Continuous summer export of nitrogen-rich organic matter from the greenland ice sheet inferred by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 14248-14257

  Lawson, Emily C ^a,d   Bhatia, Maya P ^b,e   Wadham, Jemma L ^a   Kujawinski, Elizabeth B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^e CANADIAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION; GLACIERS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOLECULES; NITROGEN; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; RUNOFF;

DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTERS; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION (ESI); ELEMENTAL COMPOSITIONS; FOURIER TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE MASS SPECTROMETRY; IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEINS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS; ULTRAHIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRIES;

ICE;

CARBOHYDRATE; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; FRESH WATER; HYDROCARBON; LIGNIN; NITROGEN; SILICATE; WATER; CARBON;

BIOAVAILABILITY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER; GLACIER RETREAT; GRIP; ICE SHEET; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUND; PROTEIN; RUNOFF; SUMMER;

ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CATCHMENT; ELECTROSPRAY; GREENLAND; ICE SHEET; ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE MASS SPECTROMETRY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; SUMMER; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; ULTRAHIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY; CHEMISTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; FOURIER ANALYSIS; ICE COVER; PROCEDURES; SEASON; TIME;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND; GREENLAND ICE SHEET;

CARBON; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; FOURIER ANALYSIS; GREENLAND; ICE COVER; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NITROGEN; SEASONS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84918593658     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es501732h     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Hood, E.; Fellman, J.; Spencer, R.; Hernes, P.; Edwards, R.; D'Amore, D.; Scott, D. Glaciers as a source of ancient and labile organic matter to the marine environment Nature 2009, 462 (7276) 1044-1047 10.1038/nature08580
2. Bhatia, M. P.; Das, S. B.; Xu, L.; Charette, M. A.; Wadham, J. L.; Kujawinski, E. B. Organic carbon export from the Greenland ice sheet Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2013, 109, 329-344 10.1016/j.gca.2013.02.006
3. Bhatia, M. P.; Kujawinski, E. B.; Das, S. B.; Breier, C. F.; Henderson, P. B.; Charette, M. A. Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean Nat. Geosci. 2013, 6, 274-278 10.1038/ngeo1746
4. Lawson, E.; Wadham, J.; Tranter, M.; Stibal, M.; Lis, G.; Butler, C.; Laybourn-Parry, J.; Nienow, P.; Chandler, D.; Dewsbury, P. Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans Biogeosciences 2013, 11, 4015-4028 10.5194/bg-11-4015-2014
5. Anesio, A. M.; Hodson, A. J.; Fritz, A.; Psenner, R.; Sattler, B. High microbial activity on glaciers: Importance to the global carbon cycle Global Change Biol. 2009, 15 (4) 955-960 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01758.x
6. Telling, J.; Stibal, M.; Anesio, A.; Tranter, M.; Nias, I.; Cook, J.; Bellas, C.; Lis, G.; Wadham, J.; Sole, A. Microbial nitrogen cycling on the Greenland Ice Sheet Biogeosciences 2012, 9 (7) 2431-2442 10.5194/bg-9-2431-2012
7. Stibal, M.; Wadham, J. L.; Lis, G. P.; Telling, J.; Pancost, R. D.; Dubnick, A.; Sharp, M. J.; Lawson, E. C.; Butler, C. E. H.; Hasan, F. Methanogenic potential of Arctic and Antarctic subglacial environments with contrasting organic carbon sources Global Change Biol. 2012, 18, 3332-3345 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02763.x
8. Hamilton, T. L.; Peters, J. W.; Skidmore, M. L.; Boyd, E. S. Molecular evidence for an active endogenous microbiome beneath glacial ice ISME J. 2013, 7, 1402-1412 10.1038/ismej.2013.31
9. Bamber, J.; van den Broeke, M.; Ettema, J.; Lenaerts, J.; Rignot, E. Recent large increases in freshwater fluxes from Greenland into the North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39, DOI 10.1029/2012GL052552.
10. Rysgaard, S.; Vang, T.; Stjernholm, M.; Rasmussen, B.; Windelin, A.; Kiilsholm, S. Physical conditions, carbon transport, and climate change impacts in a northeast Greenland Fjord Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 2003, 35 (3) 301-312 10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0301:PCCTAC]2.0.CO;2
11. Statham, P. J.; Skidmore, M.; Tranter, M. Inputs of glacially derived dissolved and colloidal iron to the coastal ocean and implications for primary productivity Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2008, 22 (3) GB3013 10.1029/2007GB003106
12. Ortega-Retuerta, E.; Jeffrey, W.; Ghiglione, J.; Joux, F. Evidence of heterotrophic prokaryotic activity limitation by nitrogen in the Western Arctic Ocean during summer Polar Biol. 2012, 35 (5) 785-794 10.1007/s00300-011-1109-8
13. Hawkings, J. R.; Wadham, J. L.; Tranter, M.; Raiswell, R.; Benning, L. G.; Statham, P. J.; Tedstone, A.; Nienow, P.; Lee, K.; Telling, J. Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 1-8 10.1038/ncomms4929
14. Barker, J. D.; Sharp, M.; Turner, R. J. Using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and principal component analysis to monitor dissolved organic matter dynamics in a glacier system Hydrol. Processes 2009, 23, 1487-1500 10.1002/hyp.7274
15. Singer, G. A.; Fasching, C.; Wilhelm, L.; Niggemann, J.; Steier, P.; Dittmar, T.; Battin, T. J. Biogeochemically diverse organic matter in Alpine glaciers and its downstream fate Nat. Geosci. 2012, 5, 110-114 10.1038/ngeo1581
16. Hood, E.; Scott, D. Riverine organic matter and nutrients in southeast Alaska affected by glacial coverage Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1 (9) 583-587 10.1038/Ngeo280
17. Hodson, A.; Mumford, P.; Kohler, J.; Wynn, P. The High Arctic glacial ecosystem: New insights from nutrient budgets Biogeochemistry 2005, 72 (2) 233-256 10.1007/s10533-004-0362-0
18. Wadham, J.; Hawkings, J.; Telling, J.; Chandler, D.; Alcock, J.; Lawson, E.; Monteiro, F.; Bagshaw, E.; Tranter, M.; Tedstone, A.; Nienow, P.; Mikkelsen, A. Glacial sediments drive high nitrogen fluxes from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. in review.
19. Barker, J. D.; Sharp, M. J.; Fitzsimons, S. J.; Turner, R. J. Abundance and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in glacier systems Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 2006, 38 (2) 163-172 10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[163:AADODO]2.0.CO;2
20. Bhatia, M.; Das, S.; Longnecker, K.; Charette, M.; Kujawinski, E. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter associated with the Greenland ice sheet Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74 (13) 3768-3784 10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.035
21. Stubbins, A.; Hood, E.; Raymond, P. A.; Aiken, G. R.; Sleighter, R. L.; Hernes, P. J.; Butman, D.; Hatcher, P. G.; Striegl, R. G.; Schuster, P. Anthropogenic aerosols as a source of ancient dissolved organic matter in glaciers Nat. Geosci. 2012, 5, 198-201 10.1038/ngeo1403
22. Grannas, A. M.; Hockaday, W. C.; Hatcher, P. G.; Thompson, L. G.; Mosley-Thompson, E. New revelations on the nature of organic matter in ice cores J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos. 2006, 111, D04304 10.1029/2005JD006251
23. Spencer, R. G.; Vermilyea, A.; Fellman, J.; Raymond, P.; Stubbins, A.; Scott, D.; Hood, E. Seasonal variability of organic matter composition in an Alaskan glacier outflow: insights into glacier carbon sources Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9 (5) 055005 10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/055005
24. Jenk, T. M.; Szidat, S.; Schwikowski, M.; Gäggeler, H.; Brütsch, S.; Wacker, L.; Synal, H.-A.; Saurer, M. Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650-1940) Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6 (12) 5381-5390 10.5194/acp-6-5381-2006
25. Stibal, M.; Tranter, M.; Benning, L. G.; Rehak, J. Microbial primary production on an Arctic glacier is insignificant in comparison with allochthonous organic carbon input Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 10 (8) 2172-2178 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01620.x
26. Berman, T.; Bronk, D. A. Dissolved organic nitrogen: a dynamic participant in aquatic ecosystems Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2003, 31 (3) 279-305
27. Zehr, J. P.; Ward, B. B. Nitrogen cycling in the ocean: new perspectives on processes and paradigms Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68 (3) 1015-1024 10.1128/AEM.68.3.1015-1024
28. Tupas, L. M.; Koike, I.; Karl, D. M.; Holm-Hansen, O. Nitrogen metabolism by heterotrophic bacterial assemblages in Antarctic coastal waters Polar Biol. 1994, 14 (3) 195-204 10.1007/BF00240524
29. Rysgaard, S.; Nielsen, T. G.; Hansen, B. W. Seasonal variation in nutrients, pelagic primary production and grazing in a high-Arctic coastal marine ecosystem, Young Sound, Northeast Greenland Mar. Ecol.: Prog. Ser. 1999, 179, 13-25
30. Harrison, W. G.; Li, W. K. W. Phytoplankton growth and regulation in the Labrador Sea: light and nutrient limitation J. Northwest Atlantic Fish. Sci. 2007, 39, 71-82 10.2960/J.v39.m592
31. Nielsen, T. G.; Hansen, B. W. Plankton community structure and carbon cycling on the western coast of Greenland during the stratified summer situation. I. Hydrography, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 1999, 16 (3) 205-216
32. Kattner, G.; Becker, H. Nutrients and organic nitrogenous compounds in the marginal ice zone of the Fram Strait J. Mar. Syst. 1991, 2 (3) 385-394 10.1016/0924-7963(91)90043-T
33. 2 in the ocean Nature 1997, 387 (6630) 272-275
34. Gruber, N.; Galloway, J. N. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle Nature 2008, 451 (7176) 293-296 10.1038/nature06592
35. Arrigo, K. R.; van Dijken, G.; Pabi, S. Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35 (19) L19603 10.1029/2008GL035028
36. Smith, W. O. Primary productivity and new production in the Northeast Water (Greenland) Polynya during summer 1992 J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans (1978-2012) 1995, 100 (C3) 4357-4370 10.1029/94JC02764
37. McKnight, D. M.; Boyer, E. W.; Westerhoff, P. K.; Doran, P. T.; Kulbe, T.; Andersen, D. T. Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46 (1) 38-48
38. Kim, S.; Rodgers, R.; Marshall, A. Truly "exact" mass: Elemental composition can be determined uniquely from molecular mass measurement at similar to 0.1 mDa accuracy for molecules up to similar to 500 Da Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 251, 260-265 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.02.001
39. Kujawinski, E. B.; Behn, M. D. Automated analysis of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra of natural organic matter Anal. Chem. 2006, 78 (13) 4363-4373 10.1021/ac0600306
40. Ten Brink, N. W.; Weidick, A. Greenland ice sheet history since the last glaciation Quat. Res. 1974, 4 (4) 429-440 10.1016/0033-5894(74)90038-6
41. Bartholomew, I.; Nienow, P.; Sole, A.; Mair, D.; Cowton, T.; Palmer, S.; Wadham, J. Supraglacial forcing of subglacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38 (8) L08502 10.1029/2011GL047063
42. Cowton, T.; Nienow, P.; Bartholomew, I.; Sole, A.; Mair, D. Rapid erosion beneath the Greenland ice sheet Geology 2012, 40 (4) 343-346 10.1130/G32687.1
43. Ardanuy, P. E.; Han, D.; Salomonson, V. V. The moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) science and data system requirements Geosci. Remote Sens., IEEE Trans. 1991, 29 (1) 75-88 10.1109/36.103295
44. Wadham, J. L.; Hodson, A. J.; Tranter, M.; Dowdeswell, J. A. The hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining a polythermal-based, high Arctic glacier, south Svalbard: I. The ablation season Hydrol. Processes 1998, 12 (12) 1825-1849 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19981015)12:12<1825::AID-HYP669>3.0.CO;2-R
45. Dittmar, T.; Koch, B.; Hertkorn, N.; Kattner, G. A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase extraction of dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) from seawater Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2008, 6, 230-235
46. Sleighter, R. L.; Hatcher, P. G. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) along a river to ocean transect of the lower Chesapeake Bay by ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Mar. Chem. 2008, 110 (3-4) 140-152 10.1016/j.marchem.2008.04.008
47. Kujawinski, E. B.; Longnecker, K.; Blough, N. V.; Vecchio, R. D.; Finlay, L.; Kitner, J. B.; Giovannoni, S. J. Identification of possible source markers in marine dissolved organic matter using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73 (15) 4384-4399 10.1016/j.gca.2009.04.033
48. Koch, B. P.; Ludwichowski, K. U.; Kattner, G.; Dittmar, T.; Witt, M. Advanced characterization of marine dissolved organic matter by combining reversed-phase liquid chromatography and FT-ICR-MS Mar. Chem. 2008, 111 (3-4) 233-241 10.1016/j.marchem.2008.05.008
49. Kim, S.; Kramer, R. W.; Hatcher, P. G. Graphical method for analysis of ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra of natural organic matter, the van Krevelen diagram Anal. Chem. 2003, 75 (20) 5336-5344 10.1021/ac034415p
50. Tranter, M.; Sharp, M. J.; Lamb, H. R.; Brown, G. H.; Hubbard, B. P.; Willis, I. C. Geochemical weathering at the bed of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland-a new model Hydrol. Processes 2002, 16 (5) 959-993 10.1002/hyp.309
51. Wadham, J. L.; Tranter, M.; Skidmore, M.; Hodson, A. J.; Priscu, J.; Lyons, W. B.; Sharp, M.; Wynn, P.; Jackson, M. Biogeochemical weathering under ice: Size matters Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2010, 24 (3) GB3025 10.1029/2009GB003688
52. Slater, J.; Currie, L.; Dibb, J.; Benner, B. Distinguishing the relative contribution of fossil fuel and biomass combustion aerosols deposited at Summit, Greenland through isotopic and molecular characterization of insoluble carbon Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36 (28) 4463-4477 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00402-8
53. Kim, S.; Kaplan, L. A.; Benner, R.; Hatcher, P. G. Hydrogen-deficient molecules in natural riverine water samples - evidence for the existence of black carbon in DOM Mar. Chem. 2004, 92 (1-4) 225-234 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.042
54. Stibal, M.; Telling, J.; Cook, J.; Mak, K. M.; Hodson, A.; Anesio, A. M. Environmental controls on microbial abundance and activity on the Greenland ice sheet: a multivariate analysis approach Microb. Ecol. 2012, 63 (1) 74-84 10.1007/s00248-011-9935-3
55. Reemtsma, T.; These, A.; Linscheid, M.; Leenheer, J.; Spitzy, A. Molecular and structural characterization of dissolved organic matter from the deep ocean by FTICR-MS, including hydrophilic nitrogenous organic molecules Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (5) 1430-1437 10.1021/es7021413
56. Wozniak, A.; Bauer, J.; Sleighter, R.; Dickhut, R.; Hatcher, P. Technical Note: Molecular characterization of aerosol-derived water soluble organic carbon using ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8 (17) 5099-5111 10.5194/acp-8-5099-2008
57. Antony, R.; Grannas, A. M.; Willoughby, A. S.; Sleighter, R. L.; Thamban, M.; Hatcher, P. G. Origin and sources of dissolved organic matter in snow on the East Antarctic ice sheet Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (11) 6151-6159 10.1021/es405246a
58. Grannas, A.; Shepson, P.; Filley, T. Photochemistry and nature of organic matter in Arctic and Antarctic snow. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2004, 18 (1) GB1006 10.1029/2003GB002133
59. Kawamura, K.; Seméré, R.; Imai, Y.; Fujii, Y.; Hayashi, M. Water soluble dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in Antarctic aerosols J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. (1984-2012) 1996, 101 (D13) 18721-18728
60. Sharp, M.; Parkes, J.; Cragg, B.; Fairchild, I. J.; Lamb, H.; Tranter, M. Widespread bacterial populations at glacier beds and their relationship to rock weathering and carbon cycling Geology 1999, 27 (2) 107-110 10.1130/0091-7613(1999) 027<0107:WBPAGB> 2.3.CO;2
61. Bhatia, M.; Sharp, M.; Foght, J. Distinct bacterial communities exist beneath a high arctic polythermal glacier Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72 (9) 5838-5845 10.1128/AEM.00595-06
62. Tranter, M.; Skidmore, M.; Wadham, J. Hydrological controls on microbial communities in subglacial environments Hydrol. Processes 2005, 19 (4) 995-998 10.1002/hyp.5854
63. Hodson, A.; Boggild, C.; Hanna, E.; Huybrechts, P.; Langford, H.; Cameron, K.; Houldsworth, A. The cryoconite ecosystem on the Greenland ice sheet Ann. Glaciol. 2010, 51 (56) 123-129 10.3189/172756411795931985
64. Knight, P.; Waller, R.; Patterson, C.; Jones, A.; Robinson, Z. Discharge of debris from ice at the margin of the Greenland ice sheet J. Glaciol. 2002, 48 (161) 192-198 10.3189/172756502781831359