Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer

Cancer Letters

Volumn 356, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 231-243

  Samavat, Hamed ^a   Kurzer, Mindy S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Estrogen; Estrogen metabolites; Postmenopausal women; Premenopausal women; Sex hormones

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN DERIVATIVE; 16-HYDROXYESTRONE; CYTOCHROME P450; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ESTRONE DERIVATIVE;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; ESTROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; ESTROGEN METABOLISM; ESTROGEN URINE LEVEL; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; HYDROXYLATION; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; SHORT SURVEY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); BIOSYNTHESIS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL TRANSFORMATION; FEMALE; GENETICS; METABOLISM; RISK; RISK FACTOR;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYESTRONES; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; RISK; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84920160004     PISSN: 03043835     EISSN: 18727980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.018     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Siegel R., Ma J., Zou Z., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2014, 64:9-29.
2. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2013-2014. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc. 2013. < (20.11.13). http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/document/acspc-040951.pdf.
3. Hulka B.S., Moorman P.G. Breast cancer: hormones and other risk factors. Maturitas 2001, 38:103-116.
4. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2010 2013, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD. N. Howlader, A.M. Noone, M. Krapcho, J. Garshell, N. Neyman, S.F. Altekruse, C.L. Kosary, M. Yu, J. Ruhl, Z. Tatalovich, H. Cho, A. Mariotto, D.R. Lewis, H.S. Chen, E.J. Feuer, K.A. Cronin (Eds.).
5. Steiner E., Klubert D., Knutson D. Assessing breast cancer risk in women. Am. Fam. Physician 2008, 78:1361-1366.
6. Thomson C.A. Diet and breast cancer: understanding risks and benefits. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2012, 27:636-650.
7. Petracci E., Decarli A., Schairer C., Pfeiffer R.M., Pee D., Masala G., Palli D., Gail M.H. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2011, 103:1037-1048.
8. Harvey J.A., Bovbjerg V.E. Quantitative assessment of mammographic breast density: relationship with breast cancer risk. Radiology 2004, 230:29-41.
9. Ursin G., Qureshi S.A. Mammographic density - a useful biomarker for breast cancer risk in epidemiologic studies. Norsk Epidemiologi 2009, 19:59-68.
10. Althuis M.D., Fergenbaum J.H., Garcia-Closas M., Brinton L.A., Madigan M.P., Sherman M.E. Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004, 13:1558-1568.
11. Carr B.R., MacDonald P.C., Simpson E.R. The role of lipoproteins in the regulation of progesterone secretion by the human corpus luteum. Fertil Steril 1982, 38:303-311.
12. Miller W.L., Strauss J.F. Molecular pathology and mechanism of action of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1999, 69:131-141.
13. Melmed S., Polonsky K.S., Larsen P.R., Kronenberg H.M. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 2011, Saunders press, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 599-602. 12th ed.
14. Ryan J. Biological aromatization of steroids. J. Biol. Chem. 1959, 234:268-272.
15. Simpson E.R., Clyne C., Rubin G., Boon W.C., Robertson K., Britt K., Speed C., Jones M. Aromatases: a brief overview. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2002, 64:93-127.
16. Dotsch K.J., Dorr H.G., Wildt L. Exposure to endogenous estrogens during lifetime. Part L Endocrine Disruptors, Part I 2001, vol. 3:83-99. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. M. Metzler (Ed.).
17. Tsuchiya Y., Nakajima M., Yokoi T. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of estrogens and its regulation in human. Cancer Lett. 2005, 227:115-124.
18. Lakhani N.J., Venitz J., Figg W.D., Sparreboom A. Pharmacogenetics of estrogen metabolism and transport in relation to cancer. Curr. Drug. Metab. 2003, 4:505-513.
19. Raftogianis R., Creveling C., Weinshilboum R., Weisz J. Estrogen metabolism by conjugation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 2000, 27:113-124.
20. Hobkirk R. Steroid sulfotransferases and steroid sulfate sulfatases: characteristics and biological roles. Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 1985, 63:1127-1144.
21. Huang Z., Fasco M.J., Figge H.L., Keyomarsi K., Kaminsky L.S. Expression of cytochromes P450 in human breast tissue and tumors. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1996, 24:899-905.
22. Cribb A.E., Knight M.J., Dryer D., Guernsey J., Hender K., Tesch M., Saleh T.M. Role of polymorphic human cytochrome P450 enzymes in estrone oxidation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006, 15:551-558.
23. Zhu B.T., Conney A.H. Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: review and perspectives. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19:1-27.
24. van Aswegen C.H., Purdy R.H., Wittliff J.L. Binding of 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestrdiol to estrogen receptor human breast cancers. J. Steroid Biochem. 1989, 32:485-492.
25. Schneider J., Huh M.M., Bradlow H.L., Fishman J. Antiestrogen action of 2-hydroxyestrone on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1984, 259:4840-4845.
26. Gupta M., McDougal A., Safe S. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of 16alpha- and 2-hydroxy metabolites of 17 beta-estradiol in MCF-7 and T47D human breast cancer cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1998, 67:413-419.
27. Telang N.T., Katdare M., Bradlow H.L., Osborne M.P. Estradiol metabolism: an endocrine biomarker for modulation of human mammary carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105:559-564.
28. Vandewalle B., Lefebvre J. Opposite effects of estrogen and catecholestrogen on hormone-sensitive breast cancer cell growth and differentiation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1989, 61:239-246.
29. Bradlow H.L., Telang N.T., Sepkovic D.W., Osborne M.P. 2-hydroxyestrone: the 'good' estrogen. J. Endocrinol. 1996, 150:S259-S265.
30. Liehr J.G., Roy D. Free radical generation by redox cycling of estrogens. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1990, 8:415-423.
31. Lavigne J.A., Goodman J.E., Fonong T., Odwin S., He P., Roberts D.W., Yager J.D. The effects of catechol-Omethyltransferase inhibition on estrogen metabolite and oxidative DNA damage levels in estradiol-treated MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:7488-7494.
32. Kerlan V., Dreano Y., Bercovici J.P., Beaune P.H., Floch H.H., Berthou E. Nature of cytochrome P450 involved in the 2-/4-hydroxylations of estradiol human liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992, 44:1745-1756.
33. Lakhani N.J., Sarkar M.A., Venitz J., Figg W.D. 2-methoxyestradiol, a promising anticancer agent. Pharmacotherapy 2003, 23:165-172.
34. Cushman M., He H.M., Katzenellenbogen J.A., Lin C.M., Hamel E. Synthesis, antitubulin and antimitotic activity, and cytotoxicity of analogs of 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous mammalian metabolite of estradiol that inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the colchicine binding site. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38:2041-2049.
35. Dawling S., Roodi N., Parl F.F. Methoxyestrogens exert feedback inhibition on cytochrome P450 1A1and 1B1. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:3127-3132.
36. Lottering M.L., Haag M., Seegers J.C. Effects of 17 beta-estradiol metabolites on cell cycle events in MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res. 1992, 52:5926-5932.
37. Cavalieri E.L., Stack D.E., Devanesan P.D., Todorovic R., Dwivedy I., Higginbotham S., Johansson S.L., Patil K.D., Gross M.L., Gooden J.K., Ramanathan R., Cerny R.L., Rogan E.G. Molecular origin of cancer: catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones as endogenous tumor initiators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:10937-10942.
38. Liehr J.G., Ricci M.J. 4-hydroxylation of estrogens as marker of human mammary tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:3294-3296.
39. Gaikwad N.W., Yang L., Muti P., Meza J.L., Pruthi S., Ingle J.N., Rogan E.G., Cavalieri E.L. The molecular etiology of breast cancer: evidence from biomarkers of risk. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 122:1949-1957.
40. Lavigne J.A., Goodman J.E., Fonong T., Odwin S., He P., Roberts D.W., Yager J.D. The effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition on estrogen metabolite and oxidative DNA damage levels in estradiol-treated MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:7488-7494.
41. Lu F., Zahid M., Saeed M., Cavalieri E.L., Rogan E.G. Estrogen metabolism and formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in estradiol-treated MCF-10F cells. The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction and catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 105:150-158.
42. Bradlow H.L., Hershcopf R.E., Fishman J.F. Oestradiol 16 alpha-hydroxylase: a risk marker for breast cancer. Cancer Surv. 1986, 5:573-583.
43. Telang N.T., Suto A., Wong G.Y., Osborne M.P., Bradlow H.L. Induction by estrogen metabolite 16alpha-hydroxyestrone of genotoxic damage and aberrant proliferation in mouse mammary epithelial cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1992, 84:634-638.
44. Suto A., Bradlow H.L., Wong G.Y., Osborne M.P., Telang N.T. Experimental down regulation of intermediate biomarkers of carcinogenesis in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1993, 27:193-202.
45. Suto A., Bradlow H.L., Wong G.Y., Osborne M.P., Telang N.T. Persistent estrogen responsiveness of ras oncogene-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells. Steroids 1992, 57:262-268.
46. Bradlow H.L., Hershcopf R.J., Martucci C.P., Fishman J. Estradiol 16 alpha-hydroxylation in the mouse correlates with mammary tumor incidence and presence of murine mammary tumor virus: a possible model for the hormonal etiology of breast cancer in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985, 82:6295-6299.
47. Osborne M.P., Bradlow H.L., Wong G.Y., Telang N.T. Upregulation of estradiol C16 alpha-hydroxylation in human breast tissue: a potential biomarker of breast cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1993, 85:1917-1920.
48. Guldberg H.C., Marsden C.A. Catechol-O-methyl transferase: pharmacological aspects and physiological role. Pharmacol. Rev. 1975, 27:135-206.
49. Stack D.E., Byun J., Gross M.L., Rogan E.G., Cavalieri E.L. Molecular characteristics of catechol estrogen quinones in reactions with deoxyribonucleosides. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1996, 9:851-859.
50. Circu M.L., Aw T.Y. Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2010, 48:749-762.
51. Grossman M.H., Emanuel B.S., Budarf M.L. Chromosomal mapping of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to 22q11.1-q11.2. Genomics. 1992, 12:822-825.
52. Lachman H.M., Papolos D.F., Saito T., Yu Y.M., Szumlanski C.L., Weinshilboum R.M. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics:description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 1996, 6:243-250.
53. Dawling S., Roodi N., Mernaugh R.L., Wang X., Parl F.F. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)-mediated metabolism of catechol estrogens:comparison of wild-type and variant COMT isoforms. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:6716-6722.
54. Yim D.S., Parkb S.K., Yoo K.Y., Yoon K.S., Chung H.H., Kang H.L., Ahn S.H., Noh D.Y., Choe K.J., Jang I.J., Shin S.G., Strickland P.T., Hirvonen A., Kang D. Relationship between the Val158Met polymorphism of catechol Omethyl transferase and breast cancer. Pharmacogenetics 2001, 11:279-286.
55. Lavigne J.A., Helzlsouer K.J., Huang H.Y., Strickland P.T., Bell D.A., Selmin O., Watson M.A., Hoffman S., Comstock G.W., Yager J.D. An association between the allele coding for a low activity variant of catechol-Omethyltransferase and the risk for breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:5493-5497.
56. Thompson P.A., Shields P.G., Freudenheim J.L., Stone A., Vena J.E., Marshall J.R., Graham S., Laughlin R., Nemoto T., Kadlubar F.F., Ambrosone C.B. Genetic polymorphisms in catechol-O-methyltransferase, menopausal status, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res. 1998, 58:2107-2110.
57. Mitrunen K., Jourenkova N., Kataja V., Eskelinen M., Kosma V.M., Benhamou S., Kang D., Vainio H., Uusitupa M., Hirvonen A. Polymorphic catechol-Omethyltransferase gene and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10:635-640.
58. Qin X., Peng Q., Qin A., Chen Z., Lin L., Deng Y., Xie L., Xu J., Li H., Li T., Li S., Zhao J. Association of COMT Val158Met polymorphism and breast cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. Diagnostic Pathol. 2012, 7:136.
59. Cavalieri E.L., Rogan E.G. Unbalanced metabolism of endogenous estrogens in the etiology and prevention of human cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2011, 125:169-180.
60. Taioli E., Bradlow H.L., Garbers S.V., Sepkovic D.W., Osborne M.P., Trachman J., Ganguly S., Garte S.J. Role of estradiol metabolism and CYP1A1 polymorphisms in breast cancer risk. Cancer Detect Prev. 1999, 23:232-237.
61. Miyoshi Y., Takahashi Y., Egawa C., Noguchi S. Breast cancer risk associated with CYP1A1genetic polymorphisms in Japanese women. Breast J. 2002, 8:209-221.
62. Watanabe J., Shimada T., Gillam E.M., Ikuta T., Suemasu K., Higashi Y., Gotoh O., Kawajiri K. Association of CYP1B1genetic polymorphism with incidence to breast and lung cancer. Pharmacogenetics 2000, 10:25-33.
63. Zheng W., Xie D.W., Jin F., Cheng J.R., Dai Q., Wen W.Q., Shu X.O., Gao Y.T. Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450-1B1 and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000, 9:147-150.
64. Rylander-Rudqvist T., Wedren S., Granath F., Humphreys K., Ahlberg S., Weiderpass E., Oscarson M., Ingelman-Sundberg M., Persson I. Cytochrome P450 1B1 gene polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2003, 24:1533-1539.
65. de Jong M.M., Nolte I.M., te Meerman G.J., van der Graaf W.T., Oosterwijk J.C., Kleibeuker J.H., Schaapveld M., de Vries E.G. Genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 involved in breast cancer susceptibility. J. Med. Genet. 2002, 39:225-242.
66. Reding K.W., Weiss N.S., Chen C., Li C.I., Carlson C.S., Wilkerson H.W., Farin F.M., Thummel K.E., Daling J.R., Malone K.E. Genetic polymorphisms in the catechol estrogen metabolism pathway and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18:1461-1467.
67. Wen W., Cai Q., Shu X.O., Cheng J.R., Parl F., Pierce L., Gao Y.T., Zheng W. Cytochrome P450 1B1 and catechol-O-methyltransferase genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in Chinese women: results from the Shanghai breast cancer study and a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:329-335.
68. Li N., Dong J., Hu Z., Shen H., Dai M. Potentially functional polymorphisms in ESR1 and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2010, 121:177-184.
69. Yu K.D., Rao N.Y., Chen A.X., Fan L., Yang C., Shao Z.M. A systematic review of the relationship between polymorphic sites in the estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) gene and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 126:37-45.
70. S. Chattopadhyay, S. Siddiqui, M.S. Akhtar, M.Z. Najm, S.V. Deo, N.K. Shukla, S.A. Husain, Genetic polymorphisms of ESR1, ESR2, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1 and the risk of breast cancer: a case control study from North India, Tumour Biol. 2014. (Epub ahead of print).
71. Talbott K.E., Gammon M.D., Kibriya M.G., Chen Y., Teitelbaum S.L., Long C.M., Gurvich I., Santella R.M., Ahsan H. A CYP19 (aromatase) polymorphism is associated with increased premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2008, 111:481-487.
72. Reding K.W., Chen C., Lowe K., Doody D.R., Carlson C.S., Chen C.T., Houck J., Weiss L.K., Marchbanks P.A., Bernstein L., Spirtas R., McDonald J.A., Strom B.L., Burkman R.T., Simon M.S., Liff J.M., Daling J.R., Malone K.E. Estrogen-related genes and their contribution to racial differences in breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2012, 23:671-681.
73. Cai Q., Kataoka N., Li C., Wen W., Smith J.R., Gao Y.T., Shu X.O., Zheng W. Haplotype analyses of CYP19A1 gene variants and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17:27-32.
74. Feigelson H.S., Coetzee G.A., Kolonel L.N., Ross R.K., Henderson B.E. A polymorphism in the CYP17 gene increases the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:1063-1065.
75. Chen Y., Gammon M.D., Teitelbaum S.L., Britton J.A., Terry M.B., Shantakumar S., Eng S.M., Wang Q., Gurvich I., Neugut A.I., Santella R.M., Ahsan H. Estrogen-biosynthesis gene CYP17 and its interactions with reproductive, hormonal and lifestyle factors in breast cancer risk: results from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Carcinogenesis 2008, 29:766-771.
76. Helzlsouer K.J., Huang H.Y., Strickland P.T., Hoffman S., Alberg A.J., Comstock G.W., Bell D.A. Association between CYP17 polymorphisms and the development of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998, 7:945-949.
77. Setiawan V.W., Schumacher F.R., Haiman C.A., Stram D.O., Albanes D., Altshuler D., Berglund G., Buring J., Calle E.E., Clavel-Chapelon F., Cox D.G., Gaziano J.M., Hankinson S.E., Hayes R.B., Henderson B.E., Hirschhorn J., Hoover R., Hunter D.J., Kaaks R., Kolonel L.N., Kraft P., Ma J., Le Marchand L., Linseisen J., Lund E., Navarro C., Overvad K., Palli D., Peeters P.H., Pike M.C., Riboli E., Stampfer M.J., Thun M.J., Travis R., Trichopoulos D., Yeager M., Ziegler R.G., Spencer Feigelson H., Chanock S.J. CYP17 genetic variation and risk of breast and prostate cancer from the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16:2237-2246.
78. Parl F.F. Estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. Estrogens, estrogen receptor and breast cancer 2000, IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 135-204.
79. Trichopoulos D., MacMahon B., Cole P. Menopause and breast cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1972, 48:605-613.
80. Roodi N., Bailey L.R., Kao W.Y., Verrier C.S., Yee C.J., Dupont W.D., Parl F.F. Estrogen receptor gene analysis in estrogen receptor-positive and receptor-negative primary breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1995, 87:446-451.
81. Gordon G.B., Bush T.L., Helzlsouer K.J., Miller S.R., Comstock G.W. Relationship of serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1990, 50:3859-3862.
82. Toniolo P.G., Levitz M., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Banerjee S., Koenig K.L., Shore R.E., Strax P., Pasternack B.S. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1995, 87:190-197.
83. Dorgan J.F., Longcope C., Stephenson H.E., Falk R.T., Miller R., Franz C., Kahle L., Campbell W.S., Tangrea J.A., Schatzkin A. Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996, 5:533-539.
84. Berrino F., Muti P., Micheli A., Bolelli G., Krogh V., Sciajno R., Pisani P., Panico S., Secreto G. Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996, 88:291-296.
85. Dorgan J.F., Stanczyk F.Z., Longcope C., Stephenson H.E., Chang L., Miller R., Franz C., Falk R.T., Kahle L. Relationship of serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol to risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers prev. 1997, 6:177-181.
86. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A.B., Bruning P.F., Bonfrer J.M., Koenig K.L., Shore R.E., Kim M.Y., Pasternack B.S., Toniolo P. Relation of serum levels of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 145:1030-1038.
87. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., Spiegelman D., Barbieri R.L., Speizer F.E. Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1998, 90:1292-1299.
88. Cauley J.A., Lucas F.L., Kuller L.H., Stone K., Browner W., Cummings S.R. Elevated serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations are associated with a high risk for breast cancer. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann. Internal Med. 1999, 130:270-277.
89. Key T., Appleby P., Barnes I., Reeves G. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer collaborative group, Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002, 94:606-616.
90. Manjer J., Johansson R., Berglund G., Janzon L., Kaaks R., Agren A., Lenner P. Postmenopausal breast cancer risk in relation to sex steroid hormones, prolactin and SHBG (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 2003, 14:599-607.
91. Missmer S.A., Eliassen A.H., Barbieri R.L., Hankinson S.E. Endogenous estrogen, androgen, and progesterone concentrations and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 2004, 96:1856-1865.
92. Kaaks R., Rinaldi S., Key T.J., Berrino F., Peeters P.H., Biessy C., Dossus L., Lukanova A., Bingham S., Khaw K.T., Allen N.E., Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B., van Gils C.H., Grobbee D., Boeing H., Lahmann P.H., Nagel G., Chang-Claude J., Clavel-Chapelon F., Fournier A., Thiébaut A., González C.A., Quirós J.R., Tormo M.J., Ardanaz E., Amiano P., Krogh V., Palli D., Panico S., Tumino R., Vineis P., Trichopoulou A., Kalapothaki V., Trichopoulos D., Ferrari P., Norat T., Saracci R., Riboli E. Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2005, 12:1071-1082.
93. Eliassen A.H., Missmer S.A., Tworoger S.S., Hankinson S.E. Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer: Does the association vary by a woman's predicted breast cancer risk?. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24:1823-1830.
94. Baglietto L., Severi G., English D.R., Krishnan K., Hopper J.L., McLean C., Morris H.A., Tilley W.D., Giles G.G. Circulating steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer for postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010, 19:492-502.
95. Costantino J.P., Gail M.H., Pee D., Anderson S., Redmond C.K., Benichou J., Wieand H.S. Validation studies for models projecting the risk of invasive and total breast cancer incidence. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999, 91:1541-1548.
96. Colditz G.A., Rosner B. Cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 70 years according to risk factor status: data from the Nurses' Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 152:950-964.
97. Beattie M.S., Costantino J.P., Cummings S.R., Wickerham D.L., Vogel V.G., Dowsett M., Folkerd E.J., Willett W.C., Wolmark N., Hankinson S.E. Endogenous sex hormones, risk of breast cancer, and response to tamoxifen: An ancillary study in the NSABP breast cancer prevention trial (P-1). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006, 18:110-115.
98. Manson J.E., Chlebowski R.T., Stefanick M.L., Aragaki A.K., Rossouw J.E., Prentice R.L., Anderson G., Howard B.V., Thomson C.A., LaCroix A.Z., Wactawski-Wende J., Jackson R.D., Limacher M., Margolis K.L., Wassertheil-Smoller S., Beresford S.A., Cauley J.A., Eaton C.B., Gass M., Hsia J., Johnson K.C., Kooperberg C., Kuller L.H., Lewis C.E., Liu S., Martin L.W., Ockene J.K., O'Sullivan M.J., Powell L.H., Simon M.S., Van Horn L., Vitolins M.Z., Wallace R.B. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013, 310:1353-1368.
99. Chlebowski R.T., Anderson G.L. Changing concepts: menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer,. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012, 104:517-527.
100. Joffe M.M., Byrne C., Colditz G.A. Postmenopausal hormone use, screening and breast cancer characterization and control of a bias. Epidemiology 2001, 12:429-438.
101. Zhang X., Tworoger S.S., Eliassen A.H., Hankinson S.E. Postmenopausal plasma sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk over 20 years of follow-up. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2013, 137:883-892.
102. Key T.J. Endogenous oestrogens and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Steroids 2011, 76:812-815.
103. Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Reeves G.K., Roddam A., Dorgan J.F., Longcope C., Stanczyk F.Z., Stephenson H.E., Falk R.T., Miller R., Schatzkin A., Allen D.S., Fentiman I.S., Key T.J., Wang D.Y., Dowsett M., Thomas H.V., HankinsonE S.E., Toniolo P., Akhmedkhanov A., Koenig K., Shore R.E., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Berrino F., Muti P., Micheli A., Krogh V., Sieri S., Pala V., Venturelli E., Secreto G., Barrett-Connor E., Laughlin G.A., Kabuto M., Akiba S., Stevens R.G., Neriishi K., Land C.E., Cauley J.A., Kuller L.H., Cummings S.R., Helzlsouer K.J., Alberg A.J., Bush T.L., Comstock G.W., Gordon G.B., Miller S.R., Longcope C. Endogenous hormones breast cancer collaborative group, body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003, 95:1218-1226.
104. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Reeves G.K., Roddam A.W., Helzlsouer K.J., Alberg A.J., Rollison D.E., Dorgan J.F., Brinton L.A., Overvad K., Kaaks R., Trichopoulou A., Clavel-Chapelon F., Panico S., Duell E.J., Peeters P.H., Rinaldi S., Fentiman I.S., Dowsett M., Manjer J., Lenner P., Hallmans G., Baglietto L., English D.R., Giles G.G., Hopper J.L., Severi G., Morris H.A., Hankinson S.E., Tworoger S.S., Koenig K., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Arslan A.A., Toniolo P., Shore R.E., Krogh V., Micheli A., Berrino F., Barrett-Connor E., Laughlin G.A., Kabuto M., Akiba S., Stevens R.G., Neriishi K., Land C.E., Cauley J.A., Lui L.Y., Cummings S.R., Gunter M.J., Rohan T.E., Strickler H.D. Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies. Br. J. Cancer 2011, 105:709-722.
105. McCormack V.A., dos Santos Silva I. Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006, 15:1159-1169.
106. Söderqvist G. Effects of sex steroids on proliferation in normal mammary tissue. Ann. Med. 1998, 30:511-524.
107. Henderson B.E., Ross R.K., Bernstein L. Estrogens as a cause of human cancer: the richard and hinda rosenthal foundation award lecture. Cancer Res. 1988, 48:246-253.
108. Verheus M., Peeters P.H., van Noord P.A., van der Schouw Y.T., Grobbee D.E., van Gils C.H. No relationship between circulating levels of sex steroids and mammographic breast density: the Prospect-EPIC cohort. Breast Cancer Res. 2007, 9:R53.
109. Tamimi R.M., Hankinson S.E., Colditz G.A., Byrne C. Endogenous sex hormone levels and mammographic density among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:2641-2647.
110. Greendale G.A., Palla S.L., Ursin G., Laughlin G.A., Crandall C., Pike M.C., Reboussin B.A. The association of endogenous sex steroids and sex steroid binding proteins with mammographic density: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Mammographic Density Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 162:826-834.
111. van Landeghem A.A., Poortman J., Nabuurs M., Thijssen J.H. Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of estrogens in normal and malignant human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 1985, 45:2900-2906.
112. Lønning P.E., Helle H., Duong N.K., Ekse D., Aas T., Geisler J. Tissue estradiol is selectively elevated in receptor positive breast cancers while tumour estrone is reduced independent of receptor status. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2009, 117:31-41.
113. Lønning P.E., Haynes B.P., Straume A.H., Dunbier A., Helle H., Knappskog S., Dowsett Mitch Exploring breast cancer estrogen disposition: the basis for endocrine manipulation. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 17:4948-4958.
114. Hankinson S.E., Eliassen A.H. Endogenous estrogen, testosterone and progesterone levels in relation to breast cancer risk. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 106:24-30.
115. Kabat G.C., Chang C.J., Sparano J.A., Sepkovie D.W., Hu X.P., Khalil A., Rosenblatt R., Bradlow H.L. Urinary estrogen metabolites and breast cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997, 6:505-509.
116. Meilahn E.N., De Stavola B., Allen D.S., Fentiman I., Bradlow H.L., Sepkovic D.W., Kuller L.H. Do urinary oestrogen metabolites predict breast cancer? Guernsey III cohort follow-up. Br. J. Cancer 1998, 78:1250-1255.
117. Dallal C.M., Stone R.A., Cauley J.A., Ness R.B., Vogel V.G., Fentiman I.S., Fowke J.H., Krogh V., Loft S., Meilahn E.N., Muti P., Olsen A., Overvad K., Sieri S., Tjønneland A., Ursin G., Wellejus A., Taioli E. Urinary estrogen metabolites and breast cancer: a combined analysis of individual level data. Int. J. Biol. Markers 2013, 23:3-16.
118. Obi N., Vrieling A., Heinz J., Chang-Claude J. Estrogen metabolite ratio: Is the 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone ratio predictive for breast cancer?. Int. J. Womens Health 2011, 8:37-51.
119. Fuhrman B.J., Schairer C., Gail M.H., Boyd-Morin J., Xu X., Sue L.Y., Buys S.S., Isaacs C., Keefer L.K., Veenstra T.D., Berg C.D., Hoover R.N., Ziegler R.G. Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012, 104:326-339.
120. Dallal C.M., Tice J.A., Buist D.S., Bauer D.C., Lacey J.V., Cauley J.A., Hue T.F., Lacroix A., Falk R.T., Pfeiffer R., Fuhrman B.J., Veenstra T.D., Xu X., Brinton L.A. Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women: a case-cohort study within B~FIT. Carcinogenesis 2014, 35:346-355.
121. Falk R.T., Brinton L.A., Dorgan J.F., Fuhrman B.J., Veenstra T.D., Xu X., Gierach G.L. Relationship of serum estrogens and estrogen metabolites to postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a nested case-control study. Breast Cancer Res. 2013, 15:R34.
122. Wysowski D.K., Comstock G.W., Helsing K.J., Lau H.L. Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1987, 125:791-799.
123. Helzlsouer K.J., Alberg A.J., Bush T.L., Longcope C., Gordon G.B., Comstock G.W. A prospective study of endogenous hormones and breast cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev. 1994, 18:79-85.
124. Rosenberg C.R., Pasternack B.S., Shore R.E., Koenig K.L., Toniolo P.G. Premenopausal estradiol levels and the risk of breast cancer: a new method of controlling for day of the menstrual cycle. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 140:518-525.
125. Thomas H.V., Key T.J., Allen D.S., Moore J.W., Dowsett M., Fentiman I.S., Wang D.Y. A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br. J. Cancer 1997, 75:1075-1079.
126. Kabuto M., Akiba S., Stevens R.G., Neriishi K., Land C.E. A prospective study of estradiol and breast cancer in Japanese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000, 9:575-579.
127. Kaaks R., Berrino F., Key T., Rinaldi S., Dossus L., Biessy C., Secreto G., Amiano P., Bingham S., Boeing H., Bueno de Mesquita H.B., Chang-Claude J., Clavel-Chapelon F., Fournier A., van Gils C.H., Gonzalez C.A., Gurrea A.B., Critselis E., Khaw K.T., Krogh V., Lahmann P.H., Nagel G., Olsen A., Onland-Moret N.C., Overvad K., Palli D., Panico S., Peeters P., Quirós J.R., Roddam A., Thiebaut A., Tjønneland A., Chirlaque M.D., Trichopoulou A., Trichopoulos D., Tumino R., Vineis P., Norat T., Ferrari P., Slimani N., Riboli E. Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005, 97:755-765.
128. Dorgan J.F., Stanczyk F.Z., Kahle L.L., Brinton L.A. Prospective case-control study of premenopausal serum estradiol and testosterone levels and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12:R98.
129. Eliassen A.H., Missmer S.A., Tworoger S.S., Spiegelman D., Barbieri R.L., Dowsett M., Hankinson S.E. Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006, 98:1406-1415.
130. Schernhammer E.S., Sperati F., Razavi P., Agnoli C., Sieri S., Berrino F., Krogh V., Abbagnato C.A., Grioni S., Blandino G., Schunemann H.J., Muti P. Endogenous sex steroids in premenopausal women and risk of breast cancer: the ORDET cohort. Breast Cancer Res. 2013, 15:R46.
131. Fortner R.T., Eliassen A.H., Spiegelman D., Willett W.C., Barbieri R.L., Hankinson S.E. Premenopausal endogenous steroid hormones and breast cancer risk: results from the Nurses' Health Study II. Breast Cancer Res. 2013, 15:R19.
132. Hankinson S.E., Eliassen A.H. Circulating sex steroids and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. Horm Cancer 2010, 1:2-10.
133. Russo J., Russo I.H. Genotoxicity of steroidal estrogens. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 15:211-214.
134. Walker K., Bratton D.J., Frost C. Premenopausal endogenous oestrogen levels and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 2011, 105:1451-1457.
135. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Reeves G.K., Travis R.C., Alberg A.J., Barricarte A., Berrino F., Krogh V., Sieri S., Brinton L.A., Dorgan J.F., Dossus L., Dowsett M., Eliassen A.H., Fortner R.T., Hankinson S.E., Helzlsouer K.J., Hoff man-Bolton J., Comstock G.W., Kaaks R., Kahle L.L., Muti P., Overvad K., Peeters P.H., Riboli E., Rinaldi S., Rollison D.E., Stanczyk F.Z., Trichopoulos D., Tworoger S.S., Vineis P. Sex hormones and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women: a collaborative reanalysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies. Lancet Oncol. 2013, 14:1009-1019.
136. Muti P., Bradlow H.L., Micheli A., Krogh V., Freudenheim J.L., Schunemann H.J., Stanulla M., Yang J., Sepkovic D.W., Trevisan M., Berrino F. Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study of the 2:16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 2000, 11:635-640.
137. Arslan A.A., Shore R.E., Afanasyeva Y., Koenig K.L., Toniolo P., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Circulating estrogen metabolites and risk for breast cancer in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009, 18:2273-2279.
138. Eliassen A.H., Spiegelman D., Xu X., Keefer L.K., Veenstra T.D., Barbieri R.L., Willett W.C., Hankinson S.E., Ziegler R.G. Urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites and subsequent risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. Cancer Res. 2012, 72:696-706.
139. Thomas H.V., Key T.J., Allen D.S., Moore J.W., Dowsett M., Fentiman I.S., Wang D.Y. A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br. J. Cancer 1997, 76:401-405.
140. Barrett-Connor E., Friedlander N.J., Khaw K.T. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res. 1990, 50:6571-6574.
141. Garland C.F., Friedlander N.J., Barrett-Connor E., Khaw K.T. Sex hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer: a prospective study in an adult community. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1992, 135:1220-1230.
142. Fowke J.H., Qi D., Bradlow H.L., Shu X.O., Gao Y.T., Cheng J.R., Jin F., Zheng W. Urinary estrogen metabolites and breast cancer: differential pattern of risk found with pre- versus post-treatment collection. Steroids 2003, 68:65-72.
143. Wellejus A., Olsen A., Tjonneland A., Thomsen B.L., Overvad K., Loft S. Urinary hydroxyestrogens and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women: a prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005, 14:2137-2142.
144. Ursin G., London S., Stanczyk F.Z., Gentzschein E., Paganini-Hill A., Ross R.K., Pike M.C. Urinary 2-hydroxyestrone/16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999, 91:1067-1072.
145. Kabat G.C., O'Leary E.S., Gammon M.D., Sepkovic D.W., Teitelbaum S.L., Britton J.A., Terry M.B., Neugut A.I., Bradlow H.L. Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer. Epidemiology 2006, 17:80-88.
146. Cauley J.A., Zmuda J.M., Danielson M.E., Ljung B.M., Bauer D.C., Cummings S.R., Kuller L.H. Estrogen metabolites and the risk of breast cancer in older women. Epidemiology 2003, 14:740-744.
147. Eliassen A.H., Missmer S.A., Tworoger S.S., Hankinson S.E. Circulating 2-hydroxy- and 16alpha-hydroxy estrone levels and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17:2029-2035.