Ethnic discrimination and latino depression: The mediating role of traumatic stress symptoms and alcohol use

Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 517-526

  Torres, Lucas ^a   Vallejo, Leticia G ^a  

^a Marquette University   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol use; Depressive symptoms; Ethnic discrimination; Latino mental health; Traumatic stress symptoms

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HISPANIC; HUMAN; IMMIGRANT; LIFE STRESS; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RACISM; ADOLESCENT; ALCOHOLISM; ETHNOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOTRAUMA; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALCOHOLISM; DEPRESSION; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA; RACISM; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84921530837     PISSN: 10999809     EISSN: 19390106     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000020     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alegría, M., Canino, G., Shrout, P. E., Woo, M., Duan, N., Vila, D., ... Meng, X.-L. (2008). Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 359-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040704
2. Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., Saunders, J., & Grant, M. (1989). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for use in primary health care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
3. Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for use in primary health care (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
4. Boden, J. M., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Alcohol and depression. Addiction, 106, 906-914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x
5. Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1996). Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1406-1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1406
6. Borrell, L. N., Diez Roux, A. V., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Shea, S., Jackson, S. A., Shrager, S., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2010). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, smoking and alcohol consumption in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 51, 307-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.05.017
7. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Peterson, E. L., & Schultz, L. R. (2000). A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 902-909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00933-1
8. Brodish, A. B., Cogburn, C. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Peck, S., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2011). Perceived racial discrimination as a predictor of health behaviors: The moderating role of gender. Race and Social Problems, 3, 160-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12552-011-9050-6
9. Brondolo, E., Brady Ver Halen, N., Libby, D., & Pencille, M. (2011). Racism as a psychosocial stressor. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 167-184). New York, NY: Springer.
10. Brondolo, E., Brady Ver Halen, N., Pencille, M., Beatty, D., & Contrada, R. J. (2009). Coping with racism: A selective review of the literature and a theoretical and methodological critique. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 64-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9193-0
11. Bryant-Davis, T., & Ocampo, C. (2005). Racist incident-based trauma. The Counseling Psychologist, 33, 479-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000005276465
12. Carlson, E. B. (1997). Trauma assessments: A clinician's guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13. Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 13-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006292033
14. Carter, R. T., Mazzula, S., Victoria, R., Vazquez, R., Hall, S., Smith, S., ... Williams, B. (2013). Initial development of the race-based traumatic stress symptom scale: Assessing the emotional impact of racism. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025911
15. Chavez-Korell, S., & Torres, L. (2014). Perceived stress and depressive symptoms among Latino adults: The moderating role of ethnic identity cluster patterns. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 230-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000013477905
16. Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
17. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136404
18. Cremonte, M., Ledesma, R. D., Cherpitel, C. J., & Borges, G. (2010). Psychometric properties of alcohol screening tests in the emergency department in Argentina, Mexico and the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 818-825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.021
19. Flood, A. M., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Weathers, F. W., Eakin, D. E., & Benson, T. A. (2009). Substance use behaviors as a mediator between posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health in trauma-exposed college students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 234-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9195-y
20. Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2010). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and health risk behaviors among Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 264-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020026
21. Foa, E. B., Riggs, D., Dancu, C., & Rothbaum, B. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060405
22. Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115
23. Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Cogburn, C. D., Brodish, A. B., Peck, S. C., Malanchuk, O., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Racial discrimination and substance abuse: Longitudinal associations and identity moderators. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 581-590.
24. Grzywacz, J. G., Hovey, J. D., Seligman, L. D., Arcury, T. A., & Quandt, S. A. (2006). Evaluating short-form versions of the CES-D for measuring depressive symptoms among immigrants from Mexico. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 404-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986306290645
25. Harkness, K. L., Alavi, N., Monroe, S. M., Slavich, G. M., Gotlib, I. H., & Bagby, R. M. (2010). Gender differences in life events prior to onset of major depressive disorder: The moderating effect of age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 791-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020629
26. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
27. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., ... Wang, P. S. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 3095-3105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
28. Kessler, R. C., Crum, R. M., Warner, L. A., Nelson, C. B., Schulenberg, J., & Anthony, J. C. (1997). Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 313-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160031005
29. Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1999). Cross-validation of the schedule of racist events. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 231-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798499025002006
30. Krieger, N., Kosheleva, A., Waterman, P. D., Chen, J. T., & Koenen, K. (2011). Racial discrimination, psychological distress, and self-rated health among U.S.-born and foreign-born Black Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 1704-1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300168
31. Kulis, S., Marsiglia, F. F., & Nieri, T. (2009). Perceived ethnic discrimination versus acculturation stress: Influences on substance use among Latino youth in the Southwest. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 443-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000405
32. Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00957984960222002
33. Lee, D. L., & Ahn, S. (2012). Discrimination against Latina/os: A meta-analysis of individual-level resources and outcomes. The Counseling Psychologist, 40, 28-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000011403326
34. Marín, G., & Marín, B. V. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
35. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199801153380307
36. Menselson, T., Rehkopf, D. H., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2008). Depression among Latinos in the United States: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 355-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.3.355
37. Otiniano Verissimo, A. D., Gee, G. C., Ford, C. L., & Iguchi, M. Y. (2014). Racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and substance abuse among Latina/os nationwide. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 43-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034674
38. Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016059
39. Pérez, D. J., Fortuna, L., & Alegría, M. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos. Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 421-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20221
40. Pieterse, A. L., & Carter, R. T. (2007). An examination of the relationship between general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health among Black men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 101-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.101
41. Pieterse, A. L., Carter, R. T., Evans, S. A., & Walter, R. A. (2010). An exploratory examination of the associations among racial and ethnic discrimination, racial climate, and trauma-related symptoms in a college student population. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 255-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020040
42. Pole, N., Best, S. R., Metzler, T., & Marmar, C. R. (2005). Why are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 144-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.11.2.144
43. Posner, S. F., Stewart, A. L., Marín, G., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2001). Factor variability of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among urban Latinos. Ethnicity & Health, 6, 137-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557850120068469
44. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
45. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
46. Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9, 86-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006004
47. Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (1988). Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. Proceeding of the American Statistical Association, 1, 308-313.
48. Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1020-1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620
49. Schwartz, S., & Meyer, I. H. (2010). Mental health disparities research: The impact of within and between group analyses on tests of social stress hypotheses. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1111-1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.032
50. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
51. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62, 271-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
52. Tillman, K. H., & Weiss, U. K. (2009). Nativity status and depressive symptoms among Hispanic young adults: The role of stress exposure. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 1228-1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00655.x
53. Torres, L. (2010). Predicting levels of Latino depression: Acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 256-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017357
54. Torres-Harding, S. R., Andrade, A. L., Jr., & Romero Diaz, C. E. (2012). The Racial Microaggressions Scale (RMAS): A new scale to measure experiences of racial microaggressions in people of color. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 153-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027658
55. Tran, A. G. T. T., Lee, R. M., & Burgess, D. J. (2010). Perceived discrimination and substance use in Hispanic/Latino, African-born black, and Southeast Asian immigrants. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 226-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016344
56. Tsai, J. L., Pole, N., Levenson, R. W., & Muñoz, R. F. (2003). The effects of depression on the emotional responses of Spanish-speaking Latinas. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 49-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.9.1.49
57. Vaeth, P. A. C., Caetano, R., & Rodriguez, L. A. (2012). The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): The association between acculturation, birthplace and alcohol consumption across Hispanic national groups. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 1029-1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.015
58. Vasquez, M. (2009). Latino/a culture and substance abuse. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8, 301-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640903110484
59. Wei, M., Wang, K. T., Heppner, P. P., & Du, Y. (2012). Ethnic and mainstream social connectedness, perceived racial discrimination, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 486-493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028000
60. Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
61. Williams, D. R., Spencer, M. S., & Jackson, J. S. (1999). Race, stress, and physical health. In R. J. Contrada & R. D. Ashmore (Eds.), Self, social identity, and physical health: Interdisciplinary explorations (pp. 71-100). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
62. Yip, T., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008). Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology, 44, 787-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.787