Anxiety, depression, and panic

Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 129-143

  von Leupoldt, Andreas ^a,b   Van den Bergh, Omer ^a   Davenport, Paul W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920716150     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (159)

1. Goodwin RD, Jacobi F, Thefeld W. Mental disorders and asthma in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:1125-30.
2. Scott KM, Von Korff M, Ormel J, et al. Mental disorders among adults with asthma: Results from the World Mental Health Survey. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007;29:123-33.
3. Maurer J, Rebbapragada V, Borson S, et al. Anxiety and depression in COPD: Current understanding, unanswered questions, and research needs. Chest 2008;134(4 Suppl):43-56.
4. Yohannes AM, Willgoss TG, Baldwin RC, et al. Depression and anxiety in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Prevalence, relevance, clinical implications and management principles. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;25:1209-21.
5. Feldman JM, Siddique MI, Morales E, et al. Psychiatric disorders and asthma outcomes among high-risk innercity patients. Psychosom Med 2005;67:989-96.
6. Nejtek VA, Brown ES, Khan DA, et al. Prevalence of mood disorders and relationship to asthma severity in patients at an inner-city asthma clinic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;87:129-33.
7. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Mood disorders in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Clin Gerontol 2000;10:193-202.
8. Hasler G, Gergen PJ, Kleinbaum DG, et al. Asthma and panic in young adults: A 20-year prospective community study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:1224-30.
9. Neuman A, Gunnbjörnsdottir M, Tunsäter A, et al. Dyspnea in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression: A prospective population study. Respir Med 2006;100:1843-9.
10. Scott KM, Von Korff M, Alonso J, et al. Childhood adversity, early-onset depressive/anxiety disorders, and adultonset asthma. Psychosom Med 2008;70:1035-43.
11. Al-shair K, Kolsum U, Dockry R, et al. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation and depression and fatigue in moderate clinically stable COPD. Respir Res 2011;12:3.
12. Janssens T, Verleden G, De Peuter S, et al. Inaccurate perception of asthma symptoms: A cognitive-affective framework and implications for asthma treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 2009;29:317-27.
13. Mrazek DA. Psychiatric symptoms in patients with asthma causality, comorbidity, or shared genetic etiology. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2003;12:459-71.
14. Ritz T, Meuret AE, Trueba AF, et al. Psychosocial factors and behavioral medicine interventions in asthma. J Consult Clin Psychol 2013;81:231-50.
15. von Leupoldt A, Fritzsche A, Trueba AF, et al. Behavioral medicine approaches to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Behav Med 2012;44:52-65.
16. Di Marco F, Verga M, Santus P, et al. Close correlation between anxiety, depression, and asthma control. Respir Med 2010;104:22-8.
17. Kullowatz A, Kanniess F, Dahme B, et al. Association of depression and anxiety with health care use and quality of life in asthma patients. Respir Med 2007; 101:638-44.
18. Lehrer P, Feldman J, Giardino N, et al. Psychological aspects of asthma. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002;70:691-711.
19. Richardson LP, Russo JE, Lozano P, et al. The effect of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders on health care utilization and costs among adolescents with asthma. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008;30:398-406.
20. Strine TW, Mokdad AH, Balluz LS, et al. Impact of depression and anxiety on quality of life, health behaviors, and asthma control among adults in the United States with asthma, 2006. J Asthma 2008;45:123-33.
21. de Voogd JN, Wempe JB, Koëter GH, et al. Depressive symptoms as predictors of mortality in patients with COPD. Chest 2009;135:619-25.
22. Eisner MD, Blanc PD, Yelin EH, et al. Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD. Thorax 2010;65:229-34.
23. Giardino ND, Curtis JL, Andrei AC, et al. Anxiety is associated with diminished exercise performance and quality of life in severe emphysema: A cross-sectional study. RespirRes 2010;11:29.
24. Laurin C, Labrecque M, Dupuis G, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with psychiatric disorders are at greater risk of exacerbations. Psychosom Med 2009;71:667-74.
25. Ng TP, Niti M, Tan WC, et al. Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:60-7.
26. Vögele C, von Leupoldt A. Mental disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Med 2008;102:764-73.
27. von Leupoldt A, Taube K, Lehmann K, et al. The impact of anxiety and depression on outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 2011;140:730-6.
28. Xu W, Collet JP, Shapiro S, et al. Independent effect of depression and anxiety on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and hospitalizations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:913-20.
29. Katon WJ, Richardson L, Russo J, et al. Quality of mental health care for youth with asthma and comorbid anxiety and depression. Med Care 2006;44:1064-72.
30. Kunik ME, Roundy K, Veazey C, et al. Surprisingly high prevalence of anxiety and depression in chronic breathing disorders. Chest 2005;127:1205-11.
31. Ekici A, Ekici M, Bulcun E. Affect status and perception of exacerbation in patients with asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010;31:106-10.
32. Janson C, Björnsson E, Hetta J, et al. Anxiety and depression in relation to respiratory symptoms and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149(4 Pt 1):930-4.
33. Martinez-Moragon E, Perpina M, Belloch A, et al. Determinants of dyspnea in patients with different grades of stable asthma. J Asthma 2003;40:375-82.
34. Nowobilski R, Furgal M, Czyz P, et al. Psychopathology and personality factors modify the perception of dyspnea in asthmatics. J Asthma 2007;44:203-7.
35. Chavannes NH, Huibers MJH, Schermer TRJ, et al. Associations of depressive symptoms with gender, body mass index and dyspnea in primary care COPD patients. Fam Pract 2005;22:604-7.
36. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-70.
37. Burney P, Chinn S. Developing a new questionnaire for measuring the prevalence and distribution of asthma. Chest 1987;91(6 Suppl):79S-83S.
38. Mahler DA, Wells CK. Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea. Chest 1988;93:580-6.
39. Schlecht NF, Schwartzman K, Bourbeau J. Dyspnea as clinical indicator in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2005;2:183-91.
40. Chen E, Hermann C, Rodgers D, et al. Symptom perception in childhood asthma: The role of anxiety and asthma severity. Health Psychol 2006;25:389-95.
41. De Peuter S, Lemaigre V, Van Diest I, et al. Illnessspecific catastrophic thinking and overperception in asthma. Health Psychol 2008;27:93-9.
42. Put C, Van den Bergh O, Van Ongeval E, et al. Negative affectivity and the influence of suggestion on asthma symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2004;57:249-55.
43. Spinhoven P, van Peski-Oosterbaan AS, Van der Does AJ, et al. Association of anxiety with perception of histamine induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Thorax 1997;52:149-52.
44. Livermore N, Butler JE, Sharpe L, et al. Panic attacks and perception of inspiratory resistive loads in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:7-12.
45. Kaplan DM, Smith T, Coons J. Validity of the subjective unit of discomfort (SUD) score. Meas Eval Counsel Dev 1995;27:195-9.
46. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982;14:377-81.
47. Bogaerts K, Notebaert K, Van Diest I, et al. Accuracy of respiratory symptom perception in different affective contexts. J Psychosom Res 2005;58:537-43.
48. Lavietes MH, Sanchez CW, Tiersky LA, et al. Psychological profile and ventilatory response to inspiratory resistive loading. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161(3 Pt 1):737-44.
49. Pappens M, Smets E, Van Den Bergh O, et al. Fear of suffocation alters respiration during obstructed breathing. Psychophysiology 2012;49:829-32.
50. Wiech K, Tracey I. The influence of negative emotions on pain: Behavioral effects and neural mechanisms. Neuroimage 2009;47:987-94.
51. Radloff LS. The CES-D: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385-401.
52. Boulet LP, Cournoyer I, Deschesnes F, et al. Perception of airflow obstruction and associated breathlessness in normal and asthmatic subjects: Correlation with anxiety and bronchodilator needs. Thorax 1994;49:965-70.
53. Fritz GK, McQuaid EL, Spirito A, et al. Symptom perception in pediatric asthma: Relationship to functional morbidity and psychological factors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:1033-41.
54. Rietveld S, Prins PJ. The relationship between negative emotions and acute subjective and objective symptoms of childhood asthma. Psychol Med 1998;28:407-15.
55. Rietveld S, Everaerd W, van Beest I. Excessive breathlessness through emotional imagery in asthma. Behav Res Ther 2000;38:1005-14.
56. Rietveld S, van Beest I. Rollercoaster asthma: When positive emotional stress interferes with dyspnea perception. Behav Res Ther 2007;45:977-87.
57. von Leupoldt A, Riedel F, Dahme B. The impact of emotions on the perception of dyspnea in pediatric asthma. Psychophysiology 2006;43:641-4.
58. von Leupoldt A, Taube K, Henkhus M, et al. The impact of affective states on the perception of dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biol Psychol 2010;84:129-34.
59. van den Bergh O, Winters W, Devriese S, et al. Accuracy of respiratory symptom perception in persons with high and low negative affectivity. Psychol Health 2004;19: 213-22.
60. von Leupoldt A, Mertz C, Kegat S, et al. The impact of emotions on the sensory and affective dimension of perceived dyspnea. Psychophysiology 2006;43(4):382-6.
61. von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S, et al. The unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea is processed in the anterior insula and amygdala. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:1026-32.
62. von Leupoldt A, Taube K, Schubert-Heukeshoven S, et al. Distractive auditory stimuli reduce the unpleasantness of dyspnea during exercise in patients with COPD. Chest 2007;132:1506-12.
63. von Leupoldt A, Seemann N, Gugleva T, et al. Attentional distraction reduces the affective but not the sensory dimension of perceived dyspnea. RespirMed 2007;101:839-44.
64. von Leupoldt A, Dahme B. The impact of emotions on symptom perception in patients with asthma and healthy controls. Psychophysiology 2013;50:1-4.
65. De Peuter S, Put C, Lemaigre V, et al. Context-evoked overperception in asthma. Psychol Health 2007;22:737-48.
66. Patrick CJ, Curtin JJ, Tellegen A. Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Psychol Assess 2002;14:150-63.
67. Bloch-Salisbury E, Shea SA, Brown R, et al. Air hunger induced by acute increase in PCO2 adapts to chronic elevation of PCO2 in ventilated humans. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:949-56.
68. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Gormley JM, Eiser S, et al. Dyspnea and the affective response during exercise training in obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res 2001;50:136-46.
69. von Leupoldt A, Vovk A, Bradley MM, et al. Habituation in neural processing and subjective perception of respiratory sensations. Psychophysiology 2011;48:808-12.
70. Li W, Daems E, Van de Woestijne KP, et al. Air hunger and ventilation in response to hypercapnia: Effects of repetition and anxiety. Physiol Behav 2006;88(1-2):47-54.
71. Wan L, Van Diest I, De Peuter S, et al. Repeated breathlessness experiences induced by hypercapnia: Differential effects on intensity and unpleasantness. Chest 2009;135:455-61.
72. Wan L, Van Diest I, De Peuter S, et al. Repeated experiences of air hunger and ventilatory behavior in response to hypercapnia in the standardized rebreathing test: Effects of anxiety. Biol Psychol 2008;77:223-32.
73. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1970.
74. Wan L, Stans L, Bogaerts K, et al. Sensitization in medically unexplained dyspnea: Differential effects on intensity and unpleasantness. Chest 2012;141:989-95.
75. Peiffer C. Dyspnea and emotion: What can we learn from functional brain imaging? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:937-9.
76. Davenport PW, Reep RL. Cerebral Cortex and Respiration. Regulation of Breathing. New York: Dekker, 1995. pp. 365-88.
77. Guz A. Brain, breathing and breathlessness. Respir Physiol 1997;109(3):197-204.
78. Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15:85-93.
79. Etkin A, Wager TD. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1476-88.
80. Paulus MP, Flagan T, Simmons AN, et al. Subjecting elite athletes to inspiratory breathing load reveals behavioral and neural signatures of optimal performers in extreme environments. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e29394.
81. Schön D, Rosenkranz M, Regelsberger J, et al. Reduced perception of dyspnea and pain after right insular cortex lesions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:1173-9.
82. von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S, et al. Dyspnea and pain share emotion-related brain network. Neuroimage 2009;48:200-6.
83. Davenport PW, Cruz M, Stecenko AA, et al. Respiratory-related evoked potentials in children with life-threatening asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1830-5.
84. Fauroux B, Renault F, Boelle PY, et al. Impaired cortical processing of inspiratory loads in children with chronic respiratory defects. Respir Res 2007;8:61.
85. Webster KE, Colrain IM. P3-specific amplitude reductions to respiratory and auditory stimuli in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166: 47-52.
86. von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S, et al. Downregulation of insular cortex responses to dyspnea and pain in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:232-8.
87. von Leupoldt A, Brassen S, Baumann HJ, et al. Structural brain changes related to disease duration in patients with asthma. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e23739.
88. Zhang W, Hayward LF, Davenport PW. Respiratory responses elicited by rostral versus caudal dorsal periaqueductal gray stimulation in rats. Auton Neurosci 2007;134:45-54.
89. Chan PYS, Davenport PW. The role of nicotine on respiratory sensory gating measured by respiratory-related evoked potentials. J Appl Physiol 2010;108:662-9.
90. Chan PYS, von Leupoldt A, Bradley MM, et al. The effect of anxiety on respiratory sensory gating measured by respiratory-related evoked potentials. Biol Psychol 2012;91:185-9.
91. von Leupoldt A, Bradley MM, Lang PJ, et al. Neural processing of respiratory sensations when breathing becomes more difficult and unpleasant. Front Physiol 2010;1:144.
92. von Leupoldt A, Chan PYS, Bradley MM, et al. The impact of anxiety on the neural processing of respiratory sensations. Neuroimage 2011;55:247-52.
93. von Leupoldt A, Vovk A, Bradley MM, et al. The impact of emotion on respiratory-related evoked potentials. Psychophysiology 2010;47:579-86.
94. Chan PYS, Davenport PW. Respiratory related evoked potential measures of cerebral cortical respiratory information processing. Biol Psychol 2010;84:4-12.
95. von Leupoldt A, Chan PYS, Esser R, et al. Emotions and neural processing of respiratory sensations investigated with respiratory-related evoked potentials. Psychosom Med 2013;75:244-52.
96. von Leupoldt A, Keil A, Chan PS, et al. Cortical sources of the respiratory-related evoked potential. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010;170:198-201.
97. Chan PYS, Davenport PW. Respiratory-related evoked potential measures of respiratory sensory gating. J Appl Physiol 2008;105:1106-13.
98. Davenport PW, Vovk A. Cortical and subcortical central neural pathways in respiratory sensations. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009;167:72-86.
99. Gallego J, Matrot B. Arousal response to hypoxia in newborns: Insights from animal models. Biol Psychol 2010;84:39-45.
100. Davenport PW, Dalziel DJ, Webb B, et al. Inspiratory resistive load detection in conscious dogs. JAppl Physiol 1991;70:1284-9.
101. Bollen B, Bouslama M, Matrot B, et al. Learned defense response to hypoxia in newborn mice. Neurosci Lett 2007;420:268-72.
102. Pate KM, Davenport PW. Tracheal occlusions evoke respiratory load compensation and neural activation in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 2012;112:435-42.
103. Bernhardt V, Garcia-Reyero N, Vovk A, et al. Tracheal occlusion modulates the gene expression profile of the medial thalamus in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol 2011;111:117-24.
104. Bernhardt V, Hotchkiss MT, Garcia-Reyero N, et al. Tracheal occlusion conditioning in conscious rats modulates gene expression profile of medial thalamus. Front Physiol 2011;2:24.
105. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
106. Kühl K, Kuhn C, Kenn K, et al. The COPD-Anxiety-Questionnaire (CAF): A new instrument to assess illness specific anxiety in COPD patients. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2011;61:e1-9.
107. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Donesky-Cuenco D, Park SK, et al. Additional evidence for the affective dimension of dyspnea in patients with COPD. Res Nurs Health 2010;33:4-19.
108. De Peuter S, Janssens T, Van Diest I, et al. Dyspnea-related anxiety: The Dutch version of the breathlessness beliefs questionnaire. Chron Respir Dis 2011;8:11-9.
109. Janssens T, De Peuter S, Stans L, et al. Dyspnea perception in COPD: Association between anxiety, dyspnea-related fear, and dyspnea in a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Chest 2011;140:618-25.
110. McLaughlin T, Geissler EC, Wan GJ. Comorbidities and associated treatment charges in patients with anxiety disorders. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:1251-6.
111. Mascia AV. Psychotropic agents in the management of chronic asthmatic children. J Asthma Res 1974;12:73-6.
112. Wamboldt MZ, Yancey AG Jr, Roesler TA. Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants in childhood asthma: A case series and review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1997;7:45-64.
113. Brown ES, Vornik LA, Khan DA, et al. Bupropion in the treatment of outpatients with asthma and major depressive disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med 2007;37:23-8.
114. Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1967;6:278-96.
115. Juniper EF, O'Byrne PM, Guyatt GH, et al. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. Eur Respir J 1999;14:902-7.
116. Brown ES, Howard C, Khan DA, et al. Escitalopram for severe asthma and major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. Psychosomatics 2012;53:75-80.
117. Brown ES, Vigil L, Khan DA, et al. A randomized trial of citalopram versus placebo in outpatients with asthma and major depressive disorder: A proof of concept study. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:865-70.
118. Greene JG, Pucino F, Carlson JD, et al. Effects of alprazolam on respiratory drive, anxiety, and dyspnea in chronic airflow obstruction: A case study. Pharmacotherapy 1989;9:34-8.
119. Man GC, Hsu K, Sproule BJ. Effect of alprazolam on exercise and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1986;90:832-6.
120. Mitchell-Heggs P, Murphy K, Minty K, et al. Diazepam in the treatment of dyspnoea in the "Pink Puffer" syndrome. Q J Med 1980;49:9-20.
121. Woodcock AA, Gross ER, Geddes DM. Drug treatment of breathlessness: Contrasting effects of diazepam and promethazine in pink puffers. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;283:343-6.
122. Argyropoulou P, Patakas D, Koukou A, et al. Buspirone effect on breathlessness and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 1993;60:216-20.
123. Singh NP, Despars JA, Stansbury DW, et al. Effects of buspirone on anxiety levels and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction and mild anxiety. Chest 1993;103:800-4.
124. Borson S, McDonald GJ, Gayle T, et al. Improvement in mood, physical symptoms, and function with nortriptyline for depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychosomatics 1992;33:190-201.
125. Ström K, Boman G, Pehrsson K, et al. Effect of protriptyline, 10 mg daily, on chronic hypoxaemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1995;8:425-9.
126. Eiser N, Harte R, Spiros K, et al. Effect of treating depression on quality-of-life and exercise tolerance in severe COPD. COPD 2005;2:233-41.
127. Lacasse Y, Beaudoin L, Rousseau L, et al. Randomized trial of paroxetine in end-stage COPD. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2004;61:140-7.
128. Perna G, Cogo R, Bellodi L. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors beyond psychiatry: Are they useful in the treatment of severe, chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease? Depress Anxiety 2004;20:203-4.
129. Smoller JW, Pollack MH, Systrom D, et al. Sertraline effects on dyspnea in patients with obstructive airways disease. Psychosomatics 1998;39:24-9.
130. Yohannes AM, Connolly MJ, Baldwin RC. A feasibility study of antidepressant drug therapy in depressed elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:451-4.
131. Cazzola M, Matera MG. 5-HT modifiers as a potential treatment of asthma. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000; 21:13-6.
132. Fritzsche A, Clamor A, von Leupoldt A. Effects of medical and psychological treatment of depression in patients with COPD-A review. Respir Med 2011;105:1422-33.
133. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. 2011. Retrieved from http://www.ginasthma.org.
134. Marciniuk D, Goodridge D, Hernandez P, et al. Managing dyspnea in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J 2011;18:69-78.
135. Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, et al. Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD007354.
136. Usmani ZA, Carson KV, Cheng JN, et al. Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;11:CD008483.
137. Yohannes AM, Connolly MJ. Do antidepressants work in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with comorbid depression? Expert Rev Respir Med 2011;5:727-9.
138. Baraniak A, Sheffield D. The efficacy of psychologically based interventions to improve anxiety, depression and quality of life in COPD: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Patient Educ Couns 2011;83:29-36.
139. Livermore N, Sharpe L, McKenzie D. Panic attacks and panic disorder in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cognitive behavioral perspective. Respir Med 2010;104:1246-53.
140. Hynninen MJ, Bjerke N, Pallesen S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in COPD. Respir Med 2010;104:986-94.
141. Livermore N, Sharpe L, McKenzie D. Prevention of panic attacks and panic disorder in COPD. Eur Respir J 2010;35:557-63.
142. Parry GD, Cooper CL, Moore JM, et al. Cognitive behavioural intervention for adults with anxiety complications of asthma: Prospective randomised trial. Respir Med 2012;106:802-10.
143. Ross CJM, Davis TMA, MacDonald GF. Cognitive-behavioral treatment combined with asthma education for adults with asthma and coexisting panic disorder. Clin Nurs Res 2005;14:131-57.
144. Lehrer PM, Karavidas MK, Lu SE, et al. Psychological treatment of comorbid asthma and panic disorder: A pilot study. J Anxiety Disord 2008;22:671-83.
145. Eiser N, West C, Evans S, et al. Effects of psychotherapy in moderately severe COPD: A pilot study. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1581-4.
146. Sassi-Dambron DE, Eakin EG, Ries AL, et al. Treatment of dyspnea in COPD. A controlled clinical trial of dyspnea management strategies. Chest 1995;107:724-9.
147. Rosser R, Denford J, Heslop A, et al. Breathlessness and psychiatric morbidity in chronic bronchitis and emphysema: A study of psychotherapeutic management. Psychol Med 1983;13:93-110.
148. Fletcher CM, Elmes PC, Fairbairn AS, et al. The significance of respiratory symptoms and the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in a working population. Br Med J 1959;2:257-66.
149. Huntley A, White AR, Ernst E. Relaxation therapies for asthma: A systematic review. Thorax 2002;57:127-31.
150. Bausewein C, Booth S, Gysels M, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in advanced stages of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2:CD005623.
151. Singh VP, Rao V, Prem V, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of music and progressive muscle relaxation for anxiety in COPD-A randomized controlled pilot study. Chron Respir Dis 2009;6:209-16.
152. Gift AG, Moore T, Soeken K. Relaxation to reduce dyspnea and anxiety in COPD patients. Nurs Res 1992;41:242-6.
153. Renfroe KL. Effect of progressive relaxation on dyspnea and state anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung 1988;17:408-13.
154. Bourbeau J, Julien M, Maltais F, et al. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A disease-specific self-management intervention. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:585-91.
155. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD. 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.goldcopd.com.
156. Coventry PA. Does pulmonary rehabilitation reduce anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009;15:143-9.
157. Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, et al. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1390-413.
158. Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD003793.
159. Ries AL, Bauldoff GS, Carlin BW, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation: Joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2007;131(5 Suppl):4S-42S.