Kyrgyzstan's dark ages: Framing and the 2010 hydroelectric revolution

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 463-481

  Wooden, Amanda E ^a  

^a BUCKNELL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

blame attribution; Energy crisis; framing; Kyrgyz Republic; nationalism; political ecology; revolution; water

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY; ELECTRICITY SUPPLY; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; HYDROELECTRIC POWER; POLITICAL CHANGE; POWER GENERATION;

KYRGYZSTAN;

EID: 84919713978     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: 14653354     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634937.2014.989755     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Abdurasulov, A. "The Dark Days Return" Transitions Online, September 16, 2008
2. AkiPress. 2010a. "Veernoe otklyuchenie elektroenergii v 2008 godu proizvodilis' iz-za plokhogo upravleniya energosektrom-nezavisimyi ekspert" ("Electricity blackouts in 2008 happened because of poor management of the energy sector-independent expert"), October 4, 2010. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://business.akipress.org/news:119111
3. AkiPress. May 20, 2010b. "VP sozdalo Goskomitet po vodnomu hozjajstvu i melioracii i naznachili ego glavu." "IG (the Interim Government) has established the State Committee for Water Resources and Irrigation, and appointed its head." Accessed November 11, 2014. http://kg.akipress.org/print:209781/
4. Azzatyk.kg. 2010. "Kyrgyzskaja revoljucija: Hronologija tragicheskih sobytij 6-7 aprelja 2010 goda v Kyrgyzstane." May 6, 2010. http://www.azattyk.org/content/article/2033316.html (accessed October 2, 2013).
5. Baev, P. 2011. "A Matrix for Post-Soviet 'Color Revolutions': Exorcising the Devil from the Details." International Area Studies Review 14 (2): 3-22.
6. Bakiev, K. 2009a. "Vystuplenie Prezidenta Kyrgyzskoj Respubliki Kurmanbek Bakieva v hode vstrechi Glav gosudarstv-uchreditelej MFSA v rasshirennom sostave Uvazhaemyj Prezident Mezhdunarodnogo Fonda Spasenija Arala" ("Statement by H.E. Mr. Kurmanbek Bakiev, President of the Kyrgyz Republic at the Meeting of Heads of the States-Founders of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS))." April 28, 2009, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
7. Bakiev, K. 2009b. "Prezident Kyrgyzstana Kurmanbek Bakiev: 'Glavnyj resurs razvitija-soglasie i dialog'" (President of Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiev: "The most important development resource-agreement and dialogue"), Izvestia, July 10, 2009. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://izvestia.ru/news/350587
8. Barrett, C. B., and M. F. Bellemare. 2011. "Why Food Price Volatility doesn't Matter." Foreign Affairs 12.
9. Beissinger, M. R. 2007. "Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions." Perspectives on Politics 5 (2): 259-276.
10. Bellemare, M. F. 2011. "Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Political Unrest." Accessed November 11, 2014. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31888/
11. Beyer, J. 2009. According to Salt. An Ethnography of Customary Law in Talas, Kyrgyzstan. Dissertation. Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg.
12. Blaikie, P. 2008. "Epilogue: Towards a Future for Political Ecology thatWorks." Geoforum 39 (2): 765-772.
13. Blaikie, P. M., and H. C. Brookfield. 1987. "Land Degradation and Society. USA: Methuen & Co in Association with Methuen."
14. Brush, S. G. 1996. "Dynamics of Theory Change in the Social Sciences: Relative Deprivation and Collective Violence." The Journal of Conflict Resolution 40 (4): 523-545.
15. Buijs, A. E., B. J. M. Arts, B. H. M. Elands, J. Lengkeek. 2011. "Beyond Environmental Frames: The Social Representation and Cultural Resonance of Nature in Conflicts Over a Dutch Woodland." Geoforum 42: 329-341.
16. Collins, K. 2011. "Kyrgyzstan's Latest Revolution." Journal of Democracy 22 (3): 150-164.
17. Cummings, S. N., and M. Ryabkov. 2008. "Situating the 'Tulip Revolution'." Central Asian Survey 27 (3-4): 241-252.
18. Davies, J. C. 1962. "Toward a Theory of Revolution." American Sociological Review 27: 5-19.
19. Dawson, J. I. 1996. Eco-nationalism: Anti-nuclear Activism and National Identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. Durham NC: Duke University Press
20. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Dhur, A. "Secondary Data Review On The Food Security Situation In The Kyrgyz Republic." Food Security Analysis Service, World Food Programme. Accessed November 11, 2014. https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/SecondaryDataReviewKyrgyzstan161008.pdf
21. Dzyubenko, O. 2008. "Kyrgyz energy crisis a political risk: think tank." Reuters. Fri, Aug 15 2008. http://uk. reuters.com/article/2008/08/15/businessproind-kyrgyzstan-risks-dc-idUKLF2159520080815
22. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). 2007. "Dam Safety in Central Asia: Capacity-Building and Cooperation" Water Series No. 5, New York and Geneva: United Nations.
23. Esenalieva, D. 2012. Dujshon Mamatkanov, direktor instituta vodnyh problem i gidrojenergetiki NAN KR: Summa godovyh postuplenij v bjudzhet Kyrgyzstana v sluchae vvedenija naloga na vodu mozhet sostavit' $9 mln. ("Duishon Mamatkanov, Director of the Institute of Water Problems and Hydropower of NAS KR: Total annual revenue of Kyrgyzstan in case a tax on water is introduced could reach $9 million") KyrTAG. September 28, 2012. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www. kyrtag.kg/interview/detail.phpID=118051
24. Feaux de la Croix, J. 2011. "Moving Metaphors we Live by: Water and Flow in the Social Sciences and Around Hydroelectric Dams in Kyrgyzstan." Central Asian Survey 30 (3-4): 487-502.
25. Ferghana.ru News Information Agency. 2010. "Kyrgyzstan: V Naryne prohodit massovyj miting protiv povyshenija tarifov na jelektrichestvo i teplo." ("Kyrgyzstan: In Naryn a mass rally was held against the increase in tariffs for electricity and heat.") March 10, 2010. Accessed November 11 2014. http://www.fergananews.com/news.phpid=14178
26. Gizelis, T.-I., and A. E. Wooden. 2010. "Water Resources, Institutions, & Intrastate Conflict." Political Geography 29 (8): 444-453.
27. Gorbachev, I. 2008. "Dujshon Mamatkanov, direktor instituta vodnyh problem i gidrojenergetiki NAN KR" (Duishon Mamatkanov: In the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan there is no shortage of water"), «24.kg», Oct. 15, 2008
28. Guenther, L. 2011. "Resisting Agamben: The Biopolitics of Shame and Humiliation." Philosophy and Social Criticism 38 (1): 1-21.
29. Gullette, D. 2010a. "Institutionalized Instability: Factors Leading to the April 2010 Uprising in Kyrgyzstan." Eurasian Review 3
30. Gullette, D. 2010b. "Resurrecting an Energy Tariff Policy in Kyrgyzstan." Central Asia Security Policy Brief No. 1. OSCE Academy and Geneva Center for Security Policy. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.osce-academy.net/en/research/policy-briefs/. November 29, 2010b.
31. Gurr, T. R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
32. Hale, H. E. 2006. "Democracy or Autocracy on the March The Colored Revolutions as Normal Dynamics of Patronal Presidentialism." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (3): 305-329.
33. Hamilton, P. 2002. "The Greening of Nationalism: Nationalising Nature in Europe." Environmental Politics 11 (2): 27-48.
34. Heathershaw, J. 2007. "The Tulip Fades: 'Revolution' and Repercussions in Kyrgyzstan." Perspective 17 (2): 1-8.
35. Heathershaw, J. 2010. "Beware of Meddling in Kyrgyzstan!" Open Democracy. Aug. 25, 2010. Accessed September 6, 2013. http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/john-heathershaw/beware-of-meddlingin-kyrgyzstan)
36. International Crisis Group. 2010. "Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses." Asia Briefing No 102, Bishkek/Brussels, April 27, 2010
37. IRIN Asia-Kyrgyzstan. 2008. "Poor hit hardest by rising food prices and energy crisis", UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Osh/Bishkek, December 8, 2008
38. Iyengar, S. 1987. "Television News and Citizens' Explanations of National Affairs." The American Political Science Review 81: 815-831.
39. Jasper, J. 1998. "The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements." Sociological Forum 13 (3): 397-424.
40. Judah, Ben. 2009. "A Sinking 'Island of Democracy.'" Transitions Online (TOL). August 26, 2009. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.tol.org/client/article/20800-a-sinking-island-ofdemocracy. html
41. Junisbai, A. K. 2010. "Understanding Economic Justice Attitudes in Two Countries: Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan." Social Forces 88 (4): 1677-1702.
42. Kaika, M. 2006. "Dams as Symbols of Modernization: The Urbanization of Nature between Geographical Imagination and Materiality." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 (2): 276-301.
43. Kalybekova, A. 2014. "Russia Holds Kyrgyzstan's Hydropower Dreams Hostage," June 24, 2014. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68741
44. Katz, M. 2007. "Will There be Revolution in Central Asia" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40 (2): 129-141.
45. Kostenko, Y. 2014. "Tarifnaja politika.kg. 'Opyt' Bakieva" (Tariff politics: Bakiev's "experience") 24.kg. April 29, 2014, Bishkek. http://www.24 kg.org/economics/177991-tarifnaya-politikakg-laquoop ytraquo-bakieva.html
46. Kruglov, E. 2007. "Spasitel'naja Kambarata. Jenergeticheskie nadezhdy i riski Kirgizii" (Saviour Kambar-Ata: Energy hopes and risks of Kyrgyzia") CentralAsia.ru, July 9th, 2007. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.phpst=1183965060
47. Kubicek, P. 2011. "Are Central Asian Leaders Learning from Upheavals in Kyrgyzstan" Journal of Eurasian Studies 2 (2): 115-124.
48. Kulov, E. 2008. "March 2005: Parliamentary Elections as a Catalyst of Protests." Central Asian Survey 27 (3-4): 337-347.
49. Kuntz, P., and M. R. Thompson. 2009. "More than Just the Final Straw: Stolen Elections as Revolutionary Triggers." Comparative Politics 41 (3): 253-272.
50. Lagi, M., K. Z. Bertrand, and Y. Bar-Yam. 2011. "The Food Crises and Political Instability in North Africa and the Middle East." Available at SSRN. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1910031 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1910031
51. Laruelle, M. 2012. "The Paradigm of Nationalism in Kyrgyzstan. Evolving Narrative, the Sovereignty issue, and Political Agenda." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45 (1): 39-49.
52. Mambetalieva, G. 2008. "Energy Fears as KyrgyzWinter Approaches: Threat of more blackouts despite efforts to hoard water for hydropower ahead of cold season." IWPR Special Report, RCA Issue 557, Dec. 3, 2008. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://iwpr.net/report-news/energy-fears-kyrgyz-winter-approaches
53. Matveeva, A. 2009. "Legitimising Authoritarian States in Central Asia: Political Manipulation and Symbolic Power." Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1095-1121.
54. Matveeva, A. 2010. Kyrgyzstan in Crisis: Permanent Revolution and the Curse of Nationalism. Crisis States Research Centre.
55. Maystadt, J.-F., J.-F. Trinh Tan, and C. Breisinger. 2014. "Does Food Security Matter for Transition in Arab Countries" Food Policy 46: 106-115.
56. McGlinchey, E. M. 2011. Chaos, Violence, Dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
57. Megoran, N. 2012. "Averting Violence in Kyrgyzstan: Understanding and Responding to Nationalism." Russia and Eurasia Programme Paper, Chatham House.
58. Mehta, L. 2010. "The Social Construction of Scarcity: The Case of Western India." chapter 17 In Global Political Ecology, edited by Peet, Richard, Paul Robbins, and Michael Watts, 371-386. USA and Canada: Routledge.
59. Molle, F., P. P. Mollinga, and P.Wester. 2009. "Hydraulic Bureaucracies and the Hydraulic Mission: Flows of Water, Flows of Power." Water Alternatives 2 (3): 328-349.
60. Osmonalieva, A. 2009. "Electricity Price Shock for Kyrgyz Consumers." Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR). December 5, 2009.
61. Osmonov, J. 2009. "Sharp Rise In Electricity And Heating Rates Cause Public Discontent In Kyrgyzstan." CACI Analyst. December 10, 2009. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://cacianalyst.org/publications/field-reports/item/11965-field-reports-caci-analyst-2009-12-10-art-11965.html
62. Peet, R., and M. Watts, eds. 2004. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements. London: Routledge.
63. Peyrouse, S. 2007. "The Hydroelectric Sector in Central Asia and the Growing Role of China." China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 5 (2): 131-148.
64. PR.kg. 2008. "Minpromjenergo KR: V reke Naryn nabljudaetsja malovodnyj cikl" ("Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Kyrgyz Republic: In the river Naryn a low water cycle is observed") Oct. 16, 2008. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.pr.kg/news/kg/2008/10/16/8203/
65. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2010. "Kyrgyz Protest Electricity Price Hike" Feb. 25, 2010. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.rferl.org/content/Kyrgyz-Protest-Electricity-Price-Hike-/1968192.html
66. Radnitz, S. 2006. "What Really Happened in Kyrgyzstan" Journal of Democracy 17 (2): 132-146.
67. Radnitz, S. 2010. Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-led Protests in Central Asia. Cornell University Press.
68. Reeves, M. 2010. "Breaking Point: Why the Kyrgyz Lost Their Patience." Open Democracy. Accessed September 6, 2013. http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/madeleine-reeves/breaking-point-whykyrgyz-lost-their-patience
69. Reeves, M. 2012. "Black Work, Green Money: Remittances, Ritual, and Domestic Economies in Southern Kyrgyzstan." Slavic Review 71 (1): 108-134.
70. Robbins, P. 2004. Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. Vol. 20. Oxford: Blackwell.
71. Rogers, Stan. 2010. "Kyrgyzstan Reportedly Shuts Off Irrigation Water to 2 Kazakhstani Districts," Central Asia Online. May 19, 2010. http://centralasiaonline.com/en-GB/articles/caii/newsbriefs/2010/05/19/newsbrief-06 de la
72. Sablonnière, R., É. Auger, N. Sadykova, and D. M. Taylor. 2010. "When the 'We' Impacts How 'I' Feel About Myself: Effect of Temporal Collective Relative Deprivation on Personal Well-being in the Context of Dramatic Social Change in Kyrgyzstan." European Psychologist 15 (4): 271-282.
73. Saralaeva, L. 2005. "WaterWar Threatens Treaty," International War and Peace Reporting. RCA Issue 337, Feb. 21, 2005. http://iwpr.net/report-news/water-war-threatens-treaty
74. Sarbaev, K. 2009. Centre Karnegi na temu «Kyrgyzstan i nekotorye voprosy bezopasnosti» (Speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic at the Carnegie Center roundtable on "Kyrgyzstan and Some Security Issues"). Washington, October 6, 2009.
75. Schwartz, K. ZS. 2006. Nature and National Identity after Communism: Globalizing the Ethnoscape. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
76. Shmueli, D. F. 2008. "Framing in Geographical Analysis of Environmental Conflicts: Theory, Methodology and Three Case Studies." Geoforum 39: 2048-2061.
77. Short, J. R. S. 1991. Imagined Country: Society, Culture, & Environment. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
78. Slay, B. 2010. "Recent developments in the Poverty/Energy/Vulnerability nexus in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan," Unofficial UNDP Report. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public1/files/vulnerability/Senior%20Economist%20Web%20site/Slay-PEV-paper-May-2011.pdf
79. Smith, A. D. 2009. Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach. Abingdon: Routledge.
80. Snow, D. A. and R. D. Benford. 1988. "Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant Mobilization." International Social Movement Research 1 (1): 197-219.
81. Snow, D. A., E. B. Rochford, S. K. Worden, and R. D. Benford. 1986. "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation." American Sociological Review 51: 464-481.
82. Steinberg, G. M. 1987. "Large-scale National Projects as Political Symbols: The Case of Israel." Comparative Politics 19: 331-346.
83. Swyngedouw, E. 2009. "The Political Economy and Political Ecology of the Hydro-Social Cycle." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 142 (1): 56-60.
84. Temirkulov, A. 2010. "Kyrgyz 'Revolutions' in 2005 and 2010: Comparative Analysis of Mass Mobilization." Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 38 (5): 589-600.
85. Toktonaliev, T. 2009. "Kyrgyz Leader Edges Toward Reform." Institute for War and Peace Reporting Oct. 26, 2009. (IWPR) RCA Issue 591. http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyz-leader-edges-towards-reform
86. Trautman, T. 2010. "In Kyrgyzstan, The Utility of Revolution-Again."World Politics Review, April 13, 2010. Accessed December 2, 2014. http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/5404/in-kyrgyzstan-theutility-of-revolution-again
87. Trilling, D. 2010. "Under [Water] Pressure, 'Fraternal' Kazakhstan Reopens Kyrgyzstan Border." Eurasianet. May 20, 2010. Accessed November 11, 2014. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61105
88. Tudoroiu, T. 2007. "Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed Post-Soviet Revolutions." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40 (3): 315-342.
89. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2009. "Kyrgyzstan: Winter Energy Crisis" OCHA Situation Report. Jan. 12, 2009.
90. USAID. 2008. Kyrgyzstan Household Energy Analysis and Proposed Social Protection Measures. Bishkek, November 2008, 4.
91. Wood, D. 2010. "Electricity Plays Key Role in Kyrgyzstan Uprising." World Resources Institute, April 19, 2010. Accessed September 6, 2013. http://www.wri.org/stories/2010/04/electricity-plays-key-rolekyrgyzstan-uprising
92. Wooden, A. E. 2013. "AnotherWay of Saying Enough: Environmental Concern and Popular Mobilization in Kyrgyzstan." Post-Soviet Affairs 29 (4): 314-353.
93. Yuldasheva, N. 2008. "Problemy V Jenergetike Kyrgyzstana Svjazany S Otsutstviem Nauchno Obosnovannogo Podhoda I Nejeffektivnogo Upravlenija, A Takzhe Neracional'nogo Puska Vody V Interesah Sosednih Gosudarstv." ("Problems in the energy sector of Kyrgyzstan related to the lack of scientifically proven approaches and mismanagement and unsustainable water release for neighboring states.") 24.kg, Nov. 5, 2008. Accessed November 11, 2014. https://ca-news.info/2008/11/05/61
94. Zimmerer, K. S., and T. J. Bassett, eds. 2003. Political Ecology: An Integrative Approach to Geography and Environment-Development Studies. New York: Guilford Press.
95. Zozulinsky, A. 2010. "Kyrgyzstan: Power Generation & Transmission." US Embassy Bishkek.