Biliary Tract Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Hsing, Ann W ^a   Rashid, Asif ^b   Devesa, Susan S ^a   Fraumeni, Joseph F ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Biliary tract; Cancer epidemiology; Cancer prevention; Cancer risk; Cholelithiasis; Gallstones

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920446476     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0040     Document Type: Chapter

References (237)

1. Achille A, Scupoli MT, Magalini AR, et al. 1996. APC gene mutations and allelic losses in sporadic ampullary tumours: evidence of genetic difference from tumours associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. Int J Cancer 68:305-312.
2. Ahlberg J, Ewerth S, Hellers G, Holmstrom B. 1978. Decreasing frequency of cholecystectomies in the counties of Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 482:21-23.
3. Albores-Saavedra J, Alcantra-Vazquez A, Cruz-Ortiz H, Herrera-Goepfert R. 1980. The precursor lesions of invasive gallbladder carcinoma. Hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ. Cancer 45:919-927.
4. Albores-Saavedra J, Henson DE, Klimstra DS. 2000. Tumors of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts. Series 3, Fascicle 27. Washington, DC, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1-265.
5. American College of Physicians. 1993. Guidelines for the treatment of gallstones. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 119:620-622.
6. Amigo L, Zanlungo S, Mendoza H, Miquel JF, Nervi F. 1999. Risk factors and pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones: State of the art. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 3:241-246.
7. Angelico F, Del Ben M, Barbato A, Conti R, Urbinati G. 1997. Ten-year incidence and natural history of gallstone disease in a rural population of women in central Italy. The Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO). Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 29:249-254.
8. Assisi A, Papotti R, Negri P, Bordoli M, Nardone A, Nespoli A. 1998. [Acute cholecystitis and gallbladder neoplasms: The experience of 2215 cases]. G Chir 19:391-394.
9. Attili AF, Capocaccia R, Carulli N, et al. 1997. Factors associated with gallstone disease in the MICOL experience. Multicenter Italian Study on Epidemiology of Cholelithiasis. Hepatology 26:809-818.
10. Benjamin IS. 2003. Biliary cystic disease: The risk of cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 10:335-339.
11. Bergquist A, Ekbom A, Olsson R, et al. 2002. Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 36:321-327.
12. Bergstrom A, Pisani P, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami HO. 2001. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer 91:421-430.
13. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Kliewer E, Wajda A. 2001. Cancer risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based study. Cancer 91:854-862.
14. Billo P, Marchegiani C, Capella C, Sessa F. 2000. [Expression of p53 in gallbladder carcinoma and in dysplastic and metaplastic lesions of the surrounding mucosa]. Pathologica 92:249-256.
15. Blanken A. 1976. Hospital discharges and length of stay: Short-stay hospitals. United States-1972. Vital Health Stat 1 Series 10:1-66.
16. Blendis L, Lurie Y. 2002. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A premalignant condition. Gastroenterology 123:647-648.
17. Boberg KM, Bergquist A, Mitchell S, et al. 2002. Cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis: Risk factors and clinical presentation. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:1205-1211.
18. Bond GG, McLaren EA, Sable FL, Bodner KM, Lipps TE, Cook RR. 1990. Liver and biliary tract cancer among chemical workers. Am J Ind Med 18:19-24.
19. Broden G, Ahlberg J, Bengtsson L, Hellers G. 1978. The incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder and bile ducts in Sweden 1958 to 1972. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 482:24-25.
20. Brown DP. 1992. Mortality of workers employed at organochlorine pesticide manufacturing plants-an update. Scand J Work Environ Health 18:155-161.
21. Buckles DC, Lindor KD, Larusso NF, Petrovic LM, Gores GJ. 2002. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, gallbladder polyps are frequently malignant. Am J Gastroenterol 97:1138-1142.
22. Bulajic M, Maisonneuve P, Schneider-Brachert W, et al. 2002. Helicobacter pylori and the risk of benign and malignant biliary tract disease. Cancer 95:1946-1953.
23. Burak K, Angulo P, Pasha TM, Egan K, Petz J, Lindor KD. 2004. Incidence and risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 99:523-526.
24. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. 2003. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625-1638.
25. Caroli-Bosc FX, Pugliese P, Peten EP, et al. 1999. Gallbladder volume in adults and its relationship to age, sex, body mass index, body surface area and gallstones. An epidemiologic study in a nonselected population in France. Digestion 60:344-348.
26. Caygill C, Hill M, Kirkham J, Northfield TC. 1988. Increased risk of biliary tract cancer following gastric surgery. Br J Cancer 57:434-436.
27. Caygill CP, Knowles RL, Hall R. 1991a. Increased risk of cancer mortality after vagotomy for peptic ulcer: A preliminary analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1:35-37.
28. Caygill CP, Leach SA, Fernandez F, et al. 1991b. Endogenous N-nitrosation and cancer of the biliary tract. IARC Sci Publ 137-138.
29. Chaimuangraj S, Thamavit W, Tsuda H, Moore MA. 2003. Experimental investigation of opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma induction in the Syrian hamster-pointers for control of the human disease. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 4:87-93.
30. Chatenoud L, Tavani A, La Vecchia C, et al. 1998. Whole grain food intake and cancer risk. Int J Cancer 77:24-28.
31. Chen R, Zou S, Zhao X. 2000. The expression of hepatitis C virus in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and implication. Chin J Exp Surg 17:223-225.
32. Chen W, Li D, Cannan RJ, Stubbs RS. 2003. Common presence of Helicobacter DNA in the gallbladder of patients with gallstone diseases and controls. Dig Liver Dis 35:237-243.
33. Chijiiwa, K, Tanaka M. 1996. [Carcinoma of the gallbladder in anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 97:599-605.
34. Chow WH, Ji BT, Dosemeci M, McLaughlin JK, Gao YT, Fraumeni, JF, Jr. 1996. Biliary tract cancers among textile and other workers in Shanghai, China. Am J Ind Med 30:36-40.
35. Chow WH, Johansen C, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Fraumeni JF, Jr. 1999. Gallstones, cholecystectomy and risk of cancers of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas. Br J Cancer 79:640-644.
36. Chow WH, McLaughlin JK, Menck HR, Mack TM. 1994. Risk factors for extrahepatic bile duct cancers: Los Angeles County, California (USA). Cancer Causes Control 5:267-272.
37. Chuang CZ, Martin LF, LeGardeur BY, Lopez A. 2001. Physical activity, biliary lipids, and gallstones in obese subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 96:1860-1865.
38. Cocco P, Blair A, Congia P, et al. 1997. Long-term health effects of the occupational exposure to DDT. A preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 837:246-256.
39. Cohen G, Davion T, Capron D, et al. 1992. [The estrogen-androgen profile is unchanged in men with cholelithiasis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 16:299-301.
40. Csendes A, Becerra M, Rojas J, Medina E. 2000. Number and size of stones in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones and gallbladder carcinoma: A prospective study of 592 cases. J Gastrointest Surg 4:481-485.
41. Das A, Neugut AI, Cooper GS, Chak A. 2004. Association of ampullary and colorectal malignancies. Cancer 100:524-530.
42. de Groen PC, Gores GJ, Larusso NF, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM. 1999. Billiary tract cancers. N Engl J Med 341:1368-1378.
43. Devesa SS, Grauman DG, Blot WJ, Pennello G, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF, Jr. 1999. Atlas of cancer mortality in the United States, 1950-1994. Washington, DC, U.S. Gov. Printing Office. NIH Publ No. (NIH) 99-4564.
44. Dhir V, Mohandas KM. 1999. Epidemiology of digestive tract cancers in India IV. Gall bladder and pancreas. Indian J Gastroenterol 18:24-28.
45. Diehl AK. 1983. Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. JAMA 250:2323-2326.
46. Diehl AK. 1987. Trends in cholecystectomy rates in the United States. Lancet 2:683.
47. Diehl AK. 1991. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20:1-19.
48. Diehl AK, Beral V. 1981. Cholecystectomy and changing mortality from gallbladder cancer. Lancet 2:187-189.
49. Diehl AK, Schwesinger WH, Holleman DR Jr., Chapman JB, Kurtin WE. 1994. Gallstone characteristics in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Dig Dis Sci 39:2223-2228.
50. Diehl AK, Schwesinger WH, Holleman DR, Jr., Chapman JB, Kurtin WE. 1995. Clinical correlates of gallstone composition: Distinguishing pigment from cholesterol stones. Am J Gastroenterol 90:967-972.
51. Doko M, Zovak M, Glavan E, Kopljar M, Tomas D. 2003.Synchronous primary carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater and ascending colon in a patient with multiple flat adenomas. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 33:117-121.
52. Dowling GP, Kelly JK. 1986. The histogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Cancer 58:1702-1708.
53. Dowling RH. 2000. Review: Pathogenesis of gallstones. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 Suppl 2:39-47.
54. Dua VK, Kumari R, Johri RK, Ojha VP, Shukla RP, Sharma VP. 1998. Organochlorine insecticide residues in water from five lakes of Nainital (U. P.), India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60:209-215.
55. Dutta U, Garg PK, Kumar R, Tandon RK. 2000. Typhoid carriers among patients with gallstones are at increased risk for carcinoma of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 95:784-787.
56. Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Yuen J, et al. 1993. Risk of extrahepatic bileduct cancer after cholecystectomy. Lancet 342:1262-1265.
57. Ekbom A, Yuen J, Karlsson BM, McLaughlin JK, Adami HO. 1996. Risk of pancreatic and periampullar cancer following cholecystectomy: A population-based cohort study. Dig Dis Sci 41:387-391.
58. el Zayadi A, Ghoneim M, Kabil SM, el Tawil A, Sherif A, Selim O. 1991. Bile duct carcinoma in Egypt: Possible etiological factors. Hepatogastroenterology 38:337-340.
59. Elnemr A, Ohta T, Kayahara M, et al. 2001. Anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction without bile duct dilatation in gallbladder cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 48:382-386.
60. Endoh K, Nakadaira H, Yamazaki O, et al. 1997. [Risk factors for gallbladder cancer in Chilean females]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 44:113-122.
61. Everhart JE. 2001. Gallstones and ethnicity in the Americas. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 12:137-143.
62. Everson GT, McKinley C, Kern F Jr. 1991. Mechanisms of gallstone formation in women. Effects of exogenous estrogen (Premarin) and dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 87:237-246.
63. Feng D, Han T, Chen S. 1998. [Polymorphism at the LDL receptor gene locus in patients with cholesterol gallstone disease]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 78:63-65.
64. Fernandez E, Gallus S, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. 2003. Hormone replacement therapy and cancer risk: A systematic analysis from a network of casecontrol studies. Int J Cancer 105:408-412.
65. Fleckenstein J. 2004. Chronic hepatitis C in African Americans and other minority groups. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 6:66-70.
66. Fox JG, Dewhirst FE, Shen Z, et al. 1998. Hepatic Helicobacter species identified in bile and gallbladder tissue from Chileans with chronic cholecystitis. Gastroenterology 114:755-763.
67. Fraumeni JF, Devesa SS, McLaughlin JK, Stanford JL. 1996. Biliary tract cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 794-805.
68. Fu X, Gong K, Shen T, et al. 1997. Gallstones and their chemical types in relation to serum lipids and apolipoprotein levels. Chin Med J (Engl) 110:384-387.
69. Fukuda K, Kuroki T, Tajima Y, et al. 2002. Comparative analysis of Helicobacter DNAs and biliary pathology in patients with and without hepatobiliary cancer. Carcinogenesis 23:1927-1931.
70. Gallus S, Negri E, Chatenoud L, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. 2002. Post-menopausal hormonal therapy and gallbladder cancer risk. Int J Cancer 99:762-763.
71. Garber JE, Shipley W. 1989. Carcinoma of the gall bladder in three members of a family. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 39:141-142.
72. Giovannucci E. 2003. Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Horm Metab Res 35:694-704.
73. Goldberg MS, Theriault G. 1994. Retrospective cohort study of workers of a synthetic textiles plant in Quebec: I. General mortality. Am J Ind Med 25:889-907.
74. Grundy SM. 2000. Metabolic complications of obesity. Endocrine 13:155-165.
75. Guberan E, Usel M, Raymond L, Tissot R, Sweetnam PM. 1989. Disability, mortality, and incidence of cancer among Geneva painters and electricians: A historical prospective study. Br J Ind Med 46:16-23.
76. Gurleyik G, Gurleyik E, Ozturk A, Unalmiser S. 2002. Gallbladder carcinoma associated with gallstones. Acta Chir Belg 102:203-206.
77. Han T, Jiang Z, Suo G, Zhang S. 2000. Apolipoprotein B-100 gene Xba I polymorphism and cholesterol gallstone disease. Clin Genet 57:304-308.
78. Harned RK, Buck JL, Olmsted WW, Moser RP, Ros PR. 1991. Extracolonic manifestations of the familial adenomatous polyposis syndromes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 156:481-485.
79. Hart J, Modan B, Shani M. 1971. Cholelithiasis in the aetiology of gallbladder neoplasms. Lancet 1:1151-1153.
80. Heaton KW. 1973. The epidemiology of gallstones and suggested aetiology. Clin Gastroenterol 2:67-83.
81. Hemminki K, Li X. 2003. Familial liver and gall bladder cancer: A nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden. Gut 52:592-596.
82. Henson DE, Albores-Saavedra J, Corle D. 1992. Carcinoma of the gallbladder. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates. Cancer 70:1493-1497.
83. Ho KJ, Lin XZ, Yu SC, Chen JS, Wu CZ. 1995. Cholelithiasis in Taiwan. Gallstone characteristics, surgical incidence, bile lipid composition, and role of beta-glucuronidase. Dig Dis Sci 40:1963-1973.
84. Hoover EL, Natesha RK, Cooperman M, Hassett J. 1992. Right upper quadrant calcification: Porcelain gallbladder disease. Am Fam Physician 45:2171-2174.
85. Hsing AW, Gao YT, Devesa SS, Jin F, Fraumeni JF Jr. 1998. Rising incidence of biliary tract cancers in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer 75:368-370.
86. Hu B, Gong B, Zhou DY. 2003. Association of anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction with gallbladder carcinoma in Chinese patients: An ERCP study. Gastrointest Endosc 57:541-545.
87. Hukshorn CJ, Lindeman JH, Toet KH, et al. 2004. Leptin and the proinflammatory state associated with human obesity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1773-1778.
88. Imai Y, Oda H, Tsurutani N, Nakatsuru Y, Inoue T, Ishikawa T. 1997. Frequent somatic mutations of the APC and p53 genes in sporadic ampullary carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 88:846-854.
89. Iwafuchi M, Ohsawa Y, Naito S, Naito M, Maruta Y, Saito H. 1990. Familial occurrence of congenital bile duct dilatation. J Pediatr Surg 25:353-355.
90. Iwase T, Nakazawa S, Yamao K, et al. 1997. Ras gene point mutations in gallbladder lesions associated with anomalous connection of pancreatobiliary ducts. Hepatogastroenterology 44:1457-1462.
91. Jaiswal M, Larusso NF, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. 2000. Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 60:184-190.
92. Jan YY, Chen HM, Chen MF. 2002. Malignancy in choledochal cysts. Hepatogastroenterology 49:100-103.
93. Jee SH, Samet JM, Ohrr H, et al. 2004. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control 15:341-348.
94. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, et al. 2004. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 54:8-29.
95. Jiang ZY, Han TQ, Suo GJ, et al. 2004. Polymorphisms at cholesterol 7alphahydroxylase, apolipoproteins B and E and low density lipoprotein receptor genes in patients with gallbladder stone disease. World J Gastroenterol 10:1508-1512.
96. Johnston DE, Kaplan MM. 1993. Pathogenesis and treatment of gallstones. N Engl J Med 328:412-421.
97. Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Rinaldi S, et al. 2003. Interrelationships between plasma testosterone, SHBG, IGF-I, insulin and leptin in prostate cancer cases and controls. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:309-315.
98. Kakar F, Weiss NS, Strite SA. 1986. Thiazide use and the risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Epidemiol 124:428-433.
99. Kanoh K, Shimura T, Tsutsumi S, et al. 2001. Significance of contracted cholecystitis lesions as high risk for gallbladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 169:7-14.
100. Kapoor VK, McMichael AJ. 2003. Gallbladder cancer: an 'Indian' disease. Natl Med J India 16:209-213.
101. Karlen P, Lofberg R, Brostrom O, Leijonmarck CE, Hellers G, Persson PG. 1999. Increased risk of cancer in ulcerative colitis: A population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 94:1047-1052.
102. Kartal A, Aksoy F, Vatansev C, et al. 2001. Does estrogen cause low conversion rates in laparoscopic cholecystectomies for acute and chronic cholecystitis in women? JSLS 5:309-312.
103. Khan SA, Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas HC. 2002. Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours. J Hepatol 37:806-813.
104. Khan ZR, Neugut AI, Ahsan H, Chabot JA. 1999. Risk factors for biliary tract cancers. Am J Gastroenterol 94:149-152.
105. Kim MH, Lim BC, Myung SJ, et al. 1999. Epidemiological study on Korean gallstone disease: A nationwide cooperative study. Dig Dis Sci 44:1674-1683.
106. Kimura K, Ohto M, Saisho H, et al. 1985. Association of gallbladder carcinoma and anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union. Gastroenterology 89:1258-1265.
107. Klein A, Clemens J, Cameron J. 1989. Periampullary neoplasms in von Recklinghausen's disease. Surgery 106:815-819.
108. Kodama H, Kono S, Todoroki I, et al. 1999. Gallstone disease risk in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in Japanese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:211-216.
109. Kodama I, Yoshida C, Kofuji K, Ohta J, Aoyagi K, Takeda J. 1996. Gallstones and gallbladder disorder after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Int Surg 81:36-39.
110. Kosters A, Jirsa M, Groen AK. 2003. Genetic background of cholesterol gallstone disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1637:1-19.
111. Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. 1990. The relationship between reproductive history and cholecystectomy in older women. J Clin Epidemiol 43:687-692.
112. Kurashina M, Kozuka S, Nakasima N, Hirabayasi N, Ito M. 1988. Relationship of intrahepatic bile duct hyperplasia to cholangiocellular carcinoma. Cancer 61:2469-2474.
113. Kurtin WE, Schwesinger WH, Diehl AK. 2000. Age-related changes in the chemical composition of gallstones. Int J Surg Investig 2:299-307.
114. Kuzmickiene I, Didziapetris R, Stukonis M. 2004. Cancer incidence in the workers cohort of textile manufacturing factory in Alytus, Lithuania. J Occup Environ Med 46:147-153.
115. Lammert F, Wang DQ, Paigen B, Carey MC. 1999. Phenotypic characterization of Lith genes that determine susceptibility to cholesterol cholelithiasis in inbred mice: Integrated activities of hepatic lipid regulatory enzymes. J Lipid Res 40:2080-2090.
116. Lanes SF, Cohen A, Rothman KJ, Dreyer NA, Soden KJ. 1990. Mortality of cellulose fiber production workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 16:247-251.
117. Lazcano-Ponce EC, Miquel JF, Munoz N, et al. 2001. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 51:349-364.
118. Lee A. 1999. Animal models of Helicobacter infection. Mol Med Today 5:500-501.
119. Legorreta AP, Silber JH, Costantino GN, Kobylinski RW, Zatz SL. 1993. Increased cholecystectomy rate after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JAMA 270:1429-1432.
120. Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, et al. 1998. The relation of physical activity to risk for symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Ann Intern Med 128:417-425.
121. Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1999. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:835-841.
122. Leong RW, Sung JJ. 2002. Review article: Helicobacter species and hepatobiliary diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:1037-1045.
123. Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C. 2003. The recent decline in gallbladder cancer mortality in Europe. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:265-267.
124. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW, Oakey RE, McGarrigle HH. 1997. Lower serum oestrogen concentrations associated with faster intestinal transit. Br J Cancer 76:395-400.
125. Lin QY, Du JP, Zhang MY, et al. 1999. Effect of apolipoprotein E gene Hha I restricting fragment length polymorphism on serum lipids in cholecystolithiasis. World J Gastroenterol 5:228-230.
126. Liu EJ, Gao YT, Deng J, et al. 2002. Medical history and risk of biliary tract cancers: A population-based study. Tumor 22:453-456.
127. Logan RF, Skelly MM. 2000. Smoking and hepato-biliary disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:863-867.
128. Lowenfels AB, Walker AM, Althaus DP, Townsend G, Domellof L. 1989. Gallstone growth, size, and risk of gallbladder cancer: An interracial study. Int J Epidemiol 18:50-54.
129. Lynge E, Anttila A, Hemminki K. 1997. Organic solvents and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8:406-419.
130. Maclure KM, Hayes KC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. 1990. Dietary predictors of symptom-associated gallstones in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 52:916-922.
131. Malats N, Porta M, Pinol JL, Corominas JM, Rifa J, Real FX. 1995. Ki-ras mutations as a prognostic factor in extrahepatic bile system cancer. PANK-ras I Project Investigators. J Clin Oncol 13:1679-1686.
132. Malker HS, McLaughlin JK, Malker BK, et al. 1986. Biliary tract cancer and occupation in Sweden. Br J Ind Med 43:257-262.
133. Manfredi S, Benhamiche AM, Isambert N, Prost P, Jouve JL, Faivre J. 2000. Trends in incidence and management of gallbladder carcinoma: A population-based study in France. Cancer 89:757-762.
134. Maringhini A, Moreau JA, Melton LJ III, Hench VS, Zinsmeister AR, DiMagno EP. 1987. Gallstones, gallbladder cancer, and other gastrointestinal malignancies. An epidemiologic study in Rochester, Minnesota. Ann Intern Med 107:30-35.
135. Matsukura N, Yokomuro S, Yamada S, et al. 2002. Association between Helicobacter bilis in bile and biliary tract malignancies: H. bilis in bile from Japanese and Thai patients with benign and malignant diseases in the biliary tract. Jpn J Cancer Res 93:842-847.
136. McGlynn KA, Tsao L, Hsing AW, Devesa SS, Fraumeni JF Jr. 2001. International trends and patterns of primary liver cancer. Int J Cancer 94:290-296.
137. Miquel JF, Covarrubias C, Villaroel L, et al. 1998. Genetic epidemiology of cholesterol cholelithiasis among Chilean Hispanics, Amerindians, and Maoris. Gastroenterology 115:937-946.
138. Misciagna G, Centonze S, Leoci C, et al. 1999. Diet, physical activity, and gallstones-a population-based, case-control study in southern Italy. Am J Clin Nutr 69:120-126.
139. Misciagna G, Leoci C, Guerra V, et al. 1996. Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. Part II: Risk factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:585-593.
140. Mittal B, Mittal RD. 2002. Genetics of gallstone disease. J Postgrad Med 48:149-152.
141. Moerman CJ, Berns MP, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Runia S. 1994a. Reproductive history and cancer of the biliary tract in women. Int J Cancer 57:146-153.
142. Moerman CJ, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Runia S. 1994b. Smoking, alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer of the biliary tract; a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands. Eur J Cancer Prev 3:427-436.
143. Moerman CJ, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Smeets FW, Runia S. 1997. Lifestyle factors including diet and cancer of the gallbladder and bile duct: A population-based casecontrol study in The Netherlands. Eur J Cancer Prev 6:139-142.
144. Monstein HJ, Jonsson Y, Zdolsek J, Svanvik J. 2002. Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in human cholesterol gallstones. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:112-119.
145. Morris DL, Buechley RW, Key CR, Morgan MV. 1978. Gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among American Indians in tricultural New Mexico. Cancer 42:2472-2477.
146. Nakayama K, Konno M, Kanzaki A, et al. 2001. Allelotype analysis of gallbladder carcinoma associated with anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary duct. Cancer Lett 166:135-141.
147. Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Martin L, et al. 2002. Gallstones: Genetics versus environment. Ann Surg 235:842-849.
148. Nath G, Singh H, Shukla VK. 1997. Chronic typhoid carriage and carcinoma of the gallbladder. Eur J Cancer Prev 6:557-559.
149. Niemi M, Kervinen K, Rantala A, et al. 1999. The role of apolipoprotein E and glucose intolerance in gallstone disease in middle aged subjects. Gut 44:557-562.
150. Nutting PA, Freeman WL, Risser DR, et al. 1993. Cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1980 through 1987. Am J Public Health 83:1589-1598.
151. Nyberg U, Nilsson B, Travis LB, Holm LE, Hall P. 2002. Cancer incidence among Swedish patients exposed to radioactive thorotrast: A forty-year follow-up survey. Radiat Res 157:419-425.
152. Ohtsuka T, Inoue K, Ohuchida J, et al. 2001. Carcinoma arising in choledochocele. Endoscopy 33:614-619.
153. Pandey M. 2003. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer: A reappraisal. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:15-24.
154. Pandey M, Shukla VK. 2002. Diet and gallbladder cancer: A case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev 11:365-368.
155. Pandey M, Shukla VK. 2003. Lifestyle, parity, menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of gallbladder cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 12:269-272.
156. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young JL Jr. 1992. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Volume VII. No. 143. Lyon, IARC Scientific Publication.
157. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB. 2003. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Volume VIII. No. 155. Lyon, IARC Sci Publ. 1-781.
158. Petroni ML. 2000. Review article: gall-bladder motor function in obesity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 Suppl 2:48-50.
159. Pi-Sunyer FX. 2002. The medical risks of obesity. Obes Surg 12 Suppl 1:6S-11S.
160. Plesko I, Somogyi J, Dimitrova E, Kiss J, Vlasak V. 1985. Epidemiological features of biliary tract cancer incidence in Slovakia. Neoplasma 32:125-134.
161. Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Calamita G, Margari A, Palasciano G. 2003. Pathobiology of cholesterol gallstone disease: From equilibrium ternary phase diagram to agents preventing cholesterol crystallization and stone formation. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 3:67-81.
162. Portincasa P, van de MP, van Erpecum KJ, Palasciano G, Van Berge Henegouwen GP. 1997. An update on the pathogenesis and treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 223:60-69.
163. Public Health Service. 1967. International statistical classification of disease, adapted for use in the United States. Vol. 1. 8th Revision. Washington, DC, U.S. Gov. Printing Office. PHS Publ. No. 1963.
164. Rashid A. 2002. Cellular and molecular biology of biliary tract cancers. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 11:995-1009.
165. Rashid A, Gao YT, Bhakta S, et al. 2001. Beta-catenin mutations in biliary tract cancers: A population-based study in China. Cancer Res 61:3406-3409.
166. Rashid A, Ueki T, Gao YT, et al. 2002. K-ras mutation, p53 overexpression, and microsatellite instability in biliary tract cancers: A population-based study in China. Clin Cancer Res 8:3156-3163.
167. Richardson JD, Scutchfield FD, Proudfoot WH, Benenson AS. 1973. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease in an Appalachian community. Health Serv Rep 88:241-246.
168. Ries LA, Devesa SS. In press. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in the United States. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
169. Ries LA, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. 2003. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2000.
170. Rizvi TJ, Zuberi SJ. 2003. Risk factors for gall bladder cancer in Karachi. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 15:16-18.
171. Roe IH, Kim JT, Lee HS, Lee JH. 1999. Detection of Helicobacter DNA in bile from bile duct diseases. J Korean Med Sci 14:182-186.
172. Sasatomi E, Tokunaga O, Miyazaki K. 2000. Precancerous conditions of gallbladder carcinoma: Overview of histopathologic characteristics and molecular genetic findings. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 7:556-567.
173. Scott TE, Carroll M, Cogliano FD, Smith BF. Lamorte WW. 1999. A case-control assessment of risk factors for gallbladder carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 44:1619-1625.
174. Sen U, Sankaranarayanan R, Mandal S, Ramanakumar AV, Parkin DM, Siddiqi M. 2002. Cancer patterns in eastern India: The first report of the Kolkata cancer registry. Int J Cancer 100:86-91.
175. Serra I, Calvo A, Maturana M, Medina E, Sharp A. 1990. Changing trends of gall bladder cancer in Chile, a high-risk area. Int J Cancer 45:376-377.
176. Serra I, Yamamoto M, Calvo A, et al. 2002. Association of chili pepper consumption, low socioeconomic status and longstanding gallstones with gallbladder cancer in a Chilean population. Int J Cancer 102:407-411.
177. Shukla VK, Prakash A, Tripathi BD, Reddy DC, Singh S. 1998. Biliary heavy metal concentrations in carcinoma of the gall bladder: Case-control study. BMJ 317:1288-1289.
178. Shukla VK, Rastogi AN, Adukia TK, Raizada RB, Reddy DC, Singh S. 2001. Organochlorine pesticides in carcinoma of the gallbladder: A case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev 10:153-156.
179. Shukla VK, Singh H, Pandey M, Upadhyay SK, Nath G. 2000. Carcinoma of the gallbladder-is it a sequel of typhoid? Dig Dis Sci 45:900-903.
180. Simon JA, Hunninghake DB, Agarwal SK, et al. 2001. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on risk for biliary tract surgery in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Ann Intern Med 135:493-501.
181. Singh MK, Choudhuri G. 2003. Re: Dutta et al.-gallbladder cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 98:936-937.
182. Singh MK, Pandey UB, Ghoshal UC, et al. 2004. Apolipoprotein B-100 XbaI gene polymorphism in gallbladder cancer. Hum Genet 114:280-283.
183. Singh V, Zaidi SA, Singh VS. 1997. Lipids in biliary lithogenesis. J Pak Med Assoc 47:253-255.
184. Sripa B, Haswell-Elkins MR, Sinawat P. 2003. Histological analysis of gallbladder diseases in relation to opisthorchiasis in endemic areas of Thailand. Acta Trop 88:239-246.
185. Stayner LT, Dannenberg AL, Bloom T, Thun M. 1993. Excess hepatobiliary cancer mortality among munitions workers exposed to dinitrotoluene. J Occup Med 35:291-296.
186. Stephen AE, Berger DL. 2001. Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder: A relationship revisited. Surgery 129:699-703.
187. Stewart L, Oesterle AL, Erdan I, Griffiss JM, Way LW. 2002. Pathogenesis of pigment gallstones in Western societies: The central role of bacteria. J Gastrointest Surg 6:891-903.
188. Su Y, Ahsan H, Neugut AI. 1999. The association between biliary tract cancers and cancers of other sites. Am J Gastroenterol 94:2256-2262.
189. Sugiyama Y, Kobori H, Hakamada K, Seito D, Sasaki M. 2000. Altered bile composition in the gallbladder and common bile duct of patients with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction. World J Surg 24:17-20.
190. Suo G, Han T, Feng D. 1999. [Association of polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B gene with cholesterol gallstone disease]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 79:673-675.
191. Swidsinski A, Lee SP. 2001. The role of bacteria in gallstone pathogenesis. Front Biosci 6:E93-103.
192. Tang WH. 1996. Serum and bile lipid levels in patients with and without gallstones. J Gastroenterol 31:823-827.
193. Tavani A, La Vecchia C, Gallus S, et al. 2000. Red meat intake and cancer risk: A study in Italy. Int J Cancer 86:425-428.
194. Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. 1996. Menstrual and reproductive factors and biliary tract cancers. Eur J Cancer Prev 5:241-247.
195. Tazuma S, Kajiyama G. 2001. Carcinogenesis of malignant lesions of the gall bladder. The impact of chronic inflammation and gallstones. Langenbecks Arch Surg 386:224-229.
196. Tersmette AC, Goodman SN, Offerhaus GJ, et al. 1991. Multivariate analysis of the risk of stomach cancer after ulcer surgery in an Amsterdam cohort of postgastrectomy patients. Am J Epidemiol 134:14-21.
197. Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJ, Giardiello FM, Tersmette KW, Vandenbroucke JP, Tytgat GN. 1990. Occurrence of non-gastric cancer in the digestive tract after remote partial gastrectomy: Analysis of an Amsterdam cohort. Int J Cancer 46:792-795.
198. Thamavit W, Bhamarapravati N, Sahaphong S, Vajrasthira S, Angsubhakorn S. 1978. Effects of dimethylnitrosamine on induction of cholangiocarcinoma in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected Syrian golden hamsters. Cancer Res 38:4634-4639.
199. Todani T, Toki A. 1996. [Cancer arising in choledochal cyst and management]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 97:594-598.
200. Tomasek L, Darby SC, Swerdlow AJ, Placek V, Kunz E. 1993. Radon exposure and cancers other than lung cancer among uranium miners in West Bohemia. Lancet 341:919-923.
201. Torgerson JS, Lindroos AK, Naslund I, Peltonen M. 2003. Gallstones, gallbladder disease, and pancreatitis: Cross-sectional and 2-year data from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) and SOS reference studies. Am J Gastroenterol 98:1032-1041.
202. Towfigh S, McFadden DW, Cortina GR, et al. 2001. Porcelain gallbladder is not associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Am Surg 67:7-10.
203. Travis LB, Hauptmann M, Gaul LK, et al. 2003. Site-specific cancer incidence and mortality after cerebral angiography with radioactive thorotrast. Radiat Res 160:691-706.
204. Travis LB, Land CE, Andersson M, et al. 2001. Mortality after cerebral angiography with or without radioactive Thorotrast: An international cohort of 3,143 two-year survivors. Radiat Res 156:136-150.
205. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. 2004a. Prospective study of abdominal adiposity and gallstone disease in US men. Am J Clin Nutr 80:38-44.
206. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Hu FB, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. 2004b. Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr 80:76-81.
207. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. 2004c. Dietary protein and the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of US women: The Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 160:11-18.
208. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. 2004d. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Gastroenterol 99:1364-1370.
209. Tsuchiya Y, Sato T, Kiyohara C, et al. 2002. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 and risk of gallbladder cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 21:119-124.
210. Ueki T, Hsing AW, Gao YT, et al. 2004. Alterations of p16 and prognosis in biliary tract cancers from a population-based study in China. Clin Cancer Res 10:1717-1725.
211. Uhler ML, Marks JW, Judd HL. 2000. Estrogen replacement therapy and gallbladder disease in postmenopausal women. Menopause 7:162-167.
212. van Kaick G, Dalheimer A, Hornik S, et al. 1999. The German Thorotrast Study: Recent results and assessment of risks. Radiat Res 152:S64-S71.
213. Visser BC, Suh I, Way LW, Kang SM. 2004. Congenital choledochal cysts in adults. Arch Surg 139:855-860.
214. Vitetta L, Sali A, Little P, Mrazek L. 2000. Gallstones and gall bladder carcinoma. Aust N ZJ Surg 70:667-673.
215. Walsh N, Qizilbash A, Banerjee R, Waugh GA. 1987. Biliary neoplasia in Gardner's syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:76-77.
216. Wang WL, Gu GY, Hu M. 1998. Expression and significance of HBV genes and their antigens in human primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 4:392-396.
217. Watanapa P, Watanapa WB. 2002. Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 89:962-970.
218. Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Roa I, Albores-Saavedra J. 1996. p53 protein over-expression in gallbladder carcinoma and its precursor lesions: An immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 27:360-365.
219. Wistuba II, Miquel JF, Gazdar AF, Albores-Saavedra J. 1999. Gallbladder adenomas have molecular abnormalities different from those present in gallbladder carcinomas. Hum Pathol 30:21-25.
220. Wistuba II, Tang M, Maitra A, et al. 2001. Genome-wide allelotyping analysis reveals multiple sites of allelic loss in gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Res 61:3795-3800.
221. Wolk A, Gridley G, Svensson M, et al. 2001. A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 12:13-21.
222. Wong O, Whorton MD, Foliart DE, Ragland D. 1991. An industry-wide epidemiologic study of vinyl chloride workers, 1942-1982. Am J Ind Med 20:317-334.
223. Wood R, Fraser LA, Brewster DH, Garden OJ. 2003. Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer and trends in cholecystectomy rates in Scotland, 1968-1998. Eur J Cancer 39:2080-2086.
224. World Health Organization. 1957. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Vol. 1. 7th Revision. Geneva, World Health Organization.
225. World Health Organization. 1989. Combined oral contraceptives and gallbladder cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol 18:309-314.
226. World Health Organization. 1992. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 1989 Revision. Geneva, World Health Organization.
227. Wyshak G, Honeyman MS, Flannery JT, Beck AS. 1983. Cancer in mothers of dizygotic twins. J Natl Cancer Inst 70:593-599.
228. Yamaguchi K, Enjoji M. 1987. Carcinoma of the ampulla of vater. A clinicopathologic study and pathologic staging of 109 cases of carcinoma and 5 cases of adenoma. Cancer 59:506-515.
229. Yamanoto T, Uki K, Takeuchi K, et al. 2003. Early gallbladder carcinoma associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 38:704-706.
230. Yamauchi S, Koga A, Matsumoto S, Tanaka M, Nakayama F. 1987. Anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary duct without congenital choledochal cyst: A possible risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 82:20-24.
231. Yanagisawa N, Mikami T, Saegusa M, Okayasu I. 2001. More frequent betacatenin exon 3 mutations in gallbladder adenomas than in carcinomas indicate different lineages. Cancer Res 61:19-22.
232. Yen S, Hsieh CC, MacMahon B. 1987. Extrahepatic bile duct cancer and smoking, beverage consumption, past medical history, and oral-contraceptive use. Cancer 59:2112-2116.
233. Yin F, Chen B. 1998. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in hepatic portal cholangiocarcinoma tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Chin Med J (Engl) 111:1068-1070.
234. Zarchy TM. 1996. Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and biliary-pancreatic cancer: Report of three cases. Am J Ind Med 30:341-342.
235. Zatonski WA, Lowenfels AB, Boyle P, et al. 1997. Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: A case-control study of the SEARCH Program of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1132-1138.
236. Zhuang X, Li L. 2000. [A case-control study of gallstone disease in female population in Taicang]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 21:44-47.
237. Zou S, Zhang L. 2000. Relative risk factors analysis of 3,922 cases of gallbladder cancer. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 38:805-808.