology, 30(4): 449-74.
110. Feeley, M. and Simon, J. (1994) 'Actuarial justice: the emerging new criminal law' in D. Nelken (ed.) The Futures of Criminology. London: Sage.
111. Field, S. (2007) 'Practice cultures in the "new" youth justice in (England and) Wales' British Journal of Criminology, 47(2): 311-30.
112. Fielding, N. (1993) 'Qualitative interviewing' in N. Gilbert (ed.) Researching Social Life. London: Sage.
113. Flanagan, T. (ed.) (1995) Long-Term Imprisonment: Policy, Science, and Correctional Practice. London: Sage.
114. Floud, J. and Young, W. (1981) Dangerousness and Criminal Justice. London:Heinemann.
115. Ford, P., Pritchard, C., and Cox, M. (1997) 'Consumer opinions of the probation service: advice, assistance, befriending and the reduction of crime' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(1): 42-61.
116. Forth, A., Hart, S., and Hare, R. (1990) 'Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders' Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2: 342-4.
117. Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish. London: Allen Lane.
118. Foucault, M. (1991) 'On Governmentality' in G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
119. Furst, G. (2007) 'Without words to get in the way: symbolic interaction in prison-based animal programs' Qualitative Sociology Review, 3(1): 96-109.
120. Garland, D. (1985) Punishment and Welfare. Aldershot: Gower.
121. Garland, D. (1990) Punishment and Modern Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
122. Garland, D. (1995) 'Penal modernism and postmodernism' in T. Blombert and S. Cohen (eds) Punishment and Social Control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
123. Garland, D. (1996) 'The limits of the sovereign state: strategies of crime control in contemporary society' British Journal of Criminology, 36(4): 445-71.
124. Garland, D. (1997) 'The social and political context' in R. Burnett (ed.) The Probation Service: Responding to Change. Oxford: Centre for Criminological Research, University of Oxford.
125. Garland, D. (2001) The Culture of Crime Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
126. Gendreau, P. and Ross, R. (1980) 'Effective correctional treatment:bibliotherapy for cynics' in R. Ross and P. Gendreau (eds) Effective Correctional Treatment. Toronto: Butterworths.
127. Gendreau, P. Ross, R., Little, T., and Goggin, C. (1996) 'A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: what works!' Criminology, 34(4):575-607.
128. Giddens, A. (1979) Central Problems in Social Theory. London: Macmillan.
129. Giddens, A. (1990) Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
130. Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
131. Giordano, P., Cernkovich, A., and Rudolph, J. (2002) 'Gender, crime and desistance: toward a theory of cognitive transformation' American Journal of Sociology, 107: 990-1064.
132. Glueck, S. and Glueck, E. (1950) Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. New York:Commonwealth Fund.
133. Godfrey, B., Cox, D., and Farrall, S. (2007) Criminal Lives: Family Life, Employment and Offending. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
134. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
135. Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
136. Golafshani, N. (2003) 'Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research' The Qualitative Report, 8(4): 597-607.
137. Goold, B. (2004) CCTV and Policing: Public Area Surveillance and Police Practices in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
138. Gove, W. (1985) 'The effect of age and gender on deviant behavior: a biopsychosocial perspective' in A. Rossi (ed.) Gender and the Life Course. New York: Aldine.
139. Graham, J. and Bowling, B. (1995) Young People and Crime. London: Home Office.
140. Greenberg, D. (ed.) (1977) Corrections and Punishment. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
141. Greer, C. (2003) 'Media representations of dangerousness' Criminal Justice Matters, 51: 4-5.
142. Gulland, D. and Hinds-Howell, D. (2001) The Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms, Second edition. London: Penguin.
143. Hallsworth, S. (2002) 'The case for a postmodern penality' Theoretical Criminology, 6(2): 145-63.
144. Hannah-Moffat, K. (1999) 'Moral agent or actuarial subject: risk and Canadian women's imprisonment' Theoretical Criminology, 3(1): 71-94.
145. Hannah-Moffat, K. (2005) 'Criminogenic needs and transformative risk subject' Punishment and Society, 7(1): 29-51.
146. Hannah-Moffat, K. and Shaw, M. (2001) Taking Risks: Incorporating Gender and Culture into the Classification and Assessment of Federally Sentenced Women in Canada. Ottawa: Policy Research, Status of Women Canada.
147. Hanson, R. and Bussière, M. (1998) 'Predicting relapse: a metaanalysis of sexual offender recidivism studies' Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66: 348-62.
148. Hanson, R. and Thornton, D. (2000) 'Improving risk assessments for sex offenders: a comparison of three actuarial scales' Law and Human Behaviour, 24(1): 119-36.
149. Harding, J. (2006) 'Some reflections on risk assessment, parole and recall' Probation Journal, 53(4): 389-96.
150. Hare, R. (1991) The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
151. Hare, R., Clark, D., Grann, M., and Thorton, D. (2000) 'Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: an international perspective' Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18(5): 623-45.
152. Harris, G., Rice, M., and Quinsey, V. (1993) 'Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: the development of a statistical prediction instrument' Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 20: 387-97.
153. Hart, S., Hare, R., and Forth, A. (1994) 'Psychopathy as a risk marker for violence: development and validation of a screening version of the revised psychopathy checklist' in J. Monahan and H. Steadman (eds) Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
154. Hartmann, D. (1992) 'Design, measurement and analysis: technical issues in developmental research' in M. Bornstein and M. Lamb (eds) Developmental Psychology: An Advanced Textbook. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
155. Hazel, N., Hagell, A., Liddle, M., Archer, D., Grimshaw, R., and King, J. (2002) Detention and Training: Assessment of the Detention and Training Order and its Impact on the Secure Estate across England and Wales. London: Youth Justice Board.
156. Hebenton, B. and Thomas, T. (1997) Keeping Track? Observations on Sex Offender Registrations in the US. London: Home Office.
157. Hill, T. (1971) 'From hell-raiser to family man' in J. Spradley and D. McCurdy (eds) Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
158. HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) (2005) Recalled Prisoners: A Short Review of Recalled Adult Male Determinate-sentenced Prisoners. London: HM Inspectorate of Prisons.
159. HM Inspectorate of Probation (HMIP) (2006a) An Independent Review of a Serious Further Offence Case: Damien Hanson and Elliot White. London:Home Office.
160. HM Inspectorate of Probation (HMIP) (2006b) An Independent Review of a Serious Further Offence Case:Anthony Rice. London: Home Office.
161. HM Inspectorate of Probation (HMIP) (2007) HM Inspectorate of Probation Annual Report 2006/7. London:Home Office.
162. HM Inspectorates of Prisons and Probation (HMIP) (1997) 'Risk management guidance' in Home Office (ed.) Management and Assessment of Risk in the Probation Service. London: Home Office.
163. HM Inspectorates of Prisons and Probation (HMIP) (1999) Lifers: A Joint Thematic Review. London: Home Office.
164. HM Inspectorates of Prisons and Probation (HMIP) (2001) Through the Prison Gate: A Joint Thematic Review. London:Home Office.
165. HM Prison Service (2002) Lifer Manual. London: HM Prison Service.
166. HM Prison Service (2006) Indeterminate Sentence Manual. London: HM Prison Service.
167. HM Prison Service (2009) Lifer Manual. London: HM Prison Service.
168. Hodgkinson, P. (2004) 'Alternatives to the death penalty-the United Kingdom experience' in Council of Europe Publishing (ed.) Death Penalty:Beyond Abolition. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
169. Hoepfl, M. (1997) 'Choosing qualitative research: a primer for technology education researchers' Journal of Technology Education, 9(1): 1-16.
170. Home Affairs Committee (1996) Murder: The Mandatory Life Sentence. London: Home Affairs Committee.
171. Home Office (1992) Three Year Plan for the Probation Service 1993-1996. London: Home Office.
172. Home Office; (1997) Management and Assessment of Risk in the Probation Service. London: Home Office.
173. Home Office (1999a) Effective Practice Initiative: A Joint Risk/Needs Assessment System for the Prison and Probation Services. London: Home Office.
174. Home Office (1999b) Information on the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales: Digest 4. London: Home Office.
175. Home Office (2000) Prison Statistics England and Wales 2000. (Cm 5250) London:Home Office.
176. Home Office (2002) Offender Assessment System (OASys): User Manual. London:Home Office.
177. Home Office (2003a) The MAPPA Guidance: Probation Circular 25/2003. London:Home Office.
178. Home Office (2003b) Prison Statistics England and Wales 2002. (Cm 5996) London:Home Office.
179. Home Office (2004a) Reducing Crime-Changing Lives: The Government's Plans for Transforming the Management of Offenders. London: Home Office.
180. Home Office; (2004b) Reducing Re-offending National Action Plan. London: Home Office.
181. Home Office (2006a) Rebalancing the Criminal Justice System in Favour of the Law-Abiding Majority: Cutting Crime, Reducing Reoffending and Protecting the Public. London: Home Office.
182. Home Office (2006b) The Home Secretary's Five Year Strategy for Protecting the Public and Reducing Reoffending. London: Home Office.
183. Hood, R. and Hoyle, C. (2008) The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, Fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
184. Hood, R., Shute, S., Feilzer, M., and Wilcox, A. (2002) 'Sex offenders emerging from long-term imprisonment: a study of their long-term reconviction rates and of Parole Board members' judgements of their risks' British Journal of Criminology, 42(2): 371-94.
185. Hopkinson, J. and Rex, S. (2003) 'Essential skills in working with offenders' in W. Chui and M. Nellis (eds) Moving Probation Forward: Evidence, Arguments and Practice. Harlow: Pearson Education.
186. Hough, M., Allen, R., and Padel, U. (2006) Reshaping Probation and Prisons:The New Offender Management Framework. Bristol: Policy Press.
187. House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee (2007) The Creation of The Ministry of Justice. London: TSO.
188. House of Commons Justice Committee (2008) Towards Effective Sentencing:Fifth Report of Session 2007-08. London: TSO.
189. Howard League for Penal Reform (2007) Indeterminate Sentences for Public Protection: Prison Information Bulletin 3. London: Howard League for Penal Reform.
190. Hucklesby, A. and Hagley-Dickinson, L. (eds) (2007) Prison Resettlement:Policy and Practice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
191. Hudson, K. (2005) Offending Identities: Sex Offenders' Perspectives on their Treatment and Management. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
192. Hughes, M. (1998) 'Turning points in the lives of young inner-city men forgoing destructive criminal behaviours: a qualitative study' Social Work Research, 22: 143-51.
193. Hundleby, J., Gfellner, B., and Racine, D. (2007) 'Desistance and identity change among Aboriginal females' Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(3): 225-53.
194. Hutchinson, S. (2006) 'Countering catastrophic criminology' Punishment and Society, 8(4): 443-67.
195. Irwin, J. (1970) The Felon. London: Prentice Hall.
196. Irwin, J. (1987) The Felon, California edition. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
197. Irwin, J. (2009) Lifers: Seeking Redemption in Prison. New York: Routledge.
198. Irwin, J. and Owen, B. (2005) 'Harm and the contemporary prison' in A. Liebling and S. Maruna (eds) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
199. Israel, M. (2004) 'Strictly confidential? Integrity and the disclosure of criminological and socio-legal research' British Journal of Criminology, 44(5):715-50.
200. Jewkes, Y. (2005) 'Loss, liminality and the life sentence: managing identity through a disrupted lifecourse' in A. Liebling and S. Maruna (eds) The Effects of Imprisonment. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
201. Jick, T. (1979) 'Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods:triangulation in action' Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4): 602-11.
202. Jones, R. (2003) 'Excon: managing a spoiled identity' in J. Ross and S. Richards (eds) Convict Criminology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
203. Jones, S. (1985) 'Depth interviewing' in R. Walker (ed.) Applied Qualitative Research. Aldershot: Gower.
204. Jupp, V. (1996) Methods of Criminological Research. London: Routledge.
205. Justice (1996) Sentenced for Life: Reform of the Law and Procedure for those Sentenced to Life Imprisonment. London: Justice.
206. Justice (2001) Intervention: R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Pyrah and Lichniak. London: Justice.
207. Justice (2009) A New Parole System for England and Wales. London: Justice.
208. Kemshall, H. (1998) Risk in Probation Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate.
209. Kemshall, H. (2002) 'Effective practice in probation: an example of "advanced liberalism responsibilisation"', Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(1): 41-58.
210. Kemshall, H. (2003) Understanding Risk in Criminal Justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
211. Kemshall, H. (2007) 'Dangerous offenders: release and resettlement' in A. Hucklesby and L. Hagley-Dickinson (eds) Prison Resettlement: Policy and Practice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
212. Kemshall, H. and Maguire, M. (2001) 'Public protection, partnership and risk penality: the multi-agency risk management of sexual and violent offenders' Punishment and Society, 3(2): 237-64.
213. Kemshall, H. and Maguire, M. (2002) 'Community justice, risk management and Multi-Agency Public Protection Panels' Community Justice, 1(1): 11-27.
214. Kemshall, H. and Maguire, M. (2003) 'Sex offenders, risk penality and the problem of disclosure to the community' in A. Matravers (ed.) Sex Offenders in the Community: Managing and Reducing the Risks. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
215. Kemshall, H. and McIvor, G. (eds) (2004) Managing Sex Offender Risk. London:Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
216. Kemshall, H., Parton, N., Walsh, M., and Waterson, J. (1997) 'Concepts of risk in relation to organizational structure and functioning within the personal social services and probation' Social Policy and Administration, 31(3): 213-32.
217. Kerner, H.-J., Weitekamp, E., Stelly, W., and Thomas, J. (1997) 'Patterns of criminality and alcohol abuse: results of the Tuebingen criminal behaviour development study' Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 7: 401-20.
218. Kitzinger, J. (1999) 'The ultimate neighbour from hell: media framing of paedophiles' in B. Franklin (ed.) Social Policy, Media and Misrepresentation. London: Routledge.
219. Kitzinger, J. (2004) Framing Abuse: Media Influence and Public Understanding of Sexual Violence Against Children. London: Pluto Press.
220. Kreyszig, E. (1988) Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Sixth edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
221. Laslett, B. and Rapoport, R. (1975) 'Collaborative interviewing and i nteractive research' Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37: 968-77.
222. Laub, J. and Sampson, R. (2001) 'Understanding desistance from crime' in M. Tonry and N. Norris (eds) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
223. Laub, J. and Sampson, R. (2006) Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
224. LeBel, T., Burnett, R., Maruna, S., and Bushway, S. (2008) 'The "chicken and egg" of subjective and social factors in desistance from crime' European Journal of Criminology, 5(2): 131-59.
225. Lee, R. (1999) Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. London: Sage.
226. Leibrich, J. (1991) A Study of Probation Division's Perception of Its Role in Reducing Re-offending. Wellington: Department of Justice, New Zealand.
227. Leibrich, J. (1993) Straight to the Point: Angles on Giving up Crime. Otago:University of Otago Press.
228. Leibrich, J. (1996) 'The role of shame in going straight: a study of former offenders' in B. Galaway and J. Hudson. (eds) Restorative Justice:International Perspectives. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
229. Liebling, A. (1992) Suicides in Prison. London: Routledge.
230. Liebling, A. (2004) Prisons and their Moral Performance: A Study of Values, Quality and Prison Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
231. Lincoln, Y. and Guba, E. (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage.
232. Lipton, D., Martinson, R., and Wilks, J. (1975) The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment. New York: Praeger.
233. Livingstone, S. and Owen, T. (1999) Prison Law, Second edition. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
234. Livingstone, S. Owen, T. and MacDonald, A. (2003) Prison Law, Third edition. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
235. Loader, I. and Sparks, R. (2004) 'For an historical sociology of crime policy in England and Wales since 1968' Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 7(2): 5-32.
236. Lofland, J. (1969) Deviance and Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
237. Lofland, J. and Lofland, L. (1984) Analysing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
238. Long, J. (2007) 'Indeterminate Sentence Prisoners', paper presented at the Parole Board's Annual Conference, 27 April.
239. Lowman, J. and Palys, T. (2001) 'Limited confidentiality, academic freedom, and matters of conscience: where does CPA [Canadian Psychological Association] stand?' Canadian Journal of Criminology, 43(4): 497-508.
240. Lynch, M. (1998) 'Waste managers? The new penology, crime fighting and parole agent identity' Law and Society Review, 32: 839-69.
241. Lynch, M. (2000) 'Rehabilitation and rhetoric: the ideal of reformation in contemporary parole discourse and practices' Punishment and Society, 2(1):40-65.
242. McAdams, D. (1985) Power, Intimacy, and the Life Story: Personological Inquiries into Identity. New York: Guildford.
243. McAdams, D. (1993) The Stories We Live By: Personal Myths and the Making of the Self. New York: William Morrow.
244. McAdams, D. (2008) The Life Story Interview. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Foley Center for the Study of Lives.
245. McAdams, D. and de St Aubin, E. (1992) 'A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioural acts, and narrative themes in autobiography' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62: 1003-15.
246. McAdams, D. and de St Aubin, E. (1998) Generativity and Adult Development: How and Why we Care for the Next Generation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
247. McAdams, D., Hoffman, B., Mansfield, E., and Day, R. (1996) 'Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes' Journal of Personality, 64:339-78.
248. McAlinden, A. (2005), 'The use of "shame" with sexual offenders', British Journal of Criminology, 45(3): 373-94.
249. McCleary, R. (1975) 'How structural variables constrain the parole officer's use of discretionary power' Social Problems, 23(2): 209-25.
250. McCleary, R. (1977) 'How parole officers use records', Social Problems, 24(5): 576-89.
251. McCleary, R. (1978) Dangerous Men: The Sociology of Parole. London: Sage.
252. McCulloch, T. (2005) 'Probation, social context and desistance: retracing the relationship' Probation Journal, 52(1): 8-22.
253. McGuire, J. (ed.) (1995) What Works: Reducing Reoffending. Chichester:Wiley.
254. McGuire, J. (2000) An Introduction to Theory and Research: Cognitive Behavioural Approaches. HM Inspectorate of Probation Report. London: Home Office.
255. McGuire, J. and Priestly, J. (1995) 'Reviewing what works: past present and future' in J. McGuire (ed.) What Works: Reducing Reoffending. Chichester: Wiley.
256. McIvor, G. (1992) Sentenced to Serve: Evaluative Studies in Social Work. Aldershot: Avebury.
257. McLeod, J. (1994) Doing Counselling Research. London: Sage.
258. McLeod, J. (2003) Doing Counselling Research, Second edition. London: Sage.
259. McMurran, M. (2003) Alcohol and Crime. London: Alcohol Concern Research Forum Papers.
260. McNeill, F. (2002) 'Beyond "what works": how and why do people stop offending?', CJSW Briefing Paper 5, August. Edinburgh: Criminal Justice Social Work Development Centre for Scotland.
261. McNeill, F. (2003) 'Desistance-focused probation practice' in W. Chui and M. Nellis (eds) Moving Probation Forward: Evidence, Arguments and Practice. Harlow:Pearson Longman.
262. McNeill, F. (2004) 'Desistance, rehabilitation and correctionalism: developments and prospects in Scotland' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(4): 420-36.
263. McNeill, F. (2006) 'A desistance paradigm for offender management' Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(1): 39-62.
264. McNeill, F. and Batchelor, S. (2002) 'Chaos, containment and change: responding to persistent offending by young people' Youth Justice, 2(1): 27-43.
265. McNeill, F. and Whyte, B. (2007) Reducing Reoffending: Social Work and Community Justice in Scotland. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
266. McNeill, F., Bachelor, S., Burnett, R., and Knox, J. (2005) 21st Century Social Work Reducing Re-offending: Key Practice Skills. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
267. McNeill, P. (1992) Research Methods, Second edition. London: Routledge.
268. McWilliams, W. (1987) 'Probation, pragmatism and policy' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(2): 97-121.
269. McWilliams, W. (1992) 'Statement and purpose for the probation service: a criticism' NAPO [National Association of Probation Officers] News, 39: 8-9.
270. Maguire, M. (1982) Burglary in a Dwelling. London: Heinemann.
271. Maguire, M., Kemshall, H., Noaks, L., Wincup, E., and Sharpe, K. (2001) Risk Management and Violent Offenders: The Work of Public Protection Panels. London: Home Office.
272. Maguire, M., Pinter, F., and Collis, C. (1984) 'Dangerousness and the tariff' British Journal of Criminology, 24(3): 250-68.
273. Mair, G. (1997) 'The limitations of reconviction rates' in G. Mair (ed.) Evaluating the effectiveness of community penalties. Aldershot: Avebury.
274. Mair, G. and May, C. (1997) Offenders on Probation. Home Office Research Study, 157. London: Home Office.
275. Mantle, G. and Moore, S. (2004) 'On probation: pickled and nothing to say' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(3): 299-316.
276. Martinson, R. (1974) 'What works? Questions and answers about prison reform' Public Interest, 35: 22-54.
277. Martinson, R. (1979) 'New findings, new views: a note of caution regarding sentencing reform' Hofstra Law Review, 7: 243-58.
278. Maruna, S. (1997) 'Going straight: desistance from crime and selfnarratives of reform' Narrative Study of Lives, 5: 59-93.
279. Maruna, S. (2001) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild their Lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
280. Maruna, S. (2004) 'Desistance from crime and explanatory style' Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 20: 184-200.
281. Maruna, S. and Copes, H. (2005) 'What have we learned from five decades of neutralization research?' in M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol 32. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
282. Maruna, S. and Immarigeon, R. (eds) (2004) After Crime and Punishment:Pathways to Offender Reintegration. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
283. Maruna, S. and LeBel, T. (2003) 'Welcome home?: Examining the "reentry court" concept from a strengths-based perspective' Western Criminology Review, 3(3): 1-37.
284. Maruna, S. and Roy, K. (2007) 'Amputation or reconstruction? Notes on the concept of "knifing off" and desistance from crime' Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(1): 104-24.
285. Maruna, S., LeBel, T., and Lanier, C. (2004a) 'Generativity behind bars: some "redemptive truth" about prison society' in E. de St Aubin, D. McAdams, and T. Kim (eds) The Generative Society: Caring for Future Generations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
286. Maruna, S., Porter, L., and Carvalho, I. (2004b) 'The Liverpool desistance study and probation practice: opening the dialogue', Probation Journal, 51(3): 221-32.
287. Maruna, S., LeBel, T., Mitchel, N., and Naples, M. (2004c) 'Pygmalion in the reintegration process: desistance from crime through the looking glass', Psychology, Crime and Law, 10: 271-81.
288. Masters, G. (1997) 'Values for probation, society and beyond' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(3): 237-47.
289. Mathiesen, T. (1983) 'The future of control systems-the case of Norway' in D. Garland and P. Young (eds) The Power to Punish: Contemporary Penality and Social Analysis. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
290. Matravers, A. (2003) Sex Offenders in the Community: Managing and Reducing the Risks. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
291. Mauer, M., King, R., and Young, M. (2004) The Meaning of Life: Long Prison Sentences in Context. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project.
292. May, T. and Vass, A. (eds) (1996) Working with Offenders: Issues, Contexts and Outcomes. London: Sage.
293. Meisenhelder, T. (1977) 'An exploratory study of exiting from criminal careers' Criminology, 15(3): 319-34.
294. Meisenhelder, T. (1982) 'Becoming normal: certification as a stage in exiting from crime' Deviant Behaviour: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 3: 137-53.
295. Merrington, S. (1995) Offenders on Probation: A Qualitative Study of Offenders' Views on their Probation Orders. Cambridge: Cambridgeshire Probation Service.
296. Merrington, S. and Stanley, S. (2007) 'Effectiveness: who counts what?' in L. Gelsthorpe and R. Morgan (eds) The Handbook of Probation. Cullompton:Willan Publishing.
297. Miller, W. and C'de Baca, J. (2001) Quantum Change: When Epiphanies and Sudden Insights Transform Ordinary Lives. New York: Guildford Press.
298. Ministry of Justice (2008) National Offender Management Service: Agency Framework Document. London: Ministry of Justice.
299. Ministry of Justice (2009a) Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2008. London:Ministry of Justice.
300. Ministry of Justice (2009b) Story of the Prison Population 1995-2009 England and Wales. London: Ministry of Justice.
301. Ministry of Justice (2009c) Population in Custody Monthly Tables June 2009 England and Wales. London: Ministry of Justice.
302. Mitchell, B. (1990) Murder and Penal Policy. London: Macmillan.
303. Moffitt, T. (1993) 'Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy', Psychological Review, 100(4): 674-701.
304. Moser, C. and Kalton, G. (1971) Survey Methods of Social Investigation, Second edition. London: Heinemann.
305. Murdoch, D., Pihl, R., and Ross, D. (1990) 'Alcohol and crimes of violence:present issues' International Journal of Addictions, 25: 1065-81.
306. Nash, M. (1996) 'Consumers without teeth: can probation service "clients" have a say in the service they receive?' International Journal of Public Sector Management, 9(4): 12-19.
307. Nash, M. (2006) Public Protection and the Criminal Justice Process. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
308. National Audit Office (2008) Protecting the Public: The Work of the Parole Board. London: TSO.
309. National Probation Service (2001) A New Choreography. London: Home Office.
310. National Probation Service (2003) National Probation Service. London: Home Office.
311. National Probation Service (2005) National Probation Service Briefing: OASys Information. London: Home Office.
312. Nellis, A. and King, R. (2009) No Exit: The Expanding Use of Life Sentences in America. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project.
313. Nellis, M. and Gelsthorpe, L. (2003) 'Human rights and the probation values debate' in W. Chui and M. Nellis (eds) Moving Probation Forward: Evidence, Arguments and Practice. Harlow: Pearson Education.
314. NOMS (2005a) The NOMS Offender Management Model, Version 1.1. Available online at: #http://noms.justice.gov.uk/news-publications-events/publications/strategy/offender-management-model-1.1# (October 2009).
315. NOMS (2005b) 'Supervision, revocation and recall for prisoners released on licence', Probation Circular 03/2005, London: Home Office.
316. NOMS (2006a) The NOMS Offender Management Model. Version 1. London:Home Office.
317. NOMS (2006b) Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2005. London:Home Office.
318. NOMS (2007a) Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2006. London:Home Office.
319. NOMS (2007b) 'Post Release Enforcement-Inter-Agency Working, Unlawfully at Large Offenders, and Extradition', Probation Circular 05/2007. London:NOMS.
320. NOMS (2008) 'Post Release Enforcement Recall and Further Release', Probation Circular 14/2008. London: NOMS.
321. Oakley, A. (1981) 'Interviewing women: a contradiction in terms' in H. Roberts (ed.) Doing Feminist Research. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
322. O'Malley, P. (1992) 'Risk, power and crime prevention' Economy and Society, 21(3): 252-75.
323. O'Malley, P. (1999) 'Volatile and contradictory punishment' Theoretical Criminology, 3(2): 175-96.
324. O'Malley, P. (2000a) 'Criminologies of catastrophe: understanding criminal justice on the edge of the new millennium', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 33(2): 153-67.
325. O'Malley, P. (2000b) 'Risk societies and the government of crime' in M. Brown and J. Pratt (eds) Dangerous Offenders: Punishment and Social Order. London:Routledge.
326. O'Malley, P. (2001) 'Risk, crime and prudentialism revisited' in K. Stenson and R. Sullivan (eds) Crime, Risk and Justice: The Politics of Crime Control in Liberal Democracies. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
327. O'Malley, P. (2004) 'The uncertain promise of risk' Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37(3): 323-43.
328. Padfield, N. (2002) Beyond the Tariff: Human Rights and the Release of Life Sentence Prisoners. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
329. Padfield, N. (2006) 'The Parole Board in transition', Criminal Law Review, 3-23.
330. Padfield, N. (2008) 'The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008' Archbold News, 7: 5-9.
331. Padfield, N. (2009) 'Parole and early release: the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 changes in context', Criminal Law Review, 116-87.
332. Padfield, N. and Liebling, A. with Arnold, H. (2000) An Exploration of Decision-Making at Discretionary Lifer Panels. Home Office Research Study No 213. London: Home Office.
333. Padfield, N. and Maruna, S. (2006) 'The revolving door at the prison gate: exploring the dramatic increase in recalls to prison' Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(3): 329-52.
334. Palys, T. and Lowman, J. (2001) 'Social research with eyes wide shut: the limited confidentiality dilemma', Canadian Journal of Criminology, 43(2): 255-67.
335. Parker, T. (1990) Life After Life: Interviews with Twelve Murderers. London:Martin Secker and Warburg.
336. Parole Board (2007) Parole Board for England and Wales Annual Report and Accounts 2006-07. (HC 1022) London: TSO.
337. Parole Board (2009) Annual Report 2008-2009: The Parole Board for England and Wales. (HC 775) London: TSO.
338. Partridge, S. (2004) Examining Case Management Models for Community Sentences. London: Home Office.
339. Patton, M. (1990) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, Second edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
340. Pearl, A. and Riessman, F. (1965) New Careers for the Poor: The Nonprofessional in Human Service. New York: Free Press.
341. Peck, M., Strickland, P., Thorp, A., Danby, G., Horne, A., and Fairbairn, C. (2007) The Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill 130 of 2006-7, Research Paper 07/65. London: House of Commons Library.
342. Perkins, E. (2003) Decision-Making in Mental Health Review Tribunals. London: Policy Studies Institute.
343. Pezzin, L. (1995) 'Earning prospects, matching effects and the decision to terminate a criminal career', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 11(1): 29-50.
344. Pitts, J. (1999) Working with Young Offenders, Second edition. London:Macmillan.
345. Plotnikoff, J. and Woolfson, R. (2000) Where Are They Now? An Evaluation of Sex Offender Registration in England and Wales. London: Home Office.
346. Pratt, J. (1995) 'Dangerousness, risk and technologies of power' Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 28(1): 3-31.
347. Pratt, J. (1997) Governing the Dangerous. Sydney: Federation Press.
348. Pratt, J. (2000) 'The return of the wheelbarrow men: or, the arrival of postmodern penality?' British Journal of Criminology, 40(1): 127-45.
349. Pratt, J. (2009) Penal Populism. London: Routledge.
350. Pratt, J., Brown, D., Brown, M., Hallwsorth, S., and Morrison, W. (eds) (2005) The New Punitiveness: Trends, Theories, Perspectives. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
351. Prison Reform Trust (2004) 'England and Wales-Europe's lifer capital', Press Release, 19 March 2004.
352. Prison Reform Trust (2005) Recycling Offenders Through Prison. London: Prison Reform Trust.
353. Prison Reform Trust (2007) Indefinitely Maybe? How the Indeterminate Sentence for Public Protection is Unjust and Unsustainable. London: Prison Reform Trust.
354. Prison Reform Trust (2009) Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile. London: Prison Reform Trust.
355. Pryor, S. (2001) The Responsible Prisoner. London: HM Inspectorate of Prisons.
356. Radzinowicz, L. (1999) Adventures in Criminology. London: Routledge.
357. Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1978) 'A dangerous direction for sentencing reform', Criminal Law Review, 713-24.
358. Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1981) 'Dangerous and criminal justice: a few reflections', Criminal Law Review, 756-61.
359. Raistrick, D., Hodgson, R., and Ritson, B. (eds) (1999) Tackling Alcohol Together: The Evidence Base for a UK Alcohol Policy. London: Free Association Books.
360. Raynor, P. (1996) 'Evaluating probation: a personal and selective overview' in G. McIvor (ed.) Working with Offenders. London: Jessica Kingsley.
361. Raynor, P. (1998) 'Attitudes, social problems and reconvictions in the STOP probation experiment' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(1): 1-15.
362. Raynor, P. and Robinson, R. (2005) Rehabilitation, Crime and Justice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
363. Raynor, P. and Vanstone, M. (2002) Understanding Community Penalties. Buckingham: Open University Press.
364. Reichman, N. (1986) 'Managing crime risks: toward an insurance based model of social control' Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control, 8:151-72.
365. Reiner, R. (2000) 'Police research' in R. King and E. Wincup (eds) Doing Research on Crime and Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
366. Renzettie, C. and Lee, R. (1993) Researching Sensitive Topics. London: Sage.
367. Rex, S. (1999) 'Desistance from offending: experiences of probation' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4): 366-83.
368. Rex, S. and Matravers, A. (eds) (1998) Pro-Social Modelling and Legitimacy. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology.
369. Rhine, E. (1997) 'Probation and parole supervision: in need of a new narrative' Corrections Quarterly, 1(2): 71-5.
370. Roberts, L., Roberts, C., and Leonard, D. (1999) 'Alcohol, drugs and interpersonal violence' in V. van Hasselt and M. Hersen (eds) Handbook of Psychological Approaches with Violent Offenders: Contemporary Strategies and Issues. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
371. Robinson, G. (1999) 'Risk management and rehabilitation in the Probation Service: collision and collusion' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4): 421-33.
372. Robinson, G. (2002) 'A rationality of risk in the Probation Service: its evolution and contemporary profile' Punishment and Society, 4(1): 5-25.
373. Robinson, G. (2005) 'What works in offender management?' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(3): 307-18.
374. Robinson, G. (2008) 'Late-modern rehabilitation: the evolution of a penal strategy' Punishment and Society, 10(4): 429-45.
375. Robinson, G. and Crow, I. (2009) Offender Rehabilitation: Theory, Research and Practice. London: Sage.
376. Robinson, G. and Dignan, J. (2004) 'Sentence management' in A. Bottoms, S. Rex, and G. Robinson (eds) Alternatives to Prison: Options for an Insecure Society. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
377. Robinson, G. and McNeill, F. (2004) 'Purposes matter: examining the "ends" of probation' in G. Mair (ed.) What Matters in Probation? Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
378. Ross, R., Fabiano, E., and Ewles, C. (1988) 'Reasoning and rehabilitation' International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 32:29-36.
379. Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949-1953 Report. (Cm 8932) London: HMSO.
380. Rutherford, A. (1996) 'Abolition: a tale of two struggles' in P. Hodgkinson and A. Rutherford (eds) Capital Punishment: Global Issues and prospects. Winchester: Waterside Press.
381. Sainsbury, E., Nixon, S., and Phillips, D. (1982) Social Work in Focus. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
382. Salekin, R., Rogers, R., and Sewell, K. (1996) 'A review and metaanalysis of the psychopathy checklist and psychopathy checklistrevised: predictive validity of dangerousness', Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3: 203-15.
383. Sampson, R. and Laub, J. (1993) Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
384. Sapsford, R. (1983) Life Sentence Prisoners: Reaction, Response and Change. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
385. Scottish Council on Crime (1975) Crime and the Prevention of Crime. London:HMSO.
386. Sedgwick, J. (2001) Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder Initiative Progress Report. London: Home Office.
387. Select Committee of the House of Lords on Murder and Life Imprisonment (1989) Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Murder and Life Imprisonment. London: HMSO.
388. Shapland, J., Atkinson, A., Atkinson, H., Colledge, E., Dignan, J., Howes, M., Johnstone, J., Robinson, G., and Sorsby, A. (2006) 'Situating restorative justice within criminal justice' Theoretical Criminology, 10(4):505-32.
389. Shover, N. (1983) 'The later stages of ordinary property offender careers' Social Problems, 31(2): 208-18.
390. Shover, N. (1985) Aging Criminals. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
391. Shover, N. (1996) Great Pretenders: Pursuits and Careers of Persistent Thieves. Oxford: Westview Press.
392. Shover, N. and Thompson, C. (1992) 'Age, differential expectation and crime desistance' Criminology, 30(1): 89-104.
393. Shute, S. (2004) 'Punishing murderers: release procedures and the "tariff", 1953-2004', Criminal Law Review, 160-82.
394. Sieber, J. (ed.) (1982) The Ethics of Social Research: Fieldwork, Regulation, and Publication. New York: Springer-Verlag.
395. Sieber, J. (1992) Planning Ethically Responsible Research: A Guide for Students and Internal Review Boards. London: Sage.
396. Sieber, J. and Stanley, B. (1988) 'Ethical and professional dimensions of socially sensitive research' American Psychologist, 43: 49-55.
397. Sikand, M. (ed.) (2009) Blackstone's Guide to The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
398. Silverman, D. (2005) Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction, Second edition. London: Sage.
399. Silverman, J. and Wilson, D. (2002) Innocence Betrayed: Paedophilia, the Media and Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
400. Simon, J. (1987) 'The emergence of a risk society: insurance, law and the state' Socialist Review, 95(1): 93-108.
401. Simon, J. (1988) 'The ideological effects of actuarial practices' Law and Society Review, 22(4): 771-800.
402. Simon, J. (1993) Poor Discipline: Parole and the Social Control of the Underclass, 1890-1990. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
403. Simon, J. (1998) 'Managing the monstrous: sex offenders and the new penology', Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 4(1-2): 452-67.
404. Simon, J. and Feeley, M. (1995) 'True crime: the new penology and public discourse on crime' in T. Blomberg and S. Cohen (eds) Punishment and Social Control: Essays in Honor of Sheldon Messinger. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
405. Smith, D. (1998) 'Social work with offenders: the practice of exclusion and the potential for inclusion' in M. Barry and C. Hallett (eds) Social Exclusion and Social Work: Issues in Theory, Policy and Practice. Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing.
406. Smith, H. (1975) Strategies of Social Research: The Methodological Imagination. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
407. Social Exclusion Unit (2002) Reducing Reoffending by Ex-prisoners. London:Social Exclusion Unit.
408. Solomon, E. (2004) 'Jail capital of western Europe' Prison Report, 63:8-9.
409. Sommers, I., Baskin, D., and Fagan, J. (1994) 'Getting out of the life: crime desistance by female street offenders' Deviant Behaviour, 15(2): 125-49.
410. Sparks, R. (2000) 'Risk and blame in criminal justice controversies: British press coverage and official discourse on prison security (1993-6)' in M. Brown and J. Pratt (eds) Dangerous Offenders: Punishment and Social Order. London: Routledge.
411. Sparks, R., Bottoms, A., and Hay, W. (1996) Prisons and the Problem of Order. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
412. Stevens, A. (2007) 'Therapeutic community' in Y. Jewkes and J. Bennett (eds) Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
413. Stevens, A. Stewart, A., Fantz, C., and Layton, L. (1988) 'The changing self: using personal documents to study lives' Journal of Personality, 56: 41-74.
414. Stone, N. (1997) A Companion Guide to Life Sentences. Ilkley: Owen Wells Publisher.
415. Stone, N. (2008) A Companion Guide to Life Sentences, Second edition. Crayford: Shaw and Sons.
416. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. New York: Sage.
417. Sykes, G. and Matza, D. (1957) 'Techniques of neutralization: a theory of delinquency' American Sociological Review, 22(6): 664-70.
418. Thomas, D. (1979) Principles of Sentencing: The Sentencing Policy of the Court of Appeal Criminal Division, Second Edition. London: Heinemann.
419. Thomas, D. (2004) 'The Criminal Justice Act 2003: custodial sentences', Criminal Law Review, 702-11.
420. Thomas, D. (2008) 'IPP Amended' Archbold News, 5: 7-9.
421. Thomas, T. (2005) Sex Crime: Sex Offending and Society. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
422. Thomas, T. and Tuddenham, R. (2002) 'The supervision of sex offenders: policies influencing the probation role' Probation Journal, 49(1): 10-18.
423. Toch, H. (2000) 'Altruistic activity as correctional treatment' International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3): 270-8.
424. Tonry, M. (2004) Punishment and Politics: Evidence and Emulation in the Making of English Crime Control Policy. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
425. Trochim, W. (2006) The Research Methods Knowledge Base, Third edition. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning.
426. Trotter, C. (1996) 'The impact of different supervision practices in community corrections: cause for optimism' Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 29(1): 29-46.
427. Trotter, C. (1999) Working with Involuntary Clients: A Guide to Practice. London: Sage.
428. Trotter, C. (2000) 'Social work education, pro-social orientation and effective probation practice' Probation Journal, 47(4): 256-61.
429. Tyler, T. (1990) Why People Obey The Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
430. Underdown, A. (1998) Strategies for Effective Offender Supervision. London:Home Office.
431. van Zyl Smit, D. (2002) Taking Life Imprisonment Seriously in National and International Law. London: Kluwer Law International.
432. Vanstone, M. (2000) 'Cognitive-behavioural work with offenders in the UK: a history of influential endeavour' Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(2):171-83.
433. Vaughan, B. (2000) 'Punishment and conditional citizenship' Punishment and Society, 2(1): 23-39.
434. Vaughan, B. (2001) 'Handle with care: on the use of structuration theory within criminology' British Journal of Criminology, 41(1): 185-200.
435. Vaughan, B. (2007) 'The internal narrative of desistance' British Journal of Criminology, 47(3): 390-404.
436. Vennard, J., Sugg, D., and Hedderman, C. (1997) Changing Offenders' Attitudes and Behaviour: What Works? HORS No 171. London: HMSO.
437. Ward, T. and Brown, M. (2004) 'The good lives model and conceptual issues in offender rehabilitation' Psychology, Crime and Law, 10(3): 243-57.
438. Ward, T. and Maruna, S. (2007) Rehabilitation. London: Routledge.
439. Ward, T. and Stewart, C. (2003) 'The treatment of sex offenders: risk management and good lives' Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34: 353-60.
440. Ward, T., Polaschek, L., and Beech, A. (2006) Theories of Sexual Offending. Chichester: Wiley.
441. Weaver, B. (2009) 'Communicative punishment as a penal approach to supporting desistance' Theoretical Criminology, 13(1): 9-29.
442. Webb, E., Campbell, D., Schwartz, R., and Sechrest, L. (1966) Unobtrusive Measures: Non-reactive Research in the Social Sciences. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
443. West, D. (1972) 'Parole in England: an introductory explanation' in D. West (ed.) The Future of Parole. London: Duckworth.
444. West, G. (1978) 'The short term careers of serious thieves' Canadian Journal of Criminology, 20(2): 169-90.
445. Whitfield, D. (1998) Introduction to the Probation Service, Second edition. Winchester: Waterside Press.
446. Whitfield, D. (2001) The Magic Bracelet: Technology and Offender Supervision. Winchester: Waterside Press.
447. Williams, B. (1991) 'Probation contact with long-term prisoners' Probation Journal, 38(1): 4-9.
448. Willis, A. (1986) 'Help and control in probation: an empirical assessment of probation practice' in J. Pointing (ed.) Alternatives to Custody. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
449. Wilson, R., Picheca, J., and Prinzo, M. (2007a) 'Evaluating the effectiveness of professionally-facilitated volunteerism in the community-based management of high-risk sexual offenders: Part one-effects on participants and stakeholders', Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(3): 289-302.
450. Wilson, R., Picheca, J., and Prinzo, M. (2007b) 'Evaluating the effectiveness of professionally-facilitated volunteerism in the community-based management of high-risk sexual offenders: Part two-a comparison of recidivism rates', Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 46(4): 327-37.
451. Windlesham, Lord (1989) 'Life sentences: the paradox of indeterminacy', Criminal Law Review, 244-56.
452. Windlesham, Lord (1993a) Responses to Crime Volume 2: Penal Policy in the Making. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
453. Windlesham, Lord (1993b) 'Life sentences: law, practice and release decisions 1989-93', Criminal Law Review, 644-59.
454. Windlesham, Lord (1996) 'Life sentences: the case for assimilation', Criminal Law Review, 250-4.
455. Wolff, K. (ed.) (1950) The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press.
456. Wood, J. and Kemshall, H., with Maguire, M., Hudson, K., and Mackenzie, G. (2007) The Operation and Experience of Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements. London: Home Office.
457. Zedner, L. (2002) 'Dangers of dystopia in penal theory' Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22(2): 341-66.
458. Zedner, L. (2007) 'Seeking security by eroding rights: the side-stepping of due process' in B. Goold and L. Lazarus (eds) Security and Human Rights. Oxford:Hart Publishing.
459. Zedner, L. (2009) Security. London: Routledge.