Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Nasopharyngeal Boundaries and Its Functional Integration with the Face and External Basicranium Among Extant Hominoids

Anatomical Record

Volumn 298, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 85-106

  Pagano, Anthony S ^a,b,c   Laitman, Jeffrey T ^a,b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

External basicranial flexion; Human development; Nasopharynx; Three dimensional geometric morphometrics; Upper respiratory tract

Indexed keywords

HOMINOIDEA; HOMO; HYLOBATES; PONGO;

ADULT; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; FACE; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HOMINID; HUMAN; MALE; MATHEMATICS; MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NASOPHARYNX; PHYSIOLOGY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SKULL BASE;

ADULT; ANATOMY, COMPARATIVE; ANIMALS; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; FACE; FEMALE; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; MALE; MATHEMATICS; MAXILLOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NASOPHARYNX; SEX FACTORS; SKULL BASE;

EID: 84919754595     PISSN: 19328486     EISSN: 19328494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23076     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Adams DC, Rohlf FJ, Slice D. 2004. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the "revolution." Ital J Zool 71: 5-16.
2. Atchley WR, Gaklins CT, Anderson D. 1976. Statistical properties of ratios. Syst Zool 25:137-148.
3. Ashton EH. 1957. Age changes in the basicranial axis of the Anthropoidea. Proc Zool Soc London 129:5-74.
4. Biegert J. 1963. The evaluation of characteristics of the skull, hands and feet for primate taxonomy. In: Washburn SL, editor. Classification and human evolution. Chicago: Aldine. p 116-145.
5. Bjork A. 1955. Cranial base development: a follow-up X-ray study of the individual variations in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development. Am J Orthod 41:198-225.
6. Brodie AG. 1941. On the growth pattern of the human head from the third month to the eighth year of life. Am J Anat 68:208-262.
7. Bluestone CD. 2005a. Eustachian tube: structure, function, role in otitis media. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker.
8. Bluestone CD. 2005b. Humans are born too soon: impact on pediatric otolaryngology. Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol 69:1-8.
9. Bluestone CD, Pagano AS, Swarts JD, Laitman JT. 2012. Consequences of evolution: is rhinosinusitis, like otitis media, a unique disease of humans? Otol Head Neck Surg 147:986-991.
10. Bookstein F. 1991. Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Bookstein FL, Gunz P, Mitteroecker P, Prossinger H, Schaefer K, Seidler H. 2003. Cranial integration in Homo: singular warps analysis of the midsagittal plane in ontogeny and evolution. J Hum Evol 44:167-187.
12. Budil I. 1994. Functional reconstruction of the supralaryngeal vocal tract of fossil humans. J Hum Evol 9:35-52.
13. Davidson TM, Sedgh J, Tran D, Stepnowsky CJ. 2005. The anatomic basis for the acquisition of speech and obstructive sleep apnea: evidence from cephalometric analysis supports The Great Leap Forward Hypothesis. Sleep Med 6:497-505.
14. Davies A. 1932. A resurvey of the nose in relation to climate. J R Anthropol Inst 62:337-359.
15. Dechant D. 2000. Skeletons in the closet: the Spencer R. Atkinson Library of Applied Anatomy. Contact Point 80:15-19.
16. Enlow DH. 1975. Handbook of facial growth. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
17. Franciscus RG, Long JC. 1991. Variation in human nasal height and breadth. Am J Phys Anthropol 85:419-427.
18. Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
19. Grosmanging C. 1979. Base du Crane et Pharynx dans leurs Rapports avec l'Appareil du Langage Articule. Memoires du Laboratoire d'Anatomie de la Faculte de Medecine de Paris, No. 40.
20. Hayashi I. 2003. Morphological relationship between the cranial base and dentofacial complex obtained by reconstructive computer tomographic images. Eur J Orthod 25:385-391.
21. Hellman M. 1927. Changes in the human face brought about by development. Int J Orthod Oral Surg Rad 13:475-515.
22. Hofer H. 1952. Der Gestaltwandel des Schadels der Saugetiere und Vogel, mit besonders Berucksichtigung der Knickungstypen und der Schadelbasis. Verh Anat Gesell 50:102-113.
23. Huxley TH. 1867. On two widely contrasted forms of the human cranium. J Anat Physiol 1:60-77.
24. Jasienski M, Bazzaz FA. 2009. The fallacy of ratios and the testability of models in biology. Oikos 84:321-326.
25. Jeffery N, Spoor F. 2004. Ossification and midline shape changes of the human fetal cranial base. Am J Phys Anthropol 123:78-90.
26. Laitman JT. 1977. The ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of the upper respiratory system and basicranium in man. PhD Dissertation. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
27. Laitman JT, Crelin ES. 1976. Postnatal development of the basicranium and vocal tract region in man. In: Bosma JF, editor. Development of the basicranium. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. p 206-219.
28. Laitman JT, Heimbuch RC. 1982. The basicranium of Plio-Pleistocene hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory tract. Am J Phys Anthropol 59:323-343.
29. Laitman JT, Heimbuch RC, Crelin ES. 1978. Developmental change in a basicranial line and its relationship to the upper respiratory system in living primates. Am J Anat 152:467-482.
30. Laitman JT, Heimbuch RC, Crelin ES. 1979. The basicranium of fossil hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems. Am J Phys Anthropol 51:15-34.
31. Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS. 1997. The human aerodigestive tract and gastroesophageal reflux: an evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 103:2S-8S.
32. Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS. 1998. Comparative and developmental anatomy of laryngeal position. In: Bailey BJ, editor. Head and neck surgery-otolaryngology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. p 45-51.
33. Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS. 2009. Evolution of the human larynx: nature's great experiment. In: Fried M, Ferlito A, editors. The larynx. 3rd ed. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. p 19-39.
34. Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS. 2013. The evolution and development of human swallowing: the most important function we least appreciate. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 46:923-935.
35. Lieberman DE. 1998. Sphenoid shortening and the evolution of modern human cranial shape. Nature 393:158-162.
36. Lieberman DE, Pearson OM, Mowbray KM. 2000. Basicranial influences on overall cranial shape. J Hum Evol 38:291-315.
37. Lieberman P, Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS, Gannon PJ. 1992. The anatomy, physiology, acoustics and perception of speech: essential elements in analysis of the evolution of human speech. J Hum Evol 23:447-467.
38. Lipan MJ, Reidenberg JS, Laitman JT. 2006. Anatomy of reflux: a growing health problem affecting structures of the head and neck. Anat Rec B 289:261-270.
39. Marcus LF, Corti M, Loy A, Naylor GJP, Slice DE. 1996. Advances in morphometrics. New York: Plenum Press.
40. Marquez S, Laitman JT. 2008. Climatic effects on the nasal complex: a CT imaging, comparative anatomical, and morphometric investigation of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. Anat Rec 291:1420-1445.
41. Martin R. 1928. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. 2nd ed. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fisher.
42. May R, Sheffer DB. 1999. Growth changes in measurements of upper facial positioning. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:269-280.
43. McCarthy RC, Lieberman DE. 2001. Posterior maxillary (PM) plane and anterior cranial architecture in primates. Anat Rec 264:247-260.
44. Micham BM, Laitman JT. 2013. Developmental horizons in the 2-4 month old infant aerodigestive tract. FASEB J 27:962.4.
45. Michejda M. 1972. The role of basicranial synchondrosis in flexure processes and ontogenetic development of the skull base. Am J Phys Anthropol 37:143-150.
46. Mitteroecker P, Gunz P. 2009. Advances in geometric morphometrics. Evol Biol 36:235-247.
47. O'Higgins P. 2000. The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: biology, landmarks and geometry. J Anat 197:103-120.
48. O'Higgins P, Jones N. 1998. Facial growth in Cercocebus torquatus: an application of three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques to the study of morphological variation. J Anat 193:251-272.
49. O'Higgins P, Jones N. 2006. Program Morphologika2, version 2.5. Available from http://www.york.ac.uk/res/fme/index.htm. Accessed February 1, 2007.
50. Patel D, Vaezi MF. 2013. Normal esophageal physiology and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 46:1023-1041.
51. Perwitzschky R. 1927. Temperature and moisture of air and air passages. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlkopf 117:1-1.
52. Ranke J. 1892. Uber einige gesetzmassige Beziehungen zwischen Schadelgrund, Gehirn- und Gesichtsschadel. Beitrage Anthropol Urgesch Bayerns 12:1-132.
53. Reidenberg JS, Laitman JT. 1991. Effect of basicranial flexion on larynx and hyoid position in rats: an experimental study of skull and soft tissue interactions. Anat Rec 230:557-569.
54. Rohlf FJ. 1996. Morphometric spaces, shape components and the effects of linear transformations. In: Marcus LF, editor. Advances in morphometrics. New York: Plenum Press. p 117-129.
55. Rohlf FJ, Marcus LF. 1993. A revolution in morphometrics. Trends Ecol Evol 8:129-132.
56. Ross CF, Henneberg M. 1995. Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in Homo sapiens and some fossil hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:575-593.
57. Ross CF, Ravosa MJ. 1993. Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in non-human primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 91:305-324.
58. Schultz AH. 1955. The position of the occipital condyles and of the face relative to the skull base in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 13:97-120.
59. Slice DE. 2001. Landmark coordinates aligned by Procrustes analysis do not lie in Kendall's shape space. Syst Biol 50:141-149.
60. Spoor F. 1997. Basicranial architecture and relative brain size of Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus) and other Plio-Pleistocene hominids. S Afr J Sci 93:182-186.
61. Spoor F, O'Higgins P, Dean C, Lieberman DE. 1999. Anterior sphenoid in modern humans. Nature 397:572.
62. Starck D. 1953. Morphologische Untersuchungen am Kopf der saugetiere, besonders der Prosimier, ein Beitrag zum Problem des Formwandels des Saugetier-schadels. Z Wiss Zool 157:169-219.
63. Strait DS. 1999. The scaling of basicranial flexion and length. J Hum Evol 37:701-719.
64. Takagi Y, Waters J, Bosma J. 1962. Anatomical studies of the epipharyngeal walls in relation to the base of the cranium. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 71:366-376.
65. Terhune CE, Kimbel WK, Lockwood CA. 2007. Variation and diversity in Homo erectus: a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the temporal bone. J Hum Evol 53:41-60.
66. Thomson A, Buxton LHD. 1923. Man's nasal index in relation to certain climatic conditions. J R Anthropol Inst 59:92-122.
67. Virchow R. 1857. Untersuchungen uber die Entwicklung des Schadelgrundes im gesunden und krankhaften Zustande, und uber den Einfluss derselben auf Schadelform, Gesichtsbildung und Gehirnbau. Berlin: G. Reimer.
68. Vorperian HK, Kent RD, Gentry LR, Yandell BS. 1999. Magnetic resonance imaging procedures to study the concurrent anatomic development of vocal tract structures: preliminary results. Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol 49:197-206.
69. Vorperian HK, Kent RD, Lindstrom MJ, Kalina CM, Gentry LR, Yandell BS. 2005. Development of vocal tract length during early childhood: a magnetic resonance imaging study. J Acoust Soc Am 117:338-350.
70. Weidenreich F. 1941. The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull. Trans Am Phil Soc 31:320-442.
71. Weiner JS. 1954. Nose shape and climate. Am J Phys Anthropol 12:615-618.
72. Wrangham R. 2009. Catching fire: How cooking made us human. New York: Basic Books.