Problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases in india with special emphasis on progress in tick control research: A review

Journal of Vector Borne Diseases

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 259-270

  Ghosh, Srikant ^a   Nagar, Gaurav ^a  

^a INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Acaricides; Phytoacaricides; Resistance; Tick; Tick borne diseases; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

ACARICIDE; AMICARBALIDE; AMITRAZ; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; BUPARVAQUONE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; COUMAFOS; CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VACCINE; CYPERMETHRIN; DELTAMETHRIN; DIMINAZENE ACETURATE; DIMPYLATE; FENVALERATE; FIPRONIL; IMIDOCARB; IVERMECTIN; KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE VACCINE; MACROLIDE; MALATHION; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PARVAQUONE; PROTOZOAL VACCINE; QUERCETIN; RIBAVIRIN; RIFAMPICIN; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; THEILERIA ANNULATA VACCINE; TICK VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS VACCINE;

AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; ANAPLASMA MARGINALE; ANAPLASMOSIS; ARTICLE; BABESIA; CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; CRIMEAN CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS; DERMACENTOR; EHRLICHIOSIS; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; HAEMAPHYSALIS; HEARTWATER DISEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN MONOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; HYALOMMA; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; INDIA; INDIAN TICK TYPHUS; IXODES; KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE; LYME DISEASE; NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CONTROL; PIROPLASMOSIS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RHIPICEPHALUS; RICKETTSIA CONORII; RICKETTSIOSIS; SERODIAGNOSIS; SPECIES DISTRIBUTION; THEILERIA; THEILERIOSIS; TICK; TICK BORNE DISEASE; TICK INFESTATION; TULAREMIA; VACCINATION; VACCINE PRODUCTION; ANIMAL; DISEASE CARRIER; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; INSECT CONTROL; MICROBIOLOGY; PARASITOLOGY; PROCEDURES; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TRANSMISSION; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INDIA; INSECT VECTORS; TICK CONTROL; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; TICKS;

EID: 84919705818     PISSN: 09729062     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Peter RJ, Van den Bossche P, Penzhorn BL, Sharp B. Tick, fly, and mosquito control-lessons from the past, solutions for the future. Vet Parasitol 2005; 132 (3): 205–15.
2. Parola P, Raoult D. Ticks and tick-borne bacterial disease in humans: An emerging infection threat. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 897–928.
3. De Castro JJ. Sustainable tick and tick-borne disease control in livestock improvement in developing countries. Vet Parasitol 1997; 71 (2–3): 77–9.
4. Minjauw B, McLeod A. Tick-borne diseases and poverty: The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on the livelihood of small scale and marginal livestock owners in India and eastern and southern Africa. Research Report, DFID-AHP. UK: Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh 2003; p. 116.
5. Rajput ZI, Hu SH, Chen WJ, Arijo AG, Xiao CW. Importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7 (11): 912–21.
6. 18th Livestock Census 2007. New Delhi: Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying and Fisheries, Government of India 2007; p. 9–13.
7. Ghosh S, Azhahianambi P, de la Fuente J. Control of ticks of ruminants, with special emphasis on livestock farming system in India– present and future possibilities for integrated control: A review. Exp Appl Acarol 2006; 40: 49–66.
8. Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray DD, Khan MQ, Irshad H, et al. Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Parasitol Res 2007; 101: 207–16.
9. Mathai E, Lloyd G, Cherian T, Abraham OC, Cherian AM. Sero-logical evidence for the continued presence of human rickettsi-oses in southern India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2001; 95: 395–8.
10. Sundhindra BK, Vijaykumar S, Kutti AK. Rickettsial spotted fevers in Kerala. Nat Med J India 2004; 17: 51–2.
11. Mahajan SK, Kashyap R, Sankhyan N, Sharma V, Rolain JM, Prasher BS, et al. Spotted fever group rickettsioses in Himachal Pradesh. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55: 868.
12. Padbidri VS, Rodrigues JJ, Shetty PS, Joshi MV, Rao BL, Shukla RN. Tick-borne rickettsioses in Pune district, Maharashtra, India. Int J Zoonoses 1984; 11: 45–52.
13. Shah V, Vaidya V, Bang V, Shah Ira. Spotted fever in a child in Mumbai, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2009; 46: 310–2.
14. Parola P, Fenollar F, Badiaga S, Brouqui P, Raoult D. First documentation of Rickettsia conorii infection (strain Indian tick typhus) in a traveller. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 909–10.
15. Chaudhry D, Garg A, Singh I, Tandon C, Saini R. Rickettsial diseases in Haryana: Not an uncommon entity. J Assoc Physicians India 2009; 57: 334–7.
16. Kumar M, Singh R, Yadav M. Indian tick typhus presenting with gangrene: A case report from an urban slum of Delhi. Indian J Pediatr 2013; 81 (1): 95–7.
17. Wallace MR, Hale BR, Utz GC, Olson PE, Earhart KC, Thornton SA, et al. Endemic infectious diseases of Afghanistan. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34 (5): S171–S207.
18. Watts DM, Ksiazeck TG, Linthicum KJ, Hoogstraal H. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In: Monath TP, editor. The Arbovi-ruses: Epidemiology and ecology. Florida: CRC Press 1988; p. 177–222.
19. Sheikh AS, Sheikh AA, Sheikh NS, Rafi-U-Shan, Asif M, Afridi F, et al. Bi-annual surge of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF): A 5-year experience. Int J Infect Dis 2005; 9: 37–42.
20. Sharifi Mood B, Alavi-naini R, Metanat M. Ten years after the beginning of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Iran: A promising report. Iran J Clin Infect Dis 2009; 4: 189–93.
21. Aradaib IE, Erickson BR, Mustafa ME, Khristova ML, Saeed NS, Elageb RM, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo hem-orrhagic fever, Sudan. Emerging Infect Dis 2010; 16: 837–9.
22. Papa A, Christova I, Papadimitriou E, Antoniadis A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria. Emeg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1465–7.
23. Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Safran A, Uzun R, Cevik MA, et al. The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey 2002–2007. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 380–6.
24. Appannanavar SB, Mishra B. An update on Crimean Congo hem-orrhagic fever. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3: 285–92.
25. Patel AK, Patel KK, Mehta M, Parikh TM, Toshniwal H, Patel K. First Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in India. J Assoc Physicians India 2011; 59: 585–9.
26. Saijo M, Tang Q, Shimayi B, Han L, Zhang Y, Asiguma M, et al. Recombinant nucleoprotein-based serological diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infections. J Med Virol 2005; 75: 295–9.
27. Tasdelen Fisgin N, Ergonul O, Doganci L, Tulek N. The role of ribavirin in the therapy of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Early use is promising. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28: 929–33.
28. Kasabi GS, Murhekar MV, Sandhya VK, Raghunandan R, Kiran SK, Channabasappa GH, et al. Coverage and Effectiveness of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) vaccine in Karnataka, south India, 2005–10. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7 (1): e2025.
29. Holbrook MR. Kyasanur forest disease. Antiviral Res 2012; 96 (3): 353–62.
30. Pattnaik P. Kyasanur forest disease: An epidemiological view in India. Rev Med Virol 2006; 16: 151–65.
31. Singh DK. Theileriosis in India. In: Singh DK, Varshney BC, editors. Orientation and Coordination of Research on Tropical Theileriosis. Anand, India: National Dairy Development Board 1991; p. 23.
32. Muraleedharan K, Ziauddin KS, Hussain PM, Seshadri SJ, Mallikarjun GB, Puttabyatappa B. Observations on theilerial infection of cattle in project area of Mysore cooperative milk producers union, Karnataka state. Cheiron 1994; 23 (3): 130–9.
33. Das SS. Prevalence of Theileria annulata infection in Indian water buffaloes in and around Bareilly, U.P. Indian Vet J 1994; 71 (11): 1146–7.
34. Singh NK, Singh H, Jyoti, Haque M, Rath SS. Prevalence of parasitic infections in buffaloes in and around Ludhiana district, Punjab, India: A preliminary study. J Buff Sci 2012; 1 (1): 113–5.
35. Chandra D, Srivastava VK, Singh R, Bansal GC. An outbreak of theileriosis in bovine calves. J Vet Parasitol 2000; 14: 181–2.
36. Haque M, Jyoti, Singh NK, Rath SS. Prevalence of Theileria annulata infection in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in Punjab state, India. J Parasit Dis 2010; 34 (1): 48–51.
37. Pipano E, Tsur I. Experimental immunization against Theileria annulata with a tissue culture vaccine. Refu Vet 1966; 23: 186–94.
38. Ray D, Bansal GC. Duration of immunity in calves vaccinated with attenuated macroschizonts of Theileria annulata. J Vet Parasitol 1997; 11 (2): 197–9.
39. Bhikane AU, Narladkar BW, Anantwar LG, Bhokre AP. Epidemiology, clinico-pathology and treatment of Babesiosis in cattle. Indian Vet J 2001; 78: 726–9.
40. Singh H, Mishra AK, Rao JR, Tewari AK. Seroprevalence of babesiosis in cattle and buffaloes by indirect fluorescent antibody test. J Vet Parasitol 2007; 21 (1): 1–4.
41. Dammin GJ, Spielman A, Benach JL, Piesman J. The rising incidence of clinical Babesia microti infection. Hum Pathol 1981; 12: 398–400.
42. Homer MJ, Aguilar-Delfin I, Telford SR III, Krause PJ, Persing DH. Babesiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 451–69.
43. Marathe A, Tripathi J, Handa V, Date V. Human babesiosis: A case report. Indian J Med Microbiol 2005; 23: 267–9.
44. Annual Report—Project directorate on animal disease monitoring and surveillance. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research 2005; p. 1–12.
45. Patnaik MM. A note on bovine anaplasmosis. Indian Vet J 1963; 40: 655–7.
46. Mohan RN, Pathak RC. Prevalence of anaplasmosis in ruminants in northern India. Indian Vet J 1966; 43 (8): 685–9.
47. Misraulia KS, Sisodia RS, Mehta HK. Incidence of anaplasmo-sis in exotic and crossbred cattle in and around Indore and Mhow, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Vet J 1988; 65: 574–6.
48. Srinivasan EVR, Rajendran MP, Anbumani SP. A report on the incidence of anaplasmosis in sheeps in Tamil Nadu. Indian Vet J 1995; 72: 1307.
49. Raina AK, Yadav A, Gupta SK, Singh R, Agrawal R, Hussain K. Occurrence of haemoprotozoan diseases and anaplasmosis in Jammu district. Indian J Vet Med 2005; 25: 110–1.
50. Muraleedharan K, Syed Ziauddin K, Mallikarjun GB, Seshadri SJ. Incidence of Anaplasma spp, Babesia spp and Trypanasoma spp in cattle of Karnataka. J Vet Parasitol 2005; 19: 135–7.
51. Kumar PP, Sangwan AK. Comparative prevalence of subclini-cal bovine anaplasmosis under different cattle management systems in Haryana. Haryana Vet 2010; 49: 1–5.
52. Arunkumar S, Nagarajan K. A study on prevalence status of Anaplasma marginale infection among cattle population of Kancheepuram and in and around Chennai districts of Tamil Nadu. Int J Food Agri Vet Sci 2013; 3 (1): 155–7.
53. Miller RJ, Davey RB, George JE First report of organophos-phate-resistant Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) within the United States. J Med Entomol 2005; 42 (5): 912–7.
54. Miller RJ, Davey RB, George JE. First report of permethrin-re-sistant Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected within the United States. J Med Entomol 2007; 44 (2): 308–15.
55. Kumar S, Paul S, Sharma AK, Kumar R, Tewari SS, Chaudhuri P, et al. Diazinon resistant status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from different agro-climatic zones of India. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181: 274–81.
56. Sharma AK, Kumar R, Kumar S, Nagar G, Singh NK, Rawat SS, et al. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from six agro-climatic regions of India. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188: 337–45.
57. Jyoti, Singh NK, Singh H, Rath SS. Malathion resistance in Rhi-picephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Ludhiana district, Punjab. J Parasit Dis 2013; doi: 10.1007/s12639-013-0322–5.
58. Singh NK, Haque M, Jyoti, Rath SS. Deltamethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus in Ludhiana. Indian Vet J 2012; 89: 23–5.
59. Singh NK, Jyoti X, Haque M, Rath SS. Studies on acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against synthetic pyrethroids by adult immersion test with a discriminating dose. J Vet Parasitol 2010; 24: 207–8.
60. Shyma KP, Kumar S, Sharma AK, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Acaricide resistance status in Indian isolates of Hyalomma anatolicum. Exp Appl Acarol 2012; 58 (4): 471–81.
61. Shyma KP, Kumar S, Sangwan AK, Sharma AK, Nagar G, Ray DD, et al. Acaricide resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophi-lus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from Haryana. Indian J Anim Sci 2013; 83 (6): 591–4.
62. Li AY, Davey RB, Miller RJ, George JE. Detection and characterization of amitraz resistance in the southern cattle tick, Boo-philus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2004; 41 (2): 193–200.
63. Veiga LP, Souza AP, Bellato V, Sartor AA, Nunes AP, Cardoso HM. Resistance to cypermethrin and amitraz in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus on the Santa Catarina Plateau, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21 (2): 133–6.
64. Singh NK, Gelot IS, Jyoti X, Singh V, Rath SS. Detection of amitraz resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from north Gujarat, India. J Parasit Dis 2013; doi: 10.1007/s12639-013-0280-y.
65. Kumar S, Sharma AK, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Determination of discriminating dose and evaluation of amitraz resistance status in different field isolates of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in India. Exp Appl Acarol 2014; 63 (3): 413–22.
66. Klafke GM, Sabatini GA, de Albuquerque TA, Martins JR, Kemp DH, Miller RJ, et al. Larval immersion tests with ivermectin in populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boo-philus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) from State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142 (3-4): 386–90.
67. Perez-Cogollo LC, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Ramirez-Cruz GT, Rosado-Aguilar JA. Survey of Rhipicephalus microplus resistance to ivermectin at cattle farms with history of macrocyclic lactones use in Yucatan, Mexico. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172 (1–2): 109–13.
68. Guidelines resistance management and integrated parasite control in ruminants. Module 1: Ticks—Acaricide resistance: Diagnosis, management and prevention. Rome: Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization 2004; p. 1–53.
69. Guerrero FD, Davey RB, Miller RJ. Use of an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay to genotype pyrethroid resistant strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2001; 38 (1): 44–50.
70. Guerrero FD, Leonore L, Martins JR. Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2012; 21 (1): 1–6.
71. Morgan JAT, Corley SW, Jackson LA, Lew-Tabor AE, Moolhuijzen PM, Jonsson NN. Identification of point mutation in the para-sodium channel gene of the cattle Rhipicephalus (Boo-philus) microplus associated with resistance to synthetic pyre-throids acaricides. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39: 775–9.
72. Nogueira Domingues L, Dos Santos Alves Figueire do Brasil B, Passos de Paiva Bello AC, Pinto da Cunha A, Thadeu Medeiros de Barros A, Cerqueira Leite R, et al. Survey of pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Brazilian field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Detection of C190A mutation in domain II of the para-type sodium channel gene. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189 (2–4): 327–32.
73. Kumar R, Nagar G, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Ray DD, Chaudhuri P, et al. Survey of pyrethroids resistance in Indian isolates of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Identification of C190A mutation in the domain II of the para-sodium channel gene. Acta Trop 2013; 125: 237–45.
74. Vatsya S, Yadav CL, Garg R. Detecting mutation in sodium channel gene in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from northern India for genotyping deltamethrin-susceptible and delta-methrin-resistant alleles. Int J Acarology 2012; 38 (8): 726–30.
75. Pipano E, Alekceev E, Galker F, Fish L, Samish M, Shkap V. Immunity against Boophilus annulatus induced by the Bm86 (Tick-GARD) vaccine. Exp Appl Acarol 2003; 29: 141–9.
76. Labuda M, Trimnell AR, Licková M, Kazimírová M, Davies GM, Lissina O, et al. An antivector vaccine protects against a lethal vector-borne pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2 (4): e27.
77. de la Fuente J, Rodríguez M, Montero C, Redondo M, García-García JC, Méndez L, et al. Vaccination against ticks (Boophi-lus spp.): The experience with the Bm86-based vaccine Gavac. Genet Anal 1999; 15 (3–5): 143–8.
78. Willadsen P. Anti-tick vaccines. In: Bowman AS, Nuttall Patricia A, editors. Ticks: Biology, disease and control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2008; p. 424–46.
79. Fragoso H, Hoshmand RP. Protection against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus infestation in cattle vaccinated with Boo-philus microplus Bm86 containing vaccine Gavac. Vaccine 1998; 16: 1990–2.
80. de Vos S, Zeinstra L, Taoufik O, Willadsen P, Jongejan F. Evidence for the utility from Boophilus microplus in vaccination against other tick species. Exp Appl Acarol 2001; 25: 245–61.
81. Perez-Perez D, Bechara GH, Machado RZ, Andrade GM, Del Vecchio RE, Pedroso MS, et al. Efficacy of Bm86 antigen against immature instars and adults of the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806). Vet Parasitol 2010; 167: 321–6.
82. Garcia-Garcia JC, Gonzalez IL, Gonzalez DM. Sequence variation in the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 locus and implication for immunoprotection in cattle vaccinated with this antigen. Exp Appl Acarol 1999; 23: 883–95.
83. Ghosh S, Khan MH. Studies on immunological control of ticks. II: Immunization of cattle against Boophilus microplus using tick extract supernatant antigen. J Vet Parasitol 1996; 10: 33–7.
84. Ghosh S, Khan MH. Immunization of rabbits against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum using homogenate from unfed immature ticks. Indian J Exp Biol 1998; 36: 167–70.
85. Parmar A, Grewal AS. Characterization of immunogenic components of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum: The vector of bovine tropical theileriosis. Curr Sci 1996; 70: 161–4.
86. Ghosh S, Ray DD, Vanlahmuaka, Das G, Singh NK, Sharma JK, Azhahianambi P. Progress in development of vaccine against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum—Indian scenario. Vaccine 2008; 26 (6): G40–7.
87. Sharma JK, Ghosh S, Khan MH, Das G. Immunoprotective efficacy of a 39 kDa purified nymphal antigen of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2001; 33: 103–16.
88. Azhahianambi P, De La Fuente J, Suryanarayana VVS, Ghosh S. Cloning, expression and immunoprotective efficacy of rHaa86, the homologue of the Bm86 tick vaccine antigen, from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Parasit Immunol 2009; 31: 111–22.
89. Azhahianambi P, Ray DD, Pallab C, Gupta R, Ghosh S. Vaccine efficacy of Bm86 ortholog of H. a. anatolicum, rHaa86 expressed in prokaryotic expression system. J Parasitol Res 2009; doi: 10.1155/2009/165812.
90. Kumar B, Kumar R, Azhahianambi P, Ray DD, Chaudhuri P, de la Fuente J, et al. Comparative protective efficacy of rHaa86 and rBm86 against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipiceph-alus (Boophilus) microplus infestation in cattle. Parasit Immunol 2012; 34 (6): 297–301.
91. Kumar B, Murugan K, Ray DD, Ghosh S. Efficacy of rBm86 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (IVRI-I line) and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (IVRI-II line) infestations on bovine calves. Parasitol Res 2012; 111 (2): 629–35.
92. Jeyabal L, Kumar B, Ray D, Azhahianambi P, Ghosh S. Vaccine potential of recombinant antigens of Theileria annulata and Hy-alomma anatolicum anatolicum against vector and parasite. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188 (3–4): 231–8.
93. Garcia-Garcia JC, Montero C, Redondo M. Control of ticks resistant to immunization with Bm86 in cattle vaccinated with the recombinant antigen Bm95 isolated from the cattle ticks, Rhipi-cephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vaccine 2000; 18: 2275–87.
94. Tellam RL, Kemp D, Riding G, Briscoe S, Smith D, Sharp P, et al. Reduced oviposition of Boophilus microplus feeding on sheep vaccinated with vitellin. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103 (1–2): 141–56.
95. Trimnell AR, Hails RS, Nuttall PA. Dual action ectoparasite vaccine targeting exposed and concealed antigens. Vaccine 2002; 20: 3560–8.
96. Andreotti R, Cunha RC, Soares MA, Guerrero FD, Leite FP, de León AA. Protective immunity against tick infestation in cattle vaccinated with recombinant trypsin inhibitor of Rhipicephalus microplus. Vaccine 2012; 30: 6678–85.
97. Patarroyo JH, Portela RW, De Castro RO, Couto Pimentel J, Guzman F, Patarroyo ME, et al. Immunization of cattle with synthetic peptides derived from the Boophilus microplus gut protein (Bm86). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 88: 163–72.
98. Hajdusek O, Almazan C, Loosova G, Villar M, Canales M, Grubhoffer L, et al. Characterization of ferritin 2 for the control of tick infestations. Vaccine 2010; 28: 2993–8.
99. Almazan C, Lagunes R, Villar M, Canales M, Rosario-Cruz R, Jongejan F, et al. Identification and characterization of Rhipi-cephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Parasitol Res 2010; 106: 471–9.
100. Almazan C, Moreno-Cantu O, Moreno-Cid JA, Galindo RC, Canales M, Villar M, et al. Control of tick infestations in cattle vaccinated with bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed tick protective antigens. Vaccine 2012; 30: 265–72.
101. Carreón D, de la Lastra JMP, Almazán C, Canales M, Ruiz-Fons F, Boadella M, et al. Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer. Vaccine 2012; 30: 273–9.
102. Shakya M, Kumar B, Nagar G, de la Fuente J, Ghosh S. Subolesin: A candidate vaccine antigen for the control of cattle tick infestations in Indian situation. Vaccine 2014; 32: 3488–94.
103. Morais-Urano RP, Chagas AC, Berlinck RG. Acaricidal action of destruxins produced by a marine-derived Beauveria felina on the bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132 (3): 362–6.
104. Tendonkeng Pamo E, Tendonkeng F, Kana JR, Khan Payne V, Boukila B, Lemoufouet J, et al. A study of the acaricidal properties of an essential oil extracted from the leaves of Ageratum houstonianum. Vet Parasitol 2005; 128 (3–4): 319–23.
105. Cetin H, Cilek JE, Aydin L, Yanikoglu A. Acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum (Lamiaceae) against Rhipicephalus turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2009; 160 (3–4): 359–61.
106. Rosado-Aguilar JA, Aguilar-Caballero A, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Borges-Argaez R, Garcia-Vazquez Z, Mendez-Gonzalez M. Acaricidal activity of extracts from Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophi-lus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2010; 168 (3–4): 299–303.
107. Porter RB, Reese PB, Williams LA, Williams DJ. Acaricidal and insecticidal activities of cadina-4, 10 (15)-dien-3-one. Phytochem-istry 1995; 40 (3): 735–8.
108. Khudrathulla M, Jagannath MS. Effect of methonolic extract of Stylosanthes scabra on ixodid ticks of animals. Indian J Anim Sci 2000; 70: 1057–8.
109. Choudhury RT, Vasanthi C, Latha BR, John L. In vitro effect of Nicotina tabacum aqueous extract on Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks. Indian J Anim Sci 2004; 74: 730–1.
110. Magadum S, Mondal DB, Ghosh S. Comparative efficacy of Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica exracts against Boo-philus microplus Izatnagar isolate. Parasitol Res 2009; 105: 1085–91.
111. Ghosh S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Rastogi S, Singh M, Kumar R, et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Acorus calamus extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitol Res 2011; 108 (2): 361–70.
112. Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Srivastava S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Ray DD, et al. Acaricidal properties of Ricinus communis leaf extracts against organophosphates and pyrethroids resistant Rhipi-cephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192 (1–3): 259–67.
113. Ravindran R, Juliet S, Sunil AR, Kumar KG, Nair SN, Amithamol KK, et al. Eclosion blocking effect of ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae) on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 179 (1–3): 287–90.
114. Shyma KP, Gupta JP, Ghosh S, Patel KK, Singh V. Acaricidal effect of herbal extracts against cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boo-philus) microplus using in vitro studies. Parasitol Res 2014; 113 (5): 1919–26.
115. Ghosh S, Rawat AKS, Ravindran R, Ray DD. Study of herbal acaricides as means to overcome the development of resistance in ticks to conventional acaricides. New Delhi: Project Report of NAIP, ICAR 2014; p. 1–58.