Importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock

Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 912-921

  Rajput, Zahid Iqbal ^a   Hu, Song hua ^a   Chen, Wan jun ^a   Arijo, Abdullah G ^b   Xiao, Chen wen ^a  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Ecto parasites; Livestock; S855.9; Tick; Tick control; Tick fever; Tick resistance

Indexed keywords

INSECTICIDE; VACCINE;

ANIMAL; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; PARASITOLOGY; PARASITOSIS; REVIEW; TICK;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; HUMANS; INSECTICIDES; PARASITIC DISEASES; TICKS; VACCINES;

EID: 39049183601     PISSN: 16731581     EISSN: 18621783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.B0912     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Abdel-Shafy, S., Zayed, A.A., 2002. In vitro acaricidal effect of plant extract of neem seed oil (Azadirachta indica) on egg, immature and adult stages of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Vet. Parasitol., 106(1):89–96. [doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00023-7]
2. Almazán, C., Kocan, K.M., Bergman, D.K., García-García, J.C., Blouin, E.F., del la Fuente, J., 2003. Identification of protective antigens for the control of Ixodes scapularis infestation using cDNA expression library immunization. Vaccine, 21(13–14):1492–1501. [doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00683-7]
3. Angus, B.M., 1996. The history of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in Australia and achievements in its control. Aust. Soc. Parasitol., 26:1341–1355.
4. Baker, J.F.A., Shaw, R.D., 1965. Toxaphene and lindane resistance in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the brown ear tick of equatorial and southern Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 36:321–330.
5. Barker, S.C., Murrell, A., 2004. Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names. Parasitology, 129(7):S15–S36. [doi:10.1017/S0031182004005207]
6. Barnett, S.F., 1961. The Control of Ticks on Livestock. Agriculture Studies No. 54, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, p.115.
7. Bekker, P.M., 1960. The history of dipping. Veld., 20:1–5.
8. Bock, R.E., de Vos, A.J., Kinston, T.G., McLellan, D.J., 1997. The effect of breed of cattle on innate resistance to infection with Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale. Aust. Vet. J., 5:337–340.
9. Bram, R.A., 1983. Tick-borne livestock diseases and their vectors. 1. The global problem. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 36:1–5.
10. Bram, R.A., George, J.E., Reichard, R.E., Tabachnick, W.J., 2002. The threat of foreign arthropod-borne pathogens to livestock in the United States. J. Med. Entomol., 39:405–416.
11. Dranagan, D., 1973. Observations on the development and survival of the ixodid ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann 1901) under quasi natural conditions in Kenya. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 5(3):153–165. [doi:10.1007/BF02251384]
12. Chaka, G., Madder, M., Seybroeck, N., Tempia, S., Tona, K., Berkvens, D., 2001. Determination of the physiological age of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae). Syst. Appl. Acarol. Spec. Publ., 10:1–16.
13. Chiera, J.W., Cunningham, M.P., Dolan, T.T., Newson, R.M., Radley, D.E., Young, A.S., 1984. Survival of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae) and persistence of Theileria parva (Apicomplexa: Theileridae) in the field. Int. J. Parasitol., 14:48–49.
14. CRC-VT, 2001. Australian Government Cooperative Research Centres Program. Research Program: Vaccine Applications, Tick Fever.
15. Doube, B.M., Kemp, D.H., 1975. Paralysis of cattle by Ixodes holocyclus Neumann. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26(3)635–640. [doi:10.1071/AR9750635]
16. Drummond, R.O., 1983. Tick-borne livestock diseases and their vectors. Chemical control of ticks. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 36:28–33.
17. Duncan, I.M., 1991. Tick control on cattle with flumethrin pour-on through a Duncan applicator. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 63(3):125–127.
18. Estrada-Peña, A., 2001. Forecasting habitat suitability for ticks and prevention of tick-borne diseases. Vet. Parasitol., 98(1–3):111–132. [doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00426-5]
19. FAO, 1998. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAH/PD/pages/tick01.htm
20. Fernandes, F.F., 2001. Toxicological effects and resistance to pyrethroids in Boophilus microplus from Goias. Brazil. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zoot., 53:538–543.
21. Frans, J., 2000. Final Report, Integrated Control of Ticks and Tick-Born Diseases (ICTTD). p.4. http://www.uu.nl/tropical.ticks
22. Furman, D.P., Loomis, E.C., 1984. The Ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). University of California Publications, Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, Vol. 25. University of California Press, California, p.1–239.
23. García-García, J.C., Montero, C., Redondo, M., Vargas, M., Canales, M., Boue, O., Rodríguez, M., Joglar, M., Machado, H., González, I.L., et al., 2000. Control of ticks resistant to immunization with Bm86 in cattle vaccinated with the recombinant antigen Bm95 isolated from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Vaccine, 18(21):2275–2287. [doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00548-4]
24. George, J.E., 2000. Present and future technologies for tick control. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 916:583–588.
25. George, J.E., Pound, J.M., Davey, R.B., 2004. Chemical control of ticks on cattle and the resistance of these parasites to acaricides. Parasitology, 129(7):S353–S366. [doi:10.1017/S0031182003004682]
26. Gladney, W.J., Grabbe, R.R., Ernst, S.E., Oehler, D.D., 1974. The gulf coast tick: evidence of a pheromone produced by males. J. Med. Ent., 11:303–306.
27. Graf, J.F., Gogolewski, R., Leach-Bing, N., Sabatini, G.A., Molento, M.B., Bordin, E.L., Arantes, G.J., 2004. Tick control: an industry point of view. Parasitology, 129(Suppl.):S427–442. [doi:10.1017/S0031182004006079]
28. Graham, O.H., Hourrigan, J.L., 1977. Eradication programs for the arthropod parasites of livestock. J. Med. Ent., 13:629–658.
29. Grisi, L., Massard, C.L., Moya, B.G.E., Pereira, J.B., 2002. Impacto econômico das principais ectoparasitoses em bovinos no Brasil. A Hora Veterinária, 21:8–10.
30. Hayman, R.H., 1974. The development of the Australian milking zebu. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 11:31–35.
31. Jenkins, M.C., 2001. Advances and prospects for subunit vaccines against protozoa of veterinary importance. Vet. Parasitol., 101(3–4):291–310. [doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00557-X]
32. Kaaya, G.P., Hassan, S., 2000. Entomogenous fungi as promising biopesticides for tick control. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 24(12):913–926. [doi:10.1023/A:1010722914299]
33. Klompen, J.S.H., Black, W.C.IV, Keirans, J.E., Oliver, J.H.Jr, 1996. Evolution of ticks. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 41(1):141–161. [doi:10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.001041]
34. L’Hostis, M., Seegers, H., 2002. Tick-borne parasitic diseases in cattle: current knowledge and prospective risk analysis related to the ongoing evolution in French cattle farming systems. Vet. Res., 33(5):599–611. [doi:10.1051/vetres:2002041]
35. Laffont, C.M., Alvinerie, M., Bousquet-Melou, A., Toutain, P.L., 2001. Licking behavior and environmental contamination arising from pour-on ivermectin for cattle. Int. J. Parasitol., 31(14):1687–1692. [doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00285-5]
36. Latif, A.A., Pegram, R.G., 1992. Naturally acquired host-resistance in tick control in Africa. Insect Sci. & Appl., 13:505–513.
37. Lodos, J., Boue, O., de la Fuente, J.A., 2000. Model to simulate the effect of vaccination against Boophilus ticks on cattle. Vet. Parasitol., 87(4):315–326. [doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00187-9]
38. Lysyk, T.J., Majak, W., Veira, D.M., 2005. Prefeeding Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle with prior tick exposure may inhibit detection of tick paralysis by using hamster bioassay. J. Med. Entomol., 42(3):376–382.
39. Martins, J.R., Corrêa, B.L., Ceresér, V.H., Arteche, C.C.P., 1995. A Situation Report on Resistance to Acaricides by the Cattle Tick Boophilus microplus in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. In: Rodriguez, C.S., Fragoso, S.H. (Eds.), Resistencia y Control en Garrapatas y Moscas de Importancia Veterinaria III. Seminario Internacional de Parasitologia Animal. Acapulco, Mexico, p.1–8.
40. Mason, I.L., 1974. Maintaining crossbred populations of dairy cattle in the tropics. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 11:36–43.
41. Matthewson, M.D., Baker, J.A.F., 1975. Arsenic resistance in species of multihost ticks in the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 46:341–344.
42. Mbati, P.A., Hlatshwayo, M., Mtshali, M.S., Mogaswane, K.R., de Waal, T.D., Dipeolu, O.O., 2002. Ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock belonging to resource-poor farmers in the eastern Free State of South Africa. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 28(1–4):217–224. [doi:10.1023/A:1025306701803]
43. Millar, J.A., Davey, R.B., Oehler, D.D., Pound, J.M., George, J.E., 2001. The Ivermectin was delivered orally in the case of Boophilus annulatus on cattle in South Texas. J. Econ. Entomol., 94:1622–1627.
44. Mohler, J.R., 1906. The Cattle Tick in Its Relation to Southern Agriculture. United States Department, Agriculture Farmer’s Bulletin, Washington D.C., p.258.
45. Morel, P.C., 1980. Reflexions on epizootiology of the European bovine babesiosis with Babesia divergens. Bull. Acad. Vét. Fr., 53:451–456.
46. Mwase, E.T., Pegram, R.G., Mathers, T.N., 1990. New Strategies for Controlling Ticks. In: Curtis, C.F. (Ed.), Appropriate Technology in Vector Control. Boca Raton, FL, USA, p.93–102.
47. Nolan, J., 1990. Acaricide resistence in single and multi-host ticks and strategies for control. Parasitol., 32:145–153.
48. Norval, R.A.I., Lawrence, J.A., Young, A.S., Perry, B.D., Dolan, T.T., Scott, J., 1991. Theileria parva: influence of vector, parasite and host relationships on the nature and distribution of theileriosis in southern Africa. Parasitology, 102:247–356.
49. Oliver, J.H.Jr, 1989. Biology and systematics of ticks (Acari: Ixidida). Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 20(1):397–430. [doi:10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.002145]
50. Perry, B.D., Musisi, F.L., Pegram, R.G., Schels, H.F., 1985. Assessment of enzootic stability to tick-borne diseases in Zambia. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 56:24–32.
51. Peter, R.J., van den Bossche, P., Penzhorn, B.L., Sharp, B., 2005. Tick, fly, and mosquito control—Lessons from the past, solutions for the future. Vet. Parasitol., 132(3–4):205–215. [doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.004]
52. Regassa, A., 2000. The use of herbal preparations for tick control in Western Ethiopia. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 71(4):240–243.
53. Shanahan, G.J., Hart, R.J., 1966. Change in response of Lucilia cuprina (Weid.) to organophosphorus insecticides in Australia. Nature, 212(5069):1466–1467. [doi:10.1038/2121466b0]
54. Snelson, J.T., 1975. Animal ectoparasites and disease vector causing major reduction in world food supplies. FAO Plant Protection Bulleton, 13:103–114.
55. Solomon, K.R., 1983. Acaricide resistance in ticks. Advances in Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, 27:273–296.
56. Sonenshine, D.E., 1991. Biology of Ticks. Oxford University Press, New York, 1:1–449.
57. Spickett, A.M., 1998. Acaricides and resistance. Veterinary Ectoparasitology and Protozoology, 1:1–13.
58. Spickett, A.M., Fivaz, B.H., 1992. A survey of cattle tick control practice in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 59:203–210.
59. Springell, P.H., 1983. The Cattle tick in relation to animal production in Australia. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 36:1–5.
60. Sseruga, J.N., Jonsson, N.N., Bock, R.E., More, S.J., 2003. Serological evidence of exposure to tick fever organisms in young cattle on Queensland dairy farms. Aus. Vet. J., 81:147–152.
61. Stewart, N.P., de Vos, A.J., 1984. Ticks and the diseases they carry. Queensland Agriculture Journal, 110:295–299.
62. Stewart, N.P., Dalgliesh, R.J., Tratt, T., 1981. Life-cycle of tick and tick fever parasites. Queensland Agriculture Journal, 107:305–308.
63. Sutherst, R.W., 1983. Management of Arthropod Parasitism in Livestock. In: Dunsmore, J.P. (Ed.), Tropical Parasites and Parasitic Zoonosis. Murdon University, Perth, p.41–56.
64. Sutherst, R.W., Jones R.J., Schnitzerling H.J., 1982. Tropical legumes of the genus Stylosanthes immobilize and kill cattle ticks. Nature, 295:320–321. [doi:10.1038/295320a0]
65. Tatchell, R.J., 1992. Ecology in relation to integrated tick management. Insect Sci. & Appl., 13:511–561.
66. Tellam, R.L., Kemp, D., Riding, G., Briscoe, S., Smith, D., Sharp, D., Irving, D., Willadsen, P., 2002. Reduced oviposition of Boophilus microplus feeding on sheep vaccinated with vitellin. Vet. Parasitol., 103(1–2):141–156. [doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00573-8]
67. Turner, H.G., 1975. The tropical adaptation of beef cattle: an Australian study. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 13:16–21.
68. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1967. Safe Use of Agricultural and Household Pesticides. In: Agriculture Handbook, No. 321. Washington, D.C., p.65.
69. Wharton, R.H., 1967. Acaricide resistance and cattle tick control. Aust. Vet. J., 43(9):394–398.
70. Wharton, R.H., 1983. Tick-borne livestock diseases and their vectors. Acaricide resistance and alternative methods of tick control. Wld. Anim. Rev., (FAO), 36:34–41.
71. Wharton, R.H., Roulston, W.J., 1970. Resistance of ticks to chemicals. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 15(1):381–405. [doi:10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.002121]
72. Willadsen, P., 2001. The molecular revolution in the development of vaccines against ectoparasites. Vet. Parasitol., 101(3–4):353–367. [doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00560-X]
73. Willadsen, P., Kemp, D.H., 1988. Vaccination with concealed antigens for tick control. Parasitol. Today, 4(7):196–198. [doi:10.1016/0169-4758(88)90084-1]
74. Willadsen, P., McKenna, R.V., Riding, G.A., 1988. Isolation from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, of antigenic material capable of eliciting a protective immunological response in the bovine host. Int. J. Parasitol., 18(2):183–189. [doi:10.1016/0020-7519(88)90059-8]