Sulfate: A time capsule for Earth's O2, O3, and H2O

Chemical Geology

Volumn 395, Issue , 2015, Pages 108-118

  Bao, Huiming ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

H2O; O2; O3; Review; Sulfate oxygen isotopes; The Great Oxidation Event

Indexed keywords

GEOLOGY; ISOTOPES; OXYGEN; REVIEWS; SULFUR; SULFUR COMPOUNDS;

EARTH SYSTEMS; EARTH'S SURFACE; GREAT OXIDATION EVENT; ISOTOPE SIGNATURES; NEGATIVE DEVIATIONS; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; STABLE ISOTOPES; TRIPLE OXYGEN ISOTOPE COMPOSITION;

SULFATE MINERALS;

EARLY EARTH; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ORIGIN OF LIFE; OXYGEN; OZONE; PRECAMBRIAN; STABLE ISOTOPE; SULFATE; WATER;

EID: 84919935403     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.11.025     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Isotopes in the Water Cycle: Past, Present and Future of a Developing Science 2005, Springer, (381pp.). P.K. Aggarwal, J.R. Gat, K.F. Froehlich (Eds.).
2. Airieau S.A., et al. Planetesimal sulfate and aqueous alteration in CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69(16):4166-4171.
3. Alexander B., et al. East Antarctic ice core sulfur isotope measurements over a complete glacial-interglacial cycle. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2003, 108(D24).
4. Balci N., Shanks W.C., Mayer B., Mandernack K.W. Oxygen and sulfur isotope systematics of sulfate produced by bacterial and abiotic oxidation of pyrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71(15):3796-3811.
5. 17O-anomalous sulfate in an Oligocene ash bed. Chem. Geol. 2005, 214(1-2):127-134.
6. Bao H. Purifying synthetic barite for oxygen isotope measurement by dissolution and reprecipitation in a chelating solution. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78(1):304-309.
7. Bao H., Gu B.H. Natural perchlorate has a unique oxygen isotope signature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(19):5073-5077.
8. Bao H., Koch P.L. Oxygen isotope fractionation in ferric oxide-water systems; low temperature synthesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63(5):599-613.
9. Bao H., Marchant D.R. Quantifying sulfate components and their variations in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2006, 111(D16). 10.1029/2005JD006669.
10. Bao H., Reheis M.C. Multiple oxygen and sulfur isotopic analyses on water-soluble sulfate in bulk atmospheric deposition from the southwestern United States. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2003, 108(D14):4430. 10.1029/2002JD003022.
11. 17O. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(17):4029-4032.
12. 17O compositions in massive sulphate deposits on the Earth. Nature 2000, 406(6792):176-178.
13. Bao H., Michalski G.M., Thiemens M.H. Sulfate oxygen-17 anomalies in desert varnishes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65(13):2029-2036.
14. Bao H., Thiemens M.H., Heine K. Oxygen-17 excesses of the Central Namib gypcretes: spatial distribution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 192:125-135.
15. Bao H., Thiemens M.H., Loope D.B., Yuan X.L. Sulfate oxygen-17 anomaly in an Oligocene ash bed in mid-North America: was it the dry fogs?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30(16).
16. Bao H., Rumble D., Lowe D.R. The five stable isotope compositions of the Fig Tree barites: implications on sulfur cycle in an early Archean ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:4868-4879.
17. Bao H., Lyons J.R., Zhou C.M. Triple oxygen isotope evidence for elevated CO2 levels after a Neoproterozoic glaciation. Nature 2008, 453(7194):504-506.
18. Bao H., Fairchild I.J., Wynn P.M., Spötl C. Stretching the Envelope of Past Surface Environments: Neoproterozoic Glacial Lakes from Svalbard. Science 2009, 323:119-122.
19. Bao H., Yu S.C., Tong D.Q. Massive volcanic SO2 oxidation and sulphate aerosol deposition in Cenozoic North America. Nature 2010, 465(7300):909-912.
20. 17O record of late Neoproterozoic glaciation in the Kimberley region, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 2012, 216-219:152-161.
21. 2O. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 19(24):3737-3742.
22. 18O in air and their implications for isotope hydrology. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 21(18):2999-3005.
23. Beerling D.J. Quantitative estimates of changes in marine and terrestrial primary productivity over the past 300million years. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 1999, 266(1431):1821-1827.
24. Bender M., Sowers T., Labeyrie L. The Dole effect and its variations during the last 130,000years as measured in the Vostok ice core. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1994, 8(3):363-376.
25. Bernard A., Demaiffe D., Mattielli N., Punongbayan R.S. Anhydrite-bearing pumices from Mount Pinatubo; further evidence for the existence of sulphur-rich silicic magmas. Nature 1991, 354(6349):139-140.
26. 2. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70(23):5653-5664.
27. Bindeman I.N., Eiler J.M., Wing B.A., Farquhar J. Rare sulfur and triple oxygen isotope geochemistry of volcanogenic sulfate aerosols. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71(9):2326-2343.
28. 18O of dissolved inorganic phosphate and textural features of synthetic apatites. Am. Mineral. 1998, 83(11-12 PT2):1516-1531.
29. Blowes D.W., Ptacek C.J., Jambor J.L., Weisener C.G. The geochemistry of acid mine drainage. Environmental Geochemistry. Treatise on Geochemistry 2004, 149-204. Elsevier. B.S. Lollar, H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekrian (Eds.).
30. Bontognali T.R.R., et al. Sulfur isotopes of organic matter preserved in 3.45-billion-year-old stromatolites reveal microbial metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109(38):15146-15151.
31. Böttcher M.E., Bernasconi S.M., Brumsack H.-J. Carbon, sulfur, and oxygen isotope geochemistry of interstitial waters from the western Mediterranean. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 1999, 161:413-421.
32. Böttcher M.E., Thamdrup B., Vennemann T.W. Oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation during anaerobic bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65(10):1601-1609.
33. Brunner B., et al. Different isotope and chemical patterns of pyrite oxidation related to lag and exponential growth phases of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans reveal a microbial growth strategy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 270(1-2):63-72.
34. Brunner B., et al. The reversibility of dissimilatory sulphate reduction and the cell-internal multi-step reduction of sulphite to sulphide: insights from the oxygen isotope composition of sulphate. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 2012, 48(1):33-54.
35. Burdett J.W., Arthur M.A., Richardson M. A Neogene seawater sulfur isotope age curve from calcareous pelagic microfossils. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1989, 94(3-4):189-198.
36. Campbell J.L., et al. Quantitative in situ determination of hydration of bright high-sulfate Martian soils. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 2008, 113(E6).
37. Canfield D.E. The early history of atmospheric oxygen: homage to Robert A Garrels. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2005, 33:1-36.
38. Cao X.B., Bao H.M. Dynamic model constraints on oxygen-17 depletion in atmospheric O-2 after a snowball Earth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110(36):14546-14550.
39. Cao X.B., Liu Y. Equilibrium mass-dependent fractionation relationships for triple oxygen isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75(23):7435-7445.
40. Cerling T.E. Does the gas content of amber reveal the composition of palaeoatmospheres. Nature 1989, 339(6227):695-696.
41. Chiba H., Kusakabe M., Hirano S.I., Matsuo S., Somiya S. Oxygen isotope fractionation factors between anhydrite and water from 100°C to 550°C. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1981, 53(1):55-62.
42. Colman A.S., Blake R.E., Karl D.M., Fogel M.L., Turekian K.K. Marine phosphate oxygen isotopes and organic matter remineralization in the oceans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005, 102(37):13023-13028.
43. Dole M. The relative atomic weight of oxygen in water and in air - a discussion of the atmospheric distribution of the oxygen isotopes and of the chemical standard of atomic weights. J. Chem. Phys. 1936, 4(4):268-275.
44. Evans D.A.D. Proterozoic low orbital obliquity and axial-dipolar geomagnetic field from evaporite palaeolatitudes. Nature 2006, 444(7115):51-55.
45. Farquhar J., Bao H., Thiemens M. Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle. Science 2000, 289(5480):756-758.
46. Farquhar J., Johnston D.T., Wing B.A. Implications of conservation of mass effects on mass-dependent isotope fractionations: influence of network structure on sulfur isotope phase space of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71(24):5862-5875.
47. Farquhar J., Canfield D.E., Masterson A., Bao H., Johnston D. Sulfur and oxygen isotope study of sulfate reduction in experiments with natural populations from Faellestrand, Denmark. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72(12):2805-2821.
48. Farrand W.H., Glotch T.D., Rice J.W., Hurowitz J.A., Swayze G.A. Discovery of jarosite within the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars: implications for the geologic history of the region. Icarus 2009, 204(2):478-488.
49. Fritz P., Basharmal G.M., Drimmie R.J., Ibsen J., Qureshi R.M. Oxygen isotope exchange between sulphate and water during bacterial reduction of sulphate. Chem. Geol. 1989, 79(2):99-105.
50. Gamsjäger H., Murmann R.K. Oxygen-18 exchange studies of aqua- and oxo-ions. Advances in Inorganic and Bioinorganic Mechanisms 1983, 317-381. Academic Press. A.G. Sykes (Ed.).
51. Gellatly A.M., Lyons T.W. Trace sulfate in mid-Proterozoic carbonates and the sulfur isotope record of biospheric evolution. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69(15):3813-3829.
52. Glindemann D., Bergmann A., Stottmeister U., Gassmann G. Phosphine in the lower terrestrial troposphere. Naturwissenschaften 1996, 83(3):131-133.
53. Goldhaber M.B. Experimental-study of metastable sulfur oxyanion formation during pyrite oxidation at pH6-9 and 30°C. Am. J. Sci. 1983, 283(3):193-217.
54. Grosch E.G., McLoughlin N. Paleoarchean sulfur cycle and biogeochemical surface conditions on the early Earth, Barberton, South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2013, 377:142-154.
55. 18O calibration of the sulfate reference materials NBS-127, IAEA SO-5 and IAEA SO-6. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 2007, 31(1):61-68.
56. Hall N.F., Alexander O.R. Oxygen exchange between anions and water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62:3455-3462.
57. Hannon J.E., Bohlke J.K., Mroczkowski S.J. Effects of nitrate and water on the oxygen isotopic analysis of barium sulfate precipitated from water samples. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 22(24):4109-4120.
58. Hanor J.S. Barite-celestine geochemistry and environments of formation. Sulfate Minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 2000, 193-275. Mineralogical Society of America, Geochemical Society, Washington, DC. C.N. Alpers, J.L. Jambor, D.K. Nordstrom (Eds.).
59. Heinrichs T.K., Reimer T.O. A sedimentary barite deposit from the Archean Fig Tree Group of the Barberton Mountain Land (South Africa). Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. 1977, 72(8):1426-1441.
60. Hoffman P.F., Kaufman A.J., Halverson G.P., Schrag D.P. A Neoproterozoic snowball earth. Science 1998, 281(5381):1342-1346.
61. Holland H.D. 100th anniversary special paper: sedimentary mineral deposits and the evolution of earth's near-surface environments. Econ. Geol. 2005, 100(8):1489-1509.
62. 2. Atmos. Environ. 1984, 18(10):2089-2094.
63. Howell K.J., Bao H.M. Caliche as a geological repository for atmospheric sulfate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33(13).
64. Hubbard C.G., Black S., Coleman M.L. Aqueous geochemistry and oxygen isotope compositions of acid mine drainage from the Río Tinto, SW Spain, highlight inconsistencies in current models. Chem. Geol. 2009, 265(3-4):321-334.
65. 36S contents of meteorites and their relation to chemical and nuclear effects. J. Geophys. Res. 1965, 70(14):3475-3484.
66. Hurtgen M.T., Arthur M.A., Suits N.S., Kaufman A.J. The sulfur isotopic composition of Neoproterozoic seawater sulfate: implications for a snowball Earth?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 203(1):413-429.
67. Jenkins K.A., Bao H. Multiple oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions of atmospheric sulfate in Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40(24):4528-4537.
68. 16O to trace atmospherically-deposited sulfate in surface waters: a case study in alpine watersheds in the Rocky Mountains. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28(23):4483-4486.
69. Johnston D.T. Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of Earth's surface sulfur cycle. Earth Sci. Rev. 2011, 106(1-2):161-183.
70. Johnston J.C., Thiemens M.H. The isotopic composition of tropospheric ozone in three environments. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 1997, 102(D21):25395-25404.
71. Jones B.F., Deocampo D.M. Geochemistry of saline lakes. Treatise on Geochemistry 2003, 393-424. Elservier. J.I. Drever, H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (Eds.).
72. Kah L.C., Lyons T.W., Chesley J.T. Geochemistry of a 1.2Ga carbonate-evaporite succession, northern Baffin and Bylot Islands: implications for Mesoproterozoic marine evolution. Precambrian Res. 2001, 111(1-4):203-234.
73. Kampschulte A., Strauss H. The sulfur isotopic evolution of Phanerozoic seawater based on the analysis of structurally substituted sulfate in carbonates. Chem. Geol. 2004, 204(3-4):255-286.
74. Kasting J.F., Howard M.T., Wallmann K., Veizer J., Shields G., Jaffres J. Paleoclimates, ocean depth, and the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 252(1-2):82-93.
75. Kharaka Y.K., Hanor J.S. Deep fluids in the continents: I. Sedimentary basins. Treatise on Geochemistry 2007, 1-48. Elsevier. H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (Eds.).
76. Killingsworth B.A., Hayles J.A., Zhou C.M., Bao H. Sedimentary constraints on the duration of the Marinoan Oxygen-17 Depletion (MOSD) event. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110(44):17686-17690.
77. Kohl I.E., Bao H. Triple-oxygen-isotope determination of molecular oxygen incorporation in sulfate produced during abiotic pyrite oxidation (pH=2-11). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75(7):1785-1798.
78. Kohl I.E., Asatryan R., Bao H. No oxygen isotope exchange between water and APS-sulfate at surface temperature: evidence from quantum chemical modeling and triple-oxygen isotope experiments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 95:106-118.
79. Kounaves S.P., Stroble S.T., Anderson R.M., Moore Q., Catling D.C., Douglas S., McKay C.P., Ming D.W., Smith P.H., Tamppari L.K., Zent A.P. Discovery of natural perchlorate in the Antarctic Dry Valleys and its global implications. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(7):2360-2364.
80. Krouse H.R., Mayer B. Sulphur and oxygen isotopes in sulphate. Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology 2000, 195-231. Springer, US. P.G. Cook, A.L. Herczeg (Eds.).
81. Kump L.R. The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 2008, 451(7176):277-278.
82. Kunasek S.A., Alexander B., Steig E.J., Sofen E.D., Jackson T.L., Thiemens M.H., McConnell J.R., Gleason D.J., Amos H.M. Sulfate sources and oxidation chemistry over the past 230years from sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate in a West Antarctic ice core. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2010, 115.
83. 2O system from 110 to 350°C and applications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1977, 41(8):1033-1040.
84. 17O-excess in ice from Vostok Antarctica during the last 150,000years. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(2).
85. Lasaga A.C., Ohmoto H. The oxygen geochemical cycle: dynamics and stability. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(3):361-381.
86. 18O measurements of atmospheric sulfate from a coastal and high alpine region: a mass-independent isotopic anomaly. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2001, 106(D15):17359-17373.
87. 2 in aqueous solution. Am. Geophys. Union 1998, 79(45, Suppl.):F91. (1998 fall meeting).
88. 18O) isotopic ratios of primary sulfate produced from combustion processes. Tellus Ser. B Chem. Phys. Meteorol. 2002, 54B(3):193-200.
89. Li X.Q., Bao H., Gan Y.Q., Zhou A.G., Liu Y.D. Multiple oxygen and sulfur isotope compositions of secondary atmospheric sulfate in a mega-city in central China. Atmos. Environ. 2013, 81:591-599.
90. Liang J., Jacobson M.Z. A study of sulfur dioxide oxidation pathways over a range of liquid water contents, pH values, and temperatures. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 1999, 104(D11):13749-13769.
91. Lin Y., Clayton R.N., Huang L., Nakamura N., Lyons J.R. Oxygen isotope anomaly observed in water vapor from Alert, Canada and the implication for the stratosphere. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110(39):15608-15613.
92. Luther G.W. Pyrite oxidation and reduction: molecular orbital theory considerations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51(12):3193-3199.
93. Luz B., Barkan E. Assessment of oceanic productivity with the triple-isotope composition of dissolved oxygen. Science 2000, 288(5473):2028-2031.
94. 16O in molecular oxygen and their significance in biogeochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69(5):1099-1110.
95. Luz B., Barkan E., Bender M.L., Thiemens M.H., Boering K.A. Triple-isotope composition of atmospheric oxygen as a tracer of biosphere productivity. Nature 1999, 400(6744):547-550.
96. Luz B., Barkan E., Yam R., Shemesh A. Fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in evaporating water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73(22):6697-6703.
97. Lyons J.R. Transfer of mass-independent fractionation in ozone to other oxygen-containing radicals in the atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28(17):3231-3234.
98. Lyons T.W., Reinhard C.T., Planavsky N.J. The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere. Nature 2014, 506(7488):307-315.
99. Mandernack K.W., Fogel M.L., Tebo B.M., Usui A. Oxygen-isotope analyses of chemically and microbially produced manganese oxides and manganates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59(21):4409-4425.
100. Mangold N., Gendrin A., Gondet B., LeMouelic S., Quantin C., Ansan V., Bibring J.P., Langevin Y., Masson P., Neukum G. Spectral and geological study of the sulfate-rich region of West Candor Chasma, Mars. Icarus 2008, 194(2):519-543.
101. Matsuhisa Y., Goldsmith J.R., Clayton R.N. Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43(7):1131-1140.
102. McCabe J.R., Savarino J., Alexander B., Gong S.L., Thiemens M.H. Isotopic constraints on non-photochemical sulfate production in the Arctic winter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33(5).
103. McHenry J.N., Dennis R.L. The relative importance of oxidation pathways and clouds to atmospheric ambient sulfate production as predicted by the regional acid deposition model. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1994, 33(7):890-905.
104. Michalski G., B[U+04E7]hlke J.K., Thiemens M. Long term atmospheric deposition as the source of nitrate and other salts in the Atacama Desert, Chile: new evidence from mass-independent oxygen isotopic compositions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68(20):4023-4038.
105. Mizutani Y. An improvement in the carbon-reduction method for the oxygen isotopic analysis of sulphates. Geochem. J. 1971, 5:69-77.
106. Mizutani Y., Rafter T.A. Isotopic behaviour of sulphate oxygen in the bacterial reduction of sulphate. Geochem. J. 1973, 6(4):183-191.
107. Moreira N.F., Walter L.M., Vasconcelos C., McKenzie J.A., McCall P.J. Role of sulfide oxidation in dolomitization: sediment and pore-water geochemistry of a modern hypersaline lagoon system. Geology 2004, 32(8):701-704.
108. Müller I.A., Brunner B., Coleman M. Isotopic evidence of the pivotal role of sulfite oxidation in shaping the oxygen isotope signature of sulfate. Chem. Geol. 2013, 354:186-202.
109. Nijman W., de Bruijne K.H., Valkering M.E. Growth fault control of Early Archaean cherts, barite mounds and chert-barite veins, North Pole Dome, Eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Precambrian Res. 1998, 88(1-4):25-52.
110. Ono S., Wing B., Johnston D., Farquhar J., Rumble D. Mass-dependent fractionation of quadruple stable sulfur isotope system as a new tracer of sulfur biogeochemical cycles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70(9):2238-2252.
111. Pavlov A.A., Kasting J.F. Mass-independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere. Astrobiology 2002, 2(1):27-41.
112. Paytan A., Kolodny Y., Neori A., Luz B. Rapid biologically mediated oxygen isotope exchange between water and phosphate. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16(1).
113. Paytan A., Mearon S., Cobb K., Kastner M. Origin of marine barite deposits: Sr and S isotope characterization. Geology 2002, 30(8):747-750.
114. 17O-depleted barite from two Marinoan cap dolostone sections, South China. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 305(1-2):21-31.
115. Peng Y.B., Bao H., Zhou C.M., Yuan X.L., Luo T.Y. Oxygen isotope composition of meltwater from a Neoproterozoic glaciation in South China. Geology 2013, 41(3):367-370.
116. Peng Y., et al. Widespread contamination of carbonate-associated sulfate by present-day secondary atmospheric sulfate: evidence from triple oxygen isotopes. Geology 2014, 42(9):815-818.
117. Pisapia C., Chaussidon M., Mustin C., Humbert B. O and S isotopic composition of dissolved and attached oxidation products of pyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: comparison with abiotic oxidations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71(10):2474-2490.
118. Podlesak D.W., et al. Turnover of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the body water, CO2, hair, and enamel of a small mammal. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72(1):19-35.
119. Rafter T.A. Oxygen isotopic composition of sulphates; part 1, a method for the extraction of oxygen and its quantitative conversion to carbon dioxide for isotope radiation [i.e., ratio] measurements. N. Z. J. Sci. 1967, 10(2):493-510.
120. 18O tracer study of pyrite oxidation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1991, 55(6):1609-1614.
121. Rimstidt J.D., Vaughan D.J. Pyrite oxidation: a state-of-the-art assessment of the reaction mechanism. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67(5):873-880.
122. Robock A. Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys. 2000, 38(2):191-219.
123. Roerdink D.L., Mason P.R.D., Farquhar J., Reimer T. Multiple sulfur isotopes in Paleoarchean barites identify an important role for microbial sulfate reduction in the early marine environment. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 331:177-186.
124. 16 O determinations in sulphates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1971, 11(5):369-373.
125. 2 in natural water and first measurements. Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33(22):3683-3690.
126. Savarino J., Lee C.C.W., Thiemens M.H. Laboratory oxygen isotopic study of sulfur (IV) oxidation: origin of the mass-independent oxygen isotopic anomaly in atmospheric sulfates and sulfate mineral deposits on Earth. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2000, 105(D23):29079-29088.
127. Savarino J., Alexander B., Darmohusodo V., Thiemens M.H. Sulfur and oxygen isotope analysis of sulfate at micromole levels using a pyrolysis technique in a continuous flow system. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(18):4457-4462.
128. Schauer A.J., Kunasek S.A., Sofen E.D., Erbland J., Savarino J., Johnson B.W., Amos H.M., Shaheen R., Abaunza M., Jackson T.L., Thiemens M.H., Alexander B. Oxygen isotope exchange with quartz during pyrolysis of silver sulfate and silver nitrate. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2012, 26(18):2151-2157.
129. Seinfeld J.H., Pandis S.N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change 1998, Wiley, New York, 1326pp.
130. Shaheen R., Abauanza M., Jackson T.L., McCabe J., Savarino J., Thiemens M.H. Tales of volcanoes and El-Nino southern oscillations with the oxygen isotope anomaly of sulfate aerosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110(44):17662-17667.
131. Sievert S.M., Kiene R.P., Schulz-Vogt H.N. The sulfur cycle. Oceanography 2007, 20(2):117-123.
132. Socki R.A., Harvey R.P., Bish D.L., Tonui E., Bao H. Stable Isotope Systematics of Cryogenic Evaporite Deposits from Lowis Cliff Ice Tongue, Antarctica: A Mars Analog Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2008, 1964. NASA, Houston.
133. Sofen E.D., Alexander B., Kunasek S.A. The impact of anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric sulfate production pathways, oxidants, and ice core Delta O-17(SO42-). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11(7):3565-3578.
134. Strauss H. Geological evolution from isotope proxy signals - sulfur. Chem. Geol. 1999, 161(1-3):89-101.
135. Sun T., Socki R.A., Bish D.L., Harvey R.P., Bao H., Niles P., Cavicchioli R., Tonui E. Lost cold Antarctic deserts inferred from unusual sulfate formation and isotope signatures 2014, (submitted for publication).
136. Takano B., Asano Y., Watanuki K. Characterization of sulfate ion in travertine. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1980, 72:197-203.
137. Thiemens M.H. History and applications of mass-independent isotope effects. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2006, 34:217-262.
138. Thurston R.S., Mandernack K.W., Shanks Iii W.C. Laboratory chalcopyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation. Chem. Geol. 2010, 269(3-4):252-261.
139. Tichomirowa M., Junghans M. Oxygen isotope evidence for sorption of molecular oxygen to pyrite surface sites and incorporation into sulfate in oxidation experiments. Appl. Geochem. 2009, 24(11):2072-2092.
140. Turchyn A.V., Sivan O., Schrag D.P. Oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate in deep sea pore fluid: evidence for rapid sulfur cycling. Geobiology 2006, 4(3):191-201.
141. Turchyn A.V., Bruchert V., Lyons T.W., Engel G.S., Balci N., Schrag D.P., Brunner B. Kinetic oxygen isotope effects during dissimilatory sulfate reduction: a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74(7):2011-2024.
142. Uemura R., Barkan E., Abe O., Luz B. Triple isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric water vapor. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37.
143. Usher C.R., Cleveland C.A., Strongin D.R., Schoonen M.A. Origin of oxygen in sulfate during pyrite oxidation with water and dissolved oxygen: an in situ horizontal attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy isotope study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(21):5604-5606.
144. 18O in sulfate: review of experimental data and application to specific environments. Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Oxidation 1994, 446-480. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. C.N. Alpers, D.W. Blowes (Eds.).
145. Venkiteswaran J.J., Wassenaar L.I., Schiff S.L. Dynamics of dissolved oxygen isotopic ratios: a transient model to quantify primary production, community respiration, and air-water exchange in aquatic ecosystems. Oecologia 2007, 153(2):385-398.
146. 18O values. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65(15):2469-2485.
147. Wankel S.D., Bradley A.S., Eldridge D.L., Johnston D.T. Determination and application of the equilibrium oxygen isotope effect between water and sulfite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 125:694-711.
148. Warren J.K. Evaporites through time: tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits. Earth Sci. Rev. 2010, 98(3-4):217-268.
149. Wortmann U.G., Chernyavsky B., Bernasconi S.M., Brunner B., Bottcher M.E., Swart P.K. Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: dominance of isotope exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71(17):4221-4232.
150. Wray J.J., Dobrea E.Z.N., Arvidson R.E., Wiseman S.M., Squyres S.W., McEwen A.S., Mustard J.F., Murchie S.L. Phyllosilicates and sulfates at Endeavour Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L21201. 10.1029/2009GL040734.
151. Young E.D., Galy A., Nagahara H. Kinetic and equilibrium mass-dependent isotope fractionation laws in nature and their geochemical and cosmochemical significance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(6):1095-1104.
152. 1D) in the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1991, 18(1):13-16.
153. Yung Y.L., Lee A.Y.T., Irion F.W., DeMore W.B., Wen J. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: isotopic exchange with ozone and its use as a tracer in the middle atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 1997, 102(D9):10857-10866.
154. Zahn A., Franz P., Bechtel C., Grooss J.U., Rockmann T. Modelling the budget of middle atmospheric water vapour isotopes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6:2073-2090.
155. Zeebe R.E. A new value for the stable oxygen isotope fractionation between dissolved sulfate ion and water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74(3):818-828.