A non-doped phosphorescent organic light-emitting device with above 31% external quantum efficiency

Advanced Materials

Volumn 26, Issue 48, 2014, Pages 8107-8113

  Wang, Qi ^a,b,c   Oswald, Iain W H ^d   Yang, Xiaolong ^c   Zhou, Guijiang ^c   Jia, Huiping ^a   Qiao, Qiquan ^b   Chen, Yonghua ^e   Hoshikawa Halbert, Jason ^f   Gnade, Bruce E ^a  

^a The University of Texas at Dallas   (United States)

^b South Dakota State University   (United States)

^c XI'AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

^e WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f KYOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EFFICIENCY; LIGHT EMISSION; LIGHT EMITTING DIODES; ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (OLED); PHOSPHORESCENCE;

DOPED DEVICES; EXTERNAL QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; NON-DOPED; ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICES; PHOSPHORESCENT ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES; PT COMPLEXES; TRIPLET QUENCHING;

QUANTUM EFFICIENCY;

EID: 84920172239     PISSN: 09359648     EISSN: 15214095     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402947     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. a) S.-J. Su, E. Gonmori, H. Sasabe, J. Kido, Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4189;
2. b) M. C. Gather, A. Köhnen, K. Meerholz, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 233;
3. c) Q. Wang, D. G. Ma, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2387;
4. d) O. Bolton, K. Lee, H.-J. Kim, K. Y. Lin, J. Kim, Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 205;
5. e) T.-H. Han, Y. Lee, M.-R. Choi, S.-H. Woo, S.-H. Bae, B. H. Hong, J.-H. Ahn, T.-W. Lee, Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 105;
6. f) C.-L. Ho, W.-Y. Wong, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2013, 257, 1614.
7. a) M. A. Baldo, C. Adachi, S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B 2000, 62, 10967;
8. b) S. Reineke, K. Walzer, K. Leo, Phys. Rev. B 2007, 75, 125328;
9. c) N. C. Giebink, S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 235215;
10. d) D. Song, S. Zhao, H. Aziz, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 2311;
11. e) S. Haneder, E. Da Como, J. Feldmann, M. M. Rothmann, P. Strohriegl, C. Lennartz, O. Molt, I. Munster, C. Schildknecht, G. Wagenblast, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2416;
12. f) H. Yersin, Top. Curr. Chem. 2004, 241, 1;
13. g) R. C. Evans, P. Douglas, C. J. Winscom, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2006, 250, 2093;
14. h) C. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke, C. H. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 1989, 65, 3610;
15. i) J. Kalinowski, W. Stampor, J. Szmytkowski, D. Virgili, M. Cocchi, V. Fattori, C. Sabatini, Phys. Rev. B 2006, 74, 085316;
16. j) S. T. Hoffmann, J.-M. Koenen, U. Scherf, I. Bauer, P. Strohriegl, H. Bässler, A. Köhler, J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 8417.
17. a) C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 90, 5048;
18. b) Y. Kawamura, H. Sasabe, C. Adachi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 43, 7729;
19. c) Y. Kawamura, K. Goushi, J. Brooks, J. J. Brown, H. Sasabe, C. Adachi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 071104;
20. d) W. Holzer, A. Penzkofer, T. Tsuboi, Chem. Phys. 2005, 308, 93.
21. a) J. Zou, H. Wu, C.-S. Lam, C. Wang, J. Zhu, C. Zhong, S. Hu, C.-L. Ho, G.-J. Zhou, H. Wu, W. C. H. Choy, J. Peng, Y. Cao, W.-Y. Wong, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 2976;
22. b) M. Cai, T. Xiao, E. Hellerich, Y. Chen, R. Shinar, J. Shinar, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 3590;
23. c) B. Zhang, G. Tan, C.-S. Lam, B. Yao, C.-L. Ho, L. Liu, Z. Xie, W.-Y. Wong, J. Ding, L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 1873;
24. d) Q. Wang, J. Q. Ding, D. G. Ma, Y. X. Cheng, L. X. Wang, X. B. Jing, F. S. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 84;
25. e) Y.-S. Park, J.-W. Kang, D. M. Kang, J.-W. Park, Y.-H. Kim, S.-K. Kwon, S. C. Shin, J.-J. Kim, Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1957;
26. f) T.-H. Kim, H. K. Lee, O. O. Park, B. D. Chin, S.-H. Lee, J. K. Kim, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 06, 611;
27. g) B. P. Yan, C. C. C. Cheung, S. C. F. Kui, H. F. Xiang, V. A. L. Roy, S. J. Xu, C. M. Che, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3599;
28. h) S.-Y. Ku, L.-C. Chi, W.-Y. Hung, S.-W. Yang, T.-C. Tsai, K.-T. Wong, Y.-H. Chen, C.-I. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 773.
29. a) H.-H. Chou, C.-H. Cheng, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2468;
30. b) M.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Hong, C.-H. Chang, H.-C. Su, C.-C. Wu, A. Matoliukstyte, J. Simokaitiene, S. Grigalevicius, J. V. Grazulevicius, C.-P. Hsu, Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 862;
31. c) Y. T. Tao, Q. Wang, C. L. Yang, C. Zhong, J. G. Qin, D. G. Ma, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 2923;
32. d) Z. M. Hudson, Z. B. Wang, M. G. Helander, Z.-H. Lu, S. N. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 2922;
33. e) B.-S. Du, J.-L. Liao, M.-H. Huang, C.-H. Lin, H.-W. Lin, Y. Chi, H.-A. Pan, G.-L. Fan, K.-T. Wong, G.-H. Lee, P.-T. Chou, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 3491;
34. f) Y. J. Cho, J. Y. Lee, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4568.
35. a) Q. Wang, J. Ding, D. Ma, Y. Cheng, L. Wang, F. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2397;
36. b) J. Ye, C.-J. Zheng, X.-M. Ou, X.-H. Zhang, M.-K. Fung, C.-S. Lee, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 3410;
37. c) H. Sasabe, J. Takamatsu, T. Motoyama, S. Watanabe, G. Wagenblast, N. Langer, O. Molt, E. Fuchs, C. Lennartz, J. Kido, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 5003;
38. d) G. Li, T. Fleetham, J. Li, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2931.
39. a) D. Tanaka, H. Sasabe, Y.-J. Li, S.-J. Su, T. Takeda, J. Kido, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 46, L10;
40. b) W. L. Chil, J. Y. Lee, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 5450;
41. c) Y.-S. Park, S. Lee, K.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Kim, J.-H. Lee, J.-J. Kim, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 4914;
42. d) K.-H. Kim, C.-K. Moon, J.-H. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, J.-J. Kim, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 3844;
43. e) K.-Y. Lu, H.-H. Chou, C.-H. Hsieh, Y.-H. Ou Yang, H.-R. Tsai, H.-Y. Tsai, L.-C. Hsu, C.-Y. Chen, I.-C. Chen, C.-H. Cheng, Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 4933;
44. f) Y.-L. Chang, Z. B. Wang, M. G. Helander, J. Qiu, D. P. Puzzo, Z. H. Lu, Org. Electron. 2012, 13, 925;
45. g) K. Udagawa, H. Sasabe, C. Cai, J. Kido, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 5062.
46. a) S. Tao, Z. Peng, X. Zhang, P. Wang, C.-S. Lee, S.-T. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1716;
47. b) Z. Liu, Z. Bian, L. Ming, F. Ding, H. Shen, D. Nie, C. Huang, Org. Electron. 2008, 9, 171;
48. c) Q.-X. Tong, S.-L. Lai, M.-Y. Chan, K.-H. Lai, J.-X. Tang, H.-L. Kwong, C.-S. Lee, S.-T. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 153504;
49. d) S. Chen, Z. Zhao, B. Z. Tang, H. S. Kwok, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2010, 43, 095101;
50. e) W. F. Xie, Z. J. Wu, S. Y. Liu, S.-T. Lee, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2003, 36, 2331;
51. f) R. Capelli, S. Toffanin, G. Generali, H. Usta, A. Facchetti, M. Muccini, Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 496;
52. g) J. Huang, N. Sun, Y. Q. Dong, R. L. Tang, P. Lu, P. Cai, Q. Q. Li, D. G. Ma, J. G. Qin, Z. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 2329.
53. a) Y. Wang, N. Herron, V. V. Grushin, D. LeCloux, V. Petrov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 449;
54. b) Y.-H. Song, S.-J. Yeh, C.-T. Chen, Y. Chi, C.-S. Liu, J.-K. Yu, Y.-H. Hu, P-T. Chou, S.-M. Peng, G.-H. Lee, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 1221;
55. c) Z. W. Liu, M. Guan, Z. Q. Bian, D. B. Nie, Z. L. Gong, Z. B. Li, C. H. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 1441.
56. a) X. H. Yang, F.-L. Wu, H. Haveriene, J. Li, C.-H. Cheng, G. E. Jabbour, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 033302;
57. b) S. Liu, B. Li, L. Zhang, S. Yue, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 163301;
58. c) M. Cocchi, J. Kalinowski, L. Murphy, J. A. G. Williams, V. Fattori, Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 388;
59. d) J. Kalinowski, M. Cocchi, V. Fattori, L. Murphy, J. A. G. Williams, Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 724;
60. e) Y. B. Zhao, J. S. Chen, D. G. Ma, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 965;
61. f) D. B. Xia, B. Wang, B. Chen, S. Wang, B. H. Zhang, J. Q. Ding, L. X. Wang, X. B. Jing, F. S. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 1048.
62. S.-Y. Chang, J. Kavitha, S.-W. Li, C.-S. Hsu, Y. Chi, Y.-S. Yeh, P.-T. Chou, G.-H. Lee, A. J. Carty, Y.-T. Tao, C.-H. Chien, Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 137.
63. a) M. Li, W.-H. Chen, M.-T. Lin, M. A. Omary, N. D. Shepherd, Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 863;
64. b) Q. Wang, I. W. H. Oswald, M. R. Perez, H. P. Jia, B. E. Gnade, M. A. Omary, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5420.
65. a) M. Kato, K. Sasano, C. Kosuge, M. Yamazaki, S. Yano, M. Kimura, Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 116;
66. b) T. Hinoue, Y. Shigenoi, M. Sugino, Y. Mizobe, I. Hisaki, M. Miyata, N. Tohnai, Chem. Eur. J. 2012, 18, 4634.
67. V. Bulovic, A. Shoustikov, M. A. Baldo, E. Bose, V. G. Kozlov, M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 287, 455.
68. a) D. Tanaka, T. Takeda, T. Chiba, S. Watanabe, J. Kido, Chem. Lett. 2007, 36, 262;
69. b) Y. Zheng, S.-H. Eom, N. Chopra, J. Lee, F. So, J. G. Xue, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 223301;
70. c) J. H. Seo, S. J. Lee, B. M. Seo, S. J. Moon, K. H. Lee, J. K. Park, S. S. Yoon, Y. K. Kim, Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 1759;
71. d) C.-H. Hsiao, S.-W. Liu, C.-T. Chen, J.-H. Lee, Org. Electron. 2010, 11, 1500;
72. e) M. G. Helander, Z. B. Wang, J. Qiu, M. T. Greiner, D. P. Puzzo, Z. W. Liu, Z. H. Lu, Science 2011, 332, 944;
73. f) R. J. Holmes, B. W. D'Andrade, S. R. Forrest, X. Ren, J. Li, M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 86, 3818.
74. a) J.-S. Kim, P. K. H. Ho, N. C. Greenham, R. H. Friend, J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 88, 1073;
75. b) H. Y. Chen, W. Y. Lam, J. D. Luo, Y. L. Ho, B. Z. Tang, D. B. Zhu, M. Wong, H. S. Kwok, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 574;
76. c) J. Lee, N. Chopra, F. So, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 033303.
77. a) W. B. Connick, L. M. Henling, R. E. Marsh, H. B. Gray, Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 6261;
78. b) Y. Sun, K. Ye, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, L. Zhao, B. Li, G. Yang, B. Yang, Y. Wang, S.-W. Lai, C.-M. Che, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 5610;
79. c) B. Ma, J. Li, P. I. Djurovich, M. Yousufuddin, R. Bau, M. E. Thompson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 28;
80. d) J. Kalinowskia, V. Fattori, M. Cocchi, J. A. G. Williams, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2011, 255, 2401.
81. a) V. M. Miskowski, V. H. Houlding, Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 4446;
82. b) E. Rossi, A. Colombo, C. Dragonetti, D. Roberto, F. Demartin, M. Cocchi, P. Brulatti, V. Fattori, J. A. G. Williams, Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 3182;
83. c) J. Ni, X. Zhang, N. Qiu, Y. Wu, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Z. Chen, Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 9090;
84. d) C. Chen, F. Wu, Y. Tsai, C. Cheng, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 3150;
85. e) P. Brulatti, V. Fattori, S. Muzzioli, S. Stagni, P. P. Mazzeo, D. Braga, L. Maini, S. Militae, M. Cocchi, J. Mater. Chem. C 2013, 1, 1823;
86. f) F. M. Winnik, Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 587.
87. a) C. Murawski, K. Leo, M. C. Gather, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 6801;
88. b) S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lussem, K. Leo, Rev. Mod. Phys. 2013, 85, 1245.
89. D. Y. Kondakov, J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 084520.