The impact of the new antiviral regimens on patient reported outcomes and health economics of patients with chronic hepatitis C

Digestive and Liver Disease

Volumn 46, Issue S5, 2014, Pages S186-S196

  Younossi, Zobair ^a,b   Henry, Linda ^b  

^a INOVA FAIRFAX HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b BETTY AND GUY BEATTY CENTER FOR INTEGRATED RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Health related quality of life; Simeprevir; Sofosbuvir

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; SIMEPREVIR; SOFOSBUVIR; FUSED HETEROCYCLIC RINGS; SULFONAMIDE; URIDINE PHOSPHATE;

ANXIETY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DEPRESSION; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NEUTRINO; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SICKNESS IMPACT PROFILE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; VIRAL CLEARANCE; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DRUG COMBINATION; ECONOMICS; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS, 3-RING; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SULFONAMIDES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE;

EID: 84919460742     PISSN: 15908658     EISSN: 18783562     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.09.025     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Younossi Z.M., Kanwal F., Saab S., et al. The impact of hepatitis C burden: an evidence-based approach. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2014, 39:518-531. 10.1111/apt.12625.
2. Younossi Z.M., Singer M.E., Mir H.M., et al. Impact of interferon free regimens on clinical and cost outcomes for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients. Journal of Hepatology 2014, 60:530-537. 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.009.
3. Lawitz E., Mangia A., Wyles D., et al. Sofosbuvir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C infection. New England Journal of Medicine 2013, 368:1878-1887. 10.1056/NEJMoa1214853.
4. Manns M.P., Cornberg M. Sofosbuvir: the final nail in the coffin for hepatitis C?. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2013, 13:378-379. 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70074-4.
5. Appleby J. VA, California Panels Urge Costly Hepatitis C Drugs For Sickest Patients 2014, Obtained from the world wide web at: http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2014/April/17/hepatitis-c-sovaldi-panels-urge-approval.aspx [accessed 07.08.14].
6. FDA Guidance for Industry Patient-reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labeling claims 2009, Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/UCM193282.pdf [accessed 29.07.14].
7. van der Plas S.M., Hansen B.E., de Boer J.B., et al. Generic and disease-specific health related quality of life of liver patients with various aetiologies: a survey. Quality of Life Research 2007, 16:375-388.
8. The Health Measurement Research Group. Health related quality of life tools. Obtained from the world wide web at:[accessed 16.04.14]. http://www.healthmeasurement.org/Measures.html.
9. Quality Metrics Hepatitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (HQLQv2). Obtained from the world wide web at:[accessed 15.04.14]. http://www.qualitymetric.com/WhatWeDo/DiseasespecificHealthSurveys/HepatitisQualityofLifeQuestionnaireHQLQv2/tabid/193/Default.aspx.
10. Centers for Disease Control - Health Related Quality of Life. Obtained from the world wide web at:[accessed 15.04.14]. http://www.cdc.gov/HRQoL/concept.htm.
11. Kondo Y., Yoshida H., Tateishi R., et al. Health-related quality of life of chronic liver disease patients with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2007, 22:197-203.
12. Sobhonslidsuk A., Silpakit C., Kongsakon R., et al. Factors influencing health-related quality of life in chronic liver disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006, 12:7786-7791.
13. Gutteling J.J., de Man R.A., van der Plas S.M., et al. Determinants of quality of life in chronic liver patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2006, 23:1629-1635.
14. Younossi Z.M., Guyatt G., Kiwi M., et al. Development of a disease specific questionnaire to measure health related quality of life in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 1999, 45:295-300.
15. Afendy A., Kallman J.B., Stepanova M., et al. Predictors of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic liver disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009, 30:469-476.
16. Solà E., Watson H., Graupera I., et al. Factors related to quality of life in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: relevance of serum sodium concentration and leg edema. Journal of Hepatology 2012, 57:1199-1206. 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.020.
17. Les I., Doval E., Flavià M., et al. Quality of life in cirrhosis is related to potentially treatable factors. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2010, 22:221-227. 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283319975.
18. van der Plas S.M., Hansen B.E., de Boer J.B., et al. The Liver Disease Symptom Index 2.0: validation of a disease-specific questionnaire. Quality of Life Research 2004, 13:1469-1481.
19. De Bruin A., Diederiks J., De Witte L., et al. The development of a short generic version of the sickness impact profile. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1994, 47:407-412.
20. Two R., Verjee-Lorenz A., Clayson D., et al. A methodology for successfully producing global translations of patient reported outcome measures for use in multiple countries. Value in Health 2010, 13:128-131. 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00585.x.
21. Ware J.E., Kosinski M. Interpreting SF-36 summary health measures: a response. Quality of Life Research 2001, 10:405-413. [discussion 415-20].
22. Martin L., Younossi Z. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in chronic liver disease. Digestive and Liver Disease 2005, 37:819-820.
23. Webster K., Odom L., Peterman A., et al. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) measurement system: Validation of version 4 of the core questionnaire. Quality of Life Research 1999, 8:604.
24. Reilly M.C., Zbrozek A.S., Dukes E.M. The validity and reproducibility of a work productivity and activity impairment instrument. PharmacoEconomics 1993, 4:353-365.
25. Tolley K. What are health utilities? Health Economics 2009. Downloaded from the world wide web at:[accessed 26.07.14]. http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/Health-util.pdf.
26. ®): concepts, measurement properties and applications. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003, 1:1-10. Downloaded from the world wide web at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293474/ [accessed 26.07.14].
27. Hsu P.C., Federico C.A., Krajden M., et al. Health utilities and psychometric quality of life in patients with early- and late-stage hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2012, 27:149-157. 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06813.x.
28. Kallman J., O'Neil M.M., Larive B., et al. Fatigue and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2007, 52:2531-2539. [Epub 2007 Apr 4].
29. Fukuda K., Straus S.E., Hickie I., et al. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994, 121:953-959.
30. Bombardier C.H., Buchwald D. Outcome and prognosis of patients with chronic fatigue vs chronic fatigue syndrome. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995, 155:2105-2110.
31. Stepanova M., Kanwal F., El-Serag H., et al. Insurance status and treatment candidacy of hepatitis C patients: analysis of population-based data from the United States. Hepatology 2011, 53:737-745.
32. Younossi Z., Kallman J., Kincaid J. The effects of HCV infection and management on health-related quality of life. Hepatology 2007, 45:806-816.
33. McHutchison J.G., Ware J.E., Bayliss M.S., et al. The effects of interferon alpha-2b in combination with ribavirin on health related quality of life and work productivity. Journal of Hepatology 2001, 34:140-147. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group.
34. Spiegel B.M., Younossi Z.M., Hays R.D., et al. Impact of hepatitis C on health related quality of life: a systematic review and quantitative assessment. Hepatology 2005, 41:790-800. [Review].
35. Dan A.A., Kallman J.B., Srivastava R., et al. Impact of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis on health utilities using SF-6D and the health utility index. Liver Transplantation 2008, 14:321-326. 10.1002/lt.21376.
36. Bonkovsky H.L., Snow K.K., Malet P.F., et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis. Journal of Hepatology 2007, 46:420-431. HALT-C Trial Group, [Epub 2006 November 27].
37. John-Baptiste A.A., Tomlinson G., Hsu P.C., et al. Sustained responders have better quality of life and productivity compared with treatment failures long after antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009, 104:2439-2448. 10.1038/ajg.2009.346.
38. Stepanova M., Nader F., Cure S., et al. Patients' preferences and health utility assessment with SF-6D and EQ-5D in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with sofosbuvir regimens. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2014, 10.1111/apt.12880.
39. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Zeuzem S., et al. Patient-reported outcomes assessment in chronic hepatitis C treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin: the VALENCE study. Journal of Hepatology 2014, 61:228-234. 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.003.
40. Jacobson I.M., Gordon S.C., Kowdley K.V., et al. Sofosbuvir for hepatitis C genotype 2 or 3 in patients without treatment options. New England Journal of Medicine 2013, 368:1867-1877. POSITRON Study; FUSION Study. 10.1056/NEJMoa1214854.
41. Afdhal N., Zeuzem S., Kwo P., et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for untreated HCV genotype 1 infection. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1889-1898. ION-1 Investigators. 10.1056/NEJMoa1402454.
42. Afdhal N., Reddy K.R., Nelson D.R., et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for previously treated HCV genotype 1 infection. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1483-1493. ION-2 Investigators. 10.1056/NEJMoa1316366.
43. Zeuzem S., Dusheiko G.M., Salupere R., et al. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin in HCV genotypes 2 and 3. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1993-2001. VALENCE Investigators. 10.1056/NEJMoa1316145.
44. Kowdley K.V., Gordon S.C., Reddy K.R., et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for 8 or 12 weeks for chronic HCV without cirrhosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1879-1888. ION-3 Investigators. 10.1056/NEJMoa1402355.
45. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Nader F., et al. Patient-reported outcomes in chronic hepatitis C patients with cirrhosis treated with sofosbuvir-containing regimens. Hepatology 2014, 59:2161-2169. 10.1002/hep.27161.
46. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Henry L., et al. Minimal impact of sofosbuvir and ribavirin on health related quality of life in Chronic Hepatitis C (CH-C). Journal of Hepatology 2014, 60:741-747. 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.006.
47. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Henry L., et al. Effects of sofosbuvir-based treatment, with and without interferon, on outcome and productivity of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2014, 12:1349-1359. e13. 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.032.
48. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Marcellin P., et al. Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir combination improves patient-reported outcomes during treatment of chronic hepatitis c patients: results from the ION-1 clinical trial. EASL abstract 2014.
49. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Marcellin P., et al. Substantial improvement of health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes in chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) patients treated with ledipasvir (LDV) and sofosbuvir (SOF): results from ION-1 and 2. DDW abstract 2014.
50. Gnanasakthy A., Mordin M., Clark M., et al. A review of patient-reported outcome labels in the United States: 2006 to 2010. Value in Health 2012, 15:437-442.
51. Stewart B., Mikocka-Walus A., Morgan J., et al. Anxiety and depression in Australian chronic hepatitis C outpatients: prevalence and predictors. Australas Psychiatry 2012, 20:496-500. 10.1177/1039856212460597.
52. Sarkar S., Schaefer M. Antidepressant pretreatment for the prevention of interferon alfa-associated depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatics 2013, pii:S0033-3182(13)00130-8. 10.1016/j.psym.2013.06.015.
53. Younossi Z.M., Nader F.H., Bai C., et al. A phase II dose finding study of darbepoetin alpha and filgrastim for the management of anaemia and neutropenia in chronic hepatitis C treatment. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2008, 15:370-378. 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00956.x.
54. Poordad F., Hezode C., Trinh R., et al. ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with ribavirin for hepatitis C with cirrhosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1973-1982. 10.1056/NEJMoa1402869.
55. Zeuzem S., Jacobson I.M., Baykal T., et al. Retreatment of HCV with ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with ribavirin. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1604-1614. 10.1056/NEJMoa1401561.
56. Ferenci P., Bernstein D., Lalezari J., et al. ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for HCV. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1983-1992. 10.1056/NEJMoa1402338.
57. Feld J.J., Kowdley K.V., Coakley E., et al. Treatment of HCV with ABT-450/r-ombitasvir and dasabuvir with ribavirin. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370:1594-1603. 10.1056/NEJMoa1315722.
58. Neuman T, Hoadley J, Cubanski J. The cost of a cure: Medicare's role in treating hepatitis C. Obtained from the world wide web at:[accessed 20.07.14]. http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/06/05/the-cost-of-a-cure-medicares-role-in-treating-hepatitis-c/.
59. Younossi Z.M., Stepanova M., Mishra A., et al. The impact of chronic hepatitis C on resource utilisation and in-patient mortality for Medicare beneficiaries between 2005 and 2010. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2013, 38:1065-1075. 10.1111/apt.12485.
60. Holmberg S.D., Spradling P.R., Moorman A.C., et al. Hepatitis C in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 2013,1859-1861.
61. Gordon S.C., Pockros P.J., Terrault N.A., et al. Impact of disease severity on healthcare costs in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection. Hepatology 2012, 56:1651-1660. 10.1002/hep.25842.
62. Mahajan R., Xing J., Liu S.J., Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS) Investigators, et al. Mortality among persons in care with hepatitis C virus infection: the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS), 2006-2010. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014, 58:1055-1061. 10.1093/cid/ciu077.
63. Ciampichini R., Scalone L., Fagiuoli S., et al. Societal burden in hepatitis C patients: the COME study results. Abstract presented at AASLD 64th Annual Meeting, November 1-5, Washington, DC 2013.
64. Lachaine J., Vachon M.L., Lambert-Obry V., et al. Health care resources utilization in hepatitis C virus infection and cost associated with adverse events: an analysis of the Quebec Provincial Drug Reimbursement Program Database. Abstract presented at AASLD 64th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, November 1-5 2013.
65. Ryan B. Pipeline Report: Hep C to meet its maker. Obtained from the world wide web at:[accessed 22.07.14]. http://www.hepmag.com/printView.php%3Fpage=/articles/2014_pipeline_2502_25621.shtml%26domain=www.hepmag.com.
66. Cure S., Guerra I., Dusheiko G. Long-term outcomes of sofosbuvir (SOF) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infected (CHC) patients. Abstract presented at ISPOR 16th Annual European Congress, Dublin, Ireland; November 2-6 2013.
67. Patruni B., Nolte E. A projection of the healthcare and economic burden in the UK. RAND Corporation report Hepatitis C. Prepared for the Hepatitis C Trust 2013, Obtained from the world wide web at RAND Europe: http://www.rand.org/randeurope [accessed 29.07.14].
68. Zalesak M., Francis K., Gedeon A., et al. Current and future disease progression of the chronic HCV population in the United States. PLOS ONE 2013, 8:e63959. 10.1371/journal.pone.0063959.
69. DiBonaventura M.d., Wagner J.S., Yuan Y., et al. The impact of hepatitis C on labor force participation, absenteeism, presenteeism and non-work activities. Journal of Medical Economics 2011, 14:253-261. 10.3111/13696998.2011.566294.
70. Brook R.A., Kleinman N.L., Su J., et al. Absenteeism and productivity among employees being treated for hepatitis C. American Journal of Managed Care 2011, 17:657-664.
71. Su J., Brook R.A., Kleinman N.L., et al. The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on work absence, productivity, and healthcare benefit costs. Hepatology 2010, 52:436-442. 10.1002/hep.23726.
72. Forlenza J.B., Annunziata K., Tandon N. Comorbidity, healthcare resource use, productivity, and quality of life burden in hepatitis C: results from a 2012 US health survey. Poster presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), November 1-5, Washington, DC 2013.
73. McAdam-Marx C., McGarry L.J., Hane C.A., et al. All-cause and incremental per patient per year cost associated with chronic hepatitis C virus and associated liver complications in the United States: a managed care perspective. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2011, 17:531-546.
74. Dore G.J., Razavi H., Estes C., et al. Potential impact of improved treatment on disease burden of chronic hepatitis C in Australia. Abstract presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), November 1-5, Washington, DC 2013.
75. Rosenberg W.M., Cramp M.E., Hindman S.J., et al. The disease burden of chronic hepatitis C virus infection In England. Abstract presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), November 1-5, Washington, DC 2013.
76. Bruggmann P., Negro F., Bihl F., et al. The disease burden of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) virus infection in Switzerland. Abstract presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD), November 1-5, Washington, DC 2013.
77. Martin P., Jensen D.M. Ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2008, 23:844-855. [Review]. 10.1111/j. 1440-1746.2008.05398.x.
78. John-Baptiste A.A., Tomlinson G., Hsu P.C., et al. Sustained responders have better quality of life and productivity compared with treatment failures long after antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009, 104:2439-2448.
79. Schwarzinger M., Deuffic-Burban S., Mallet V., et al. Lifetime costs attributable to chronic hepatitis C from the French healthcare perspective. Hepatology 2013, 58:S1-S-24.
80. Kaczmarek SJ. The impact of new hepatitis C drug therapy on individual Medicare Part D spending. Milliman client report. Obtained from the world-wide web at:[accessed 10.08.14]. http://www.natap.org/2014/HCV/partdpremiumstudymilliman.pdf.
81. Bichoupan K., Martel-Laferriere V., Sachs D., et al. Costs of telaprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C: $189,000 per sustained virologic response. Hepatology 2014, 10.1002/hep.27340.
82. Sethi N., Vong A., Firdoos S., et al. Analysis of direct and indirect costs of HCV care with PEG-interferon triple therapy. Abstract presented at AASLD, Washington, DC 2013.
83. Jacobson I., Dore G., Foster G., et al. Simeprevir with pegylated interferon alfa 2a plus ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection (QUEST-1): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014, 384:403-413. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60494-3.
84. Lawitz E., Sulkowski M.S., Ghalib R., et al. Simeprevir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, to treat chronic infection with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 in non-responders to pegylated interferon and ribavirin and treatment-naive patients: the COSMOS randomised study. Lancet 2014, pii:S0140-6736(14)61036-9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61036-9.
85. Dieterich D., Rockstroh J., Orkin C., et al. Cost per SVR of sofosbuvir vs simeprevir: treatment naïve HIV-coinfected genotype 1. Abstract presented at EACS, Brussels, Belgium 2013.
86. Félix J., Silva M.J., Ferreira D., et al. Sofosbuvir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: cost-effectiveness analysis including HIV-coinfected patients. Abstract presented at 10th HIV & hepatitis co-infection workshop June 12-13, Paris, France 2014.
87. Lim T.R., Tan B.H., Mutimer D.J. Evolution and emergence of a new era of antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2014, 43:17-25. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.09.008.
88. Saab S., Gordon S.C., Park H., et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of sofosbuvir plus peginterferon/ribavirin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2014, 10.1111/apt.12871.
89. Ghany M.G., Liang T.J. Current and future therapies for hepatitis C virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine 2013, 369:679-680. 10.1056/NEJMc1307589.
90. Poordad F., Lawitz E., Kowdley K.V., et al. Exploratory study of oral combination antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. New England Journal of Medicine 2013, 368:45-53. [PubMed: 23281975].
91. Younossi Z., Saab S., Ahmed A., et al. A decision analytic model to evaluate the health outcomes of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) for patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) genotype 1 (GT1) Infection. Abstract AASLD 2014.
92. American Society for the Study of Liver Disease and the Infectious Diseases Society of America Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C 2014, Obtained from the world wide web at: http://www.hcvguidelines.org [accessed 26.07.14].
93. Hagan L.M., Sulkowski M.S., Schinazi R.F. Cost analysis of sofosbuvir/ribavirin versus sofosbuvir/simeprevir for genotype 1 hepatitis C virus in interferon-ineligible/intolerant individuals. Hepatology 2014, 60:37-45. 10.1002/hep.27151.
94. AMCP Dossier Data on file, Gilead Sciences; December 2013.
95. Zhuo X., Zhang P., Hoerger T.J. Lifetime direct medical costs of treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013, 45:253-261. 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.017.
96. Farnham P.G., Gopalappa C., Sansom S.L., et al. Updates of lifetime costs of care and quality-of-life estimates for HIV-infected persons in the United States: late versus early diagnosis and entry into care. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2013, 64:183-189. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182973966.
97. Vera-Llonch M., Weycker D., Glass A., et al. Healthcare costs in women with metastatic breast cancer receiving chemotherapy as their principal treatment modality. BMC Cancer 2011, 11:250. 10.1186/1471-2407-11-250.
98. Bell C1, Graham J., Earnshaw S., et al. Cost-effectiveness of four immunomodulatory therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a Markov model based on long-term clinical data. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2007, 13:245-261.
99. Petta S., Cabibbo G., Enea M., et al. Cost-effectiveness of sofosbuvir-based triple therapy for untreated patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2014, 59:1692-1705. WEF Study Group. 10.1002/hep.27010.
100. Deuffic-Burban S., Schwarzinger M., Obach D., et al. Should we await IFN-free regimens to treat HCV genotype 1 treatment-naive patients? A cost-effectiveness analysis (ANRS 95141). Journal of Hepatology 2014, 61:7-14. 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.011.