Normal human variation: Refocussing the enhancement debate

Bioethics

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 133-143

  Kahane, Guy ^a   Savulescu, Julian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Enhancement; Moral psychology; Normal variation; Status quo bias

Indexed keywords

CITALOPRAM; NOOTROPIC AGENT; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

BLOOD; DECISION MAKING; DRUG EFFECTS; EMOTION; EMPATHY; ETHICAL THEORY; ETHICS; GENETIC ENHANCEMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC; HUMAN RIGHTS; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; MORALITY;

BIOMEDICAL ENHANCEMENT; CITALOPRAM; DECISION MAKING; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; ETHICAL ANALYSIS; ETHICAL THEORY; GENETIC ENHANCEMENT; HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; MORALS; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 84921026853     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: 14678519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bioe.12045     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. F. Fukuyama. 2002. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York
2. Farrer, Straus and Giroux; J. Habermas. 2003. The Future of Human Nature. Cambridge: Polity Press;
3. M. Sandel. 2007. The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
4. Frances Kamm notes both senses on enhancement in her 'Is There a Problem with Enhancement?' Am J Bioeth 2005; 5(3): 17-19.
5. J. Harris & S. Chan. Moral Behaviour is Not What it Seems, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107(50): E183
6. M. Crockett et al. Serotonin Selectively Influences Moral Judgment and Behaviour through Effects on Harm Aversion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107: 17433-17438.
7. Harris. Moral Enhancement and Prosocial Behaviour. J Med Ethics 2011; 37: 130-131
8. J. Harris. Moral Enhancement and Freedom. Bioethics 2011; 25: 102-111
9. S. Terbeck et al. Beta-Adrenergic Blockade Reduces Utilitarian Judgment. Biol Psychol 2013; 92: 323-328
10. Levy et al. Are You Morally Modified? The Moral Effects of Widely Used Pharmaceuticals. Philos Psychiatry Psychol forthcoming.
11. G. Kahane and N. Shackel. Methodological Issues in the Neuroscience of Moral Judgment. Mind Lang 2010; 25: 561-582
12. G. Kahane et al. The Neural Basis of Intuitive and Counterintuitive Moral Judgement. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 7: 393-402.
13. M.J. Crockett, L. Clark, T.W. Robbins. Reconciling the Role of Serotonin in Behavioral
14. Inhibition and Aversion: Acute Tryptophan Depletion Abolishes Punishment-induced Inhibition in Humans. J of Neurosci 2009; 29(38): 11993-11999.
15. F. Cushman, L. Young, M. Hauser. The Role of Conscious Reasoning and Intuition in Moral Judgment: Testing Three Principles of Harm. Psychol Sci 2006; 17: 1082-1089.
16. G. Ugazio et al. The Role of Emotions for Moral Judgments Depends on the Type of Emotion and Moral Scenario. Emotion 2102; 12: 579-590.
17. S. Nichols. 2004. Sentimental Rules. Oxford: Oxford University Press
18. J. Prinz. 2007. The Emotional Construction of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Press)
19. A. Damasio. 1994. Descartes' Error New York
20. D.M. Bartels and D.A. Pizarro. The mismeasure of morals: Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cogn 2011; 121(1): 154-161
21. J. Haidt. The Emotional Dog and its Rational Tail: a Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment. Psychol Rev 2001; 108: 814-834
22. J. Haidt. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon Books
23. J. Prinz. Forthcoming. Is Empathy Necessary for Morality? In Empathy: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. A. Coplan and P. Goldie, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. N. Bostrom and T. Ord. The Reversal Test: Eliminating Status Quo Bias in Applied Ethics. Ethics 2006; 116(4): 656-679.
25. N. Bostrom and A. Sandberg. 2009. The Wisdom of Nature: an Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement. In Human Enhancement. J. Savulescu and N. Bostrom, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
26. A.A. Marsh et al. Serotonin Transporter Genotype (5-HTTLPR) Predicts Utilitarian Moral Judgments. PLoS ONE 2011; 6(10): e25148
27. Chiao and Blizinsky. Culture-gene Coevolution of Individualism-collectivism and the Serotonin Transpotert Gene. Proc R Soc B 2010; 277: 529-537
28. M. Reuter et al. Investigating the Genetic Basis of Altruism: the Role of the COMT Val158Met Polymorphism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 6(5): 662-668
29. B. Wallace et al. Heritability of Ultimatum Game Responder Behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104(40): 15631-15634
30. Z. Kerem et al. Chickpea Domestication in the Neolithic Levant through the Nutritional Perspective. J Archaeol Sci 2007; 34: 1289-1293
31. A.R. Mawson & K.W. Jacobs. Corn consumption, Tryptophan, and Cross-national Homicide Rates. J Orthomolec Psychiatry 1978; 7: 227-230
32. M. Voracek & U.S. Tran. Dietary Tryptophan Intake and Suicide rate in Industrialized Nations. J Affect Disord 2007; 98: 259-262
33. S.N. Young. How to Increase Serotonin in the Human Brain without Drugs. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007; 32(6): 394-399.
34. B. Quednow. Ethics of Neuroenhancement: A Phantom Debate. BioSocieties 2010; 5: 153-156
35. G. Kahane. Mastery Without Mystery: Why there is no Promethean Sin in Enhancement. J Appl Philos 2011; 28(4): 355-368.
36. J. Savulescu. Justice, Fairness and Enhancement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1093: 321-338
37. M. Parker. The Best Possible Child. J Med Ethics 2007; 33: 279-283.
38. L.R. Kass et al. Beyond therapy: biotechnology and the pursuit of happiness Washington, DC, 2003: 298, 299. http://www.bioethics.gov/reports/beyondtherapy/beyond_therapy_final_webcorrected.pdf (accessed 5 Mar 2007).
39. J. Savulescu. In Defence of Procreative Beneficence: Response to Parker. J Med Ethics 2007; 33: 284-288
40. G. Kahane. 2011. Reasons to Feel, Reasons to Take Pills. In Enhancing Human Capacities. J. Savulescu, R. ter Meulen and G. Kahane, eds. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 166-178.
41. J. Savulescu & G. Kahane. The Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life. Bioethics 2009; 23(5): 274-290
42. I. Persson & J. Savulescu. 2012. Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press