Evidence of cardiac functional reserve upon exhaustion during incremental exercise to determine VO2max

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 128-132

  Elliott, Adrian D ^a,b   Skowno, Justin ^c,d   Prabhu, Mahesh ^e   Noakes, Timothy David ^f   Ansley, Les ^g  

^a KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^e FREEMAN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^g NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CYCLING; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HEART; HEART OUTPUT; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; MALE; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; BICYCLING; CARDIAC OUTPUT; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HEART; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; MALE; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL EXERTION; PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE;

EID: 84920639668     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: 14730480     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091752     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Hill AVE, Lupton H. Muscular exercise, lactic acid, and the supply and utilization of oxygen. QJM 1923;16:135-71.
2. Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Polman R, et al . Criteria for determination of maximal oxygen uptake: a brief critique and recommendations for future research. Sports Med 2007;37:1019-28.
3. 2 uptake response to ramp incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol 2006;100:764-70.
4. 2max during successive maximal efforts. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;102:67-72.
5. Hawkins MN, Raven PB, Snell PG, et al. Maximal oxygen uptake as a parametric measure of cardiorespiratory capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:103-7.
6. 2 max is limited primarily by cardiac output and locomotor muscle blood flow. J Appl Physiol 2006;100:744-5.
7. 2max is limited primarily by cardiac output and locomotor muscle blood flow. J Appl Physiol 2006;100:745-7; discussion 747-8.
8. Noakes TD, Marino FE. Point:counterpoint: maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. J Appl Physiol 2009;106:338.
9. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Mortensen SP. Comments of point:counterpoint: maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor. J Appl Physiol 2009;106:344-5.
10. Andersen P, Saltin B. Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J Physiol 1985;366:233.
11. 2 max in lowlanders acclimatized to altitude. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;287:H1214-24.
12. Secher NH, Clausen JP, Klausen K, et al. Central and regional circulatory effects of adding arm exercise to leg exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1977;100:288-97.
13. Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, et al. Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans. J Physiol 2005;566(Pt 1):273-85.
14. 2 during high-intensity whole-body exercise in humans. J Physiol 2008;586:2621.
15. Noakes TD. 1996 J. B. Wolffe Memorial Lecture. Challenging beliefs: ex Africa semper a liquid novi. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:571-90.
16. Noakes TD. Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000;10:123-45.
17. Noakes TD, St Clair Gibson A. Logical limitations to the 'catastrophe' models of fatigue during exercise in humans. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:648-9.
18. Noakes TD. Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Front Physiol 2012;382:1-13.
19. Gledhill N, Cox D, Jamnik R. Endurance athletes' stroke volume does not plateau: major advantage is diastolic function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994;26:1116.
20. Zhou B, Conlee RK, Jensen R, et al. Stroke volume does not plateau during graded exercise in elite male distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1849.
21. Calbet JA, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Helge JW, et al. Cardiac output and leg and arm blood flow during incremental exercise to exhaustion on the cycle ergometer. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:969-78.
22. Cooke GA, Marshall P, al-Timman JK, et al. Physiological cardiac reserve: development of a non-invasive method and first estimates in man. Heart 1998;79:289-94.
23. Brink-Elfegoun T, Kaijser L, Gustafsson T, et al. Maximal oxygen uptake is not limited by a central nervous system governor. J Appl Physiol 2007;102:781-6.
24. Hull JH, Ansley P, Ansley L. Human Tissue Act: implications for sports science. Br J Sports Med 2008;42:236-7.
25. Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986;60:2020-7.
26. Kurita T, Morita K, Kato S, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of the lithium dilution technique with the thermodilution technique for measurement of cardiac output. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:770.
27. Linton R, Band D, O'Brien T, et al. Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement: a comparison with thermodilution. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1796-800.
28. Cecconi M, Dawson D, Casaretti R, et al. A prospective study of the accuracy and precision of continuous cardiac output monitoring devices as compared to intermittent thermodilution. Minerva Anestesiol 2010;76:1010-17.
29. Linton RA, Jonas MM, Tibby SM, et al. Cardiac output measured by lithium dilution and transpulmonary thermodilution in patients in a paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1507-11.
30. Kemps HMC, Thijssen EJM, Schep G, et al . Evaluation of two methods for continuous cardiac output assessment during exercise in chronic heart failure patients. J Appl Physiol 2008;105:1822-9.
31. Elliott A, Skowno J, Prabhu M, et al. Measurement of cardiac output during exercise in healthy, trained humans using lithium dilution and pulse contour analysis. Physiol Meas 2012;33:1691-701.
32. Linton RA, Band DM, Haire KM. A new method of measuring cardiac output in man using lithium dilution. Br J Anaesth 1993;71:262-6.
33. Nelson RR, Gobel FL, Jorgensen CR, et al. Hemodynamic predictors of myocardial oxygen consumption during static and dynamic exercise. Circulation 1974;50:1179-89.
34. Mitchell JH, Sproule BJ, Chapman CB. The physiological meaning of the maximal oxygen intake test. J Clin Invest 1958;37:538-47.
35. Ekblom B, Huot R, Stein EM, et al. Effect of changes in arterial oxygen content on circulation and physical performance. J Appl Physiol 1975;39:71-5.
36. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Calbet JAL. Reductions in systemic and skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery limit maximal aerobic capacity in humans. Circulation 2003;107:824.
37. Koskolou MD, Roach RC, Calbet JA, et al. Cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise with acute anemia in humans. Am J Physiol 1997;273(4 Pt 2):H1787-93.
38. Calbet JA, Boushel R, Rådegran G, et al. Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in severe acute hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003;284: R291-303.
39. Beltrami FG, Froyd C, Mauger AR, et al. Conventional testing methods produce submaximal values of maximum oxygen consumption. Br J Sports Med 2012;46:23-9.
40. Stringer WW, Hansen JE, Wasserman K. Cardiac output estimated noninvasively from oxygen uptake during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1997;82:908-12.
41. González-Alonso J, Dalsgaard MK, Osada T, et al. Brain and central haemodynamics and oxygenation during maximal exercise in humans. J Physiol 2004;557(Pt 1):331-42.
42. Stringer WW, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K, et al. Non-linear cardiac output dynamics during ramp-incremental cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;93:634-9.
43. Brink-Elfegoun T, Holmberg HC, Ekblom MN, et al. Neuromuscular and circulatory adaptation during combined arm and leg exercise with different maximal work loads. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;101:603-11.
44. 2max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? J Physiol 2008;586:25-34.
45. Albertus Y. Critical analysis of techniques for normalising electromyographic data. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 2008.
46. Noakes TD. Time to move beyond a brainless exercise physiology: the evidence for complex regulation of human exercise performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011;36:23-35.
47. Scheer B, Perel A, Pfeiffer UJ. Clinical review: complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Crit Care 2002;6:199-204.
48. Hamilton TT, Huber LM, Jessen ME. PulseCO: a less-invasive method to monitor cardiac output from arterial pressure after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:S1408-12.
49. Pittman J, Bar-Yosef S, SumPing J, et al. Continuous cardiac output monitoring with pulse contour analysis: a comparison with lithium indicator dilution cardiac output measurement. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2015.
50. Costa MG, Della Rocca G, Chiarandini P, et al. Continuous and intermittent cardiac output measurement in hyperdynamic conditions: pulmonary artery catheter vs. lithium dilution technique. Intensive Care Med 2008;34:257-63.