Emission of phthalates and phthalate alternatives from vinyl flooring and crib mattress covers: The influence of temperature

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 14228-14237

  Liang, Yirui ^a   Xu, Ying ^a  

^a The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING MATERIALS; FLOORS; GAS EMISSIONS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS; GAS-PHASE CONCENTRATION; INCREASING TEMPERATURES; MODEL CALCULATIONS; PHASE CONCENTRATION; RESIDENTIAL HOMES; VAN'T HOFF EQUATION; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS;

ESTERS;

PHTHALIC ACID; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE; VINYL DERIVATIVE; VOLATILE AGENT; POLYVINYLCHLORIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; EMISSION; FLOOR; HEALTH RISK; INDOOR AIR; PHTHALATE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; SLEEP; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

AIR MATTRESS; AIR POLLUTANT; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BREATHING; BUILDING; BUILDING MATERIAL; CALCULATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); ENTHALPY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GAS; GREENHOUSE GAS; HUMAN; INFANT; MICROENVIRONMENT; PHASE TRANSITION; RESIDENTIAL HOME; ROOM TEMPERATURE; SLEEP; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; VAPOR PRESSURE; ANALYSIS; BED; CHEMISTRY; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; INFANT EQUIPMENT; TEMPERATURE; THEORETICAL MODEL;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; BEDDING AND LINENS; FLOORS AND FLOORCOVERINGS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT EQUIPMENT; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PHTHALIC ACIDS; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE; TEMPERATURE; VAPOR PRESSURE;

EID: 84918562216     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es504801x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Bornehag, C. G.; Lundgren, B.; Weschler, C. J.; Sigsgaard, T.; Hagerhed-Engman, L.; Sundell, J. Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113 (10) 1399-1404
2. Weschler, C. J.; Nazaroff, W. W. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (40) 9018-9040
3. Xu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Park, J.; Clausen, P. A.; Benning, J. L.; Little, J. C. Measuring and predicting the emission rate of phthalate plasticizer from vinyl flooring in a specially-designed chamber Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (22) 12534-12541
4. Bornehag, C. G.; Sundell, J.; Weschler, C. J.; Sigsgaard, T.; Lundgren, B.; Hasselgren, M.; Hagerhed-Engman, L. The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: A nested case-control study Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112 (14) 1393-1397
5. Clausen, P. A.; Liu, Z.; Kofoed-Sorensen, V.; Little, J.; Wolkoff, P. Influence of temperature on the Emission of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (2) 909-915
6. Rudel, R. A.; Perovich, L. J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43 (1) 170-181
7. Albert, O.; Jegou, B. A critical assessment of the endocrine susceptibility of the human testis to phthalates from fetal life to adulthood Hum. Reprod. Update 2014, 20 (2) 231-249
8. Heudorf, U.; Mersch-Sundermann, V.; Angerer, J. Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007, 210 (5) 623-634
9. Jaakkola, J. J. K.; Knight, T. L. The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116 (7) 845-853
10. Latini, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Massaro, M.; Verrotti, A.; De Felice, C. Phthalate exposure and male infertility Toxicology 2006, 226 (2-3) 90-98
11. Matsumoto, M.; Hirata-Koizumi, M.; Ema, M. Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health: A review of recent studies on reproduction Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 50 (1) 37-49
12. McKee, R. H.; Butala, J. H.; David, R. M.; Gans, G. NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction reports on phthalates: Addressing the data gaps Reprod. Toxicol. 2004, 18 (1) 1-22
13. Ritter, L.; Arbuckle, T. E. Can exposure characterization explain concurrence or discordance between toxicology and epidemiology? Toxico. Sci. 2007, 97 (2) 241-252
14. Jaakkola, J. J.; Ieromnimon, A.; Jaakkola, M. S. Interior surface materials and asthma in adults: A population-based incident casecontrol study Am. J.Epidemiol. 2006, 164, 742-749
15. Jaakkola, J. J. K.; Oie, L.; Nafstad, P.; Botten, G. Interior surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in young children in oslo, Norway Am. J. Public Health 1999, 89 (2) 188-192
16. Kolarik, B.; Bornehag, C.-G.; Naydenov, K.; Sundell, J.; Stavova, P.; Nielsen, O. F. The concentrations of phthalates in settled dust in Bulgarian homes in relation to building characteristic and cleaning habits in the family Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 8553-8559
17. North, M. L.; Takaro, T. K.; Diamond, M. L.; Ellis, A. K. Effects of phthalates on the development and expression of allergic disease and asthma Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014, 112 (6) 496-502
18. Øie, L.; Hersoug, L.-G.; Madsen, J. Ø. Residential exposure to plasticizers and its possible role in the pathogenesis of asthma Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105 (9) 972-978
19. Engel, S. M.; Wolff, M. S. Causal inference considerations for endocrine disruptor research in children's health Annu. Rev. Public Health 2013, 34, 139-158
20. Huang, P. C.; Liou, S. H.; Ho, I. K.; Chiang, H. C.; Huang, H. I.; Wang, S. L. Phthalates exposure and endocrinal effects: An epidemiological review J. Food Drug Anal. 2012, 20 (4) 719-733
21. Jurewicz, J.; Polanska, K.; Hanke, W. Exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and children's cognitive development and behavioral problems Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2013, 26 (2) 185-204
22. Kay, V. R.; Chambers, C.; Foster, W. G. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate diesters in females Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2013, 43 (3) 200-219
23. Schossler, P.; Schripp, T.; Salthammer, T.; Bahadir, M. Beyond phthalates: Gas phase concentrations and modeled gas/particle distribution of modern plasticizers Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409 (19) 4031-4038
24. Weschler, C. J. Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43 (1) 153-169
25. Afshari, A.; Gunnarsen, L.; Clausen, P. A.; Hansen, V. Emission of phthalates from PVC and other materials Indoor Air 2004, 14, 120-128
26. Clausen, P. A.; Hansen, V.; Gunnarsen, L.; Afshari, A.; Wolkoff, P. Emission of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: Emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (9) 2531-2537
27. Clausen, P. A.; Liu, Z.; Xu, Y.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Little, J. C. Influence of air flow rate on emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring in the emission cell FLEC: Measurements and CFD simulation Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44 (23) 2760-2766
28. Clausen, P. A.; Xu, Y.; Kofoed-Sørensen, V.; Little, J. C.; Wolkoff, P. The influence of humidity on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from vinyl flooring in the emission cell "FLEC" Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 3217-3224
29. Xu, Y.; Little, J. Predicting emissions of SVOCs from polymeric materials and their interaction with airborne particles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (2) 456-461
30. Liang, Y.; Xu, Y. Improved method for measuring and characterizing phthalate emissions from building materials and its application to exposure assessment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (8) 4475-4484
31. Gearhart, J.; Posselt, H. Toxic At Any Speed: Chemicals in Cars and the Need for Safe Alternatives. The Ecology Center Report. http://www.ecocenter.org/healthy-stuff/toxic-any-speed-chemicals-cars-and-need-safe-alternatives (accessed September 24, 2014).
32. Boor, B. E.; Järnström, H.; Novoselac, A.; Xu, Y. Infant exposure to emissions of volatile organic compounds from crib mattresses Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (6) 3541-3549
33. Boor, B. E.; Liang, Y.; Crain, N.; Xu, Y. Identification of plasticizers and flame retardants in infant crib mattresses Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2014, 10.1021/es405625q
34. Fujii, M.; Shinohara, N.; Lim, A.; Otake, T.; Kumagai, K.; Yanagisawa, Y. A study on emission of phthalate esters from plastic materials using a passive flux sampler Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37 (39-40) 5495-5504
35. Ekelund, M.; Azhdar, B.; Gedde, U. W. Evaporative loss kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from pristine DEHP and plasticized PVC Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2010, 95 (9) 1789-1793
36. Ekelund, M.; Azhdar, B.; Hedenqvist, M. S.; Gedde, U. W. Long-term performance of poly(vinyl chloride) cables, Part 2: Migration of plasticizer Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2008, 93 (9) 1704-1710
37. Cousins, I.; Mackay, D.; Parkerton, T., Physical-chemical properties and evaluative fate modelling of phthalate esters. In Series Anthropogenic Compounds; Staples, C., Ed.; Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, 2003; Vol. 3Q, pp 57-84.
38. BASF Physical-chemical proterties of diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). http://www.plasticizers.basf.com/portal/load/fid247503/Hex-DINCH-e-09-13.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014).
39. BASF Physical-chemical proterties of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA). http://www.weichmacher.basf.com/portal/load/fid247471/Plast-DOA-e-09-13.pdf (accessed September 24, 2014).
40. Xiong, J.; Wei, W.; Huang, S.; Zhang, Y. Association between the emission rate and temperature for chemical pollutants in building materials: General correlation and understanding Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (15) 8540-8547
41. Schripp, T.; Salthammer, T.; Fauck, C.; Bekö, G.; Weschler, C. J. Latex paint as a delivery vehicle for diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate: Predictable boundary layer concentrations and emission rates Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 494-495 (0) 299-305
42. Kumar, D.; Little, J. C. Single-layer model to predict the source/sink behavior of diffusion-controlled building materials Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37 (17) 3821-3827
43. MathWorks, T. Pitfalls in Fitting Nonlinear Models by Transforming to Linearity. http://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/pitfalls-in-fitting-nonlinear-models-by-transforming-to-linearity.html (accessed September 24, 2014).
44. Schwarzenbach, R. P.; Gschwend, P. M.; Imboden, D. M. Environmental Organic Chemistry; Wiley-Interscience,: 2003.
45. Zhang, Y.; Luo, X.; Wang, X.; Qian, K.; Zhao, R. Influence of temperature on formaldehyde emission parameters of dry building materials Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (15) 3203-3216
46. Dobruskin, V. K. Effect of Chemical Composition on Enthalpy of Evaporation and Equilibrium Vapor Pressure. http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.3400v1 (accessed September 24, 2014).
47. Xu, X.; Culligan, P. J.; Taylor, J. E. Energy saving alignment strategy: Achieving energy efficiency in urban buildings by matching occupant temperature preferences with a building's indoor thermal environment Appl. Energy 2014, 123 (0) 209-219
48. Adunola, A. O. Evaluation of urban residential thermal comfort in relation to indoor and outdoor air temperatures in Ibadan, Nigeria Build. Environ. 2014, 75 (0) 190-205
49. French, L. J.; Camilleri, M. J.; Isaacs, N. P.; Pollard, A. R. Temperatures and heating energy in New Zealand houses from a nationally representative study - HEEP Energy Build. 2007, 39 (7) 770-782
50. Hunt, D. R. G.; Gidman, M. I. A national field survey of house temperatures Build. Environ. 1982, 17 (2) 107-124
51. Raja, I. A.; Nicol, J. F.; McCartney, K. J.; Humphreys, M. A. Thermal comfort: Use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings Energy Build. 2001, 33 (3) 235-244
52. Little, J. C.; Weschler, C. J.; Nazaroff, W. W.; Liu, Z.; Hubal, E. A. C. Rapid methods to estimate potential exposure to semivolatile organic compounds in the indoor environment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (20) 11171-11178
53. Xu, Y.; Hubal, E. A. C.; Clausen, P. A.; Little, J. C. Predicting residential exposure to phthalate plasticizer emitted from vinyl flooring: A mechanistic analysis Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (7) 2374-2380
54. Xu, Y.; Hubal, E. A. C.; Little, J. C. Predicting residential exposure to phthalate plasticizer emitted from vinyl flooring: Sensitivity, uncertainty, and implications for biomonitoring Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (2) 253-258
55. Weschler, C. J. Indoor/outdoor connections exemplified by processes that depend on an organic compound's saturation vapor pressure Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37 (39-40) 5455-5465
56. Zhang, Y. P.; Mo, J. H.; Weschler, C. J. Reducing health risks from indoor exposures in rapidly developing urban China Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121 (7) 751-755
57. Liu, C.; Shi, S. S.; Weschler, C.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, Y. P. Analysis of the dynamic interaction between SVOCs and airborne particles Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (2) 125-136
58. Liu, C.; Zhang, Y.; Weschler, C. J. The impact of mass transfer limitations on size distributions of particle associated SVOCs in outdoor and indoor environments Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 497-498 (0) 401-411
59. Gobble, C.; Chickos, J.; Verevkin, S. P. Vapor pressures and vaporization enthalpies of a series of dialkyl phthalates by correlation gas chromatography J. Chem. Eng. Data 2014, 59 (4) 1353-1365
60. ASHRAE. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 55-2004. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, 2004.
61. Rim, D.; Novoselac, A. Transport of particulate and gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a human body Build. Environ. 2009, 44 (9) 1840-1849
62. Laverge, J.; Novoselac, A.; Corsi, R.; Janssens, A. Experimental assessment of exposure to gaseous pollutants from mattresses and pillows while asleep Build. Environ. 2013, 59, 203-210
63. Boor, B. E.; Spilak, M. P.; Corsi, R. L.; Novoselac, A. Characterizing Particle Resuspension from Mattresses: Chamber Study Indoor Air 2014, in press 10.1111/ina.12148
64. Spilak, M. P.; Boor, B. E.; Novoselac, A.; Corsi, R. L. Impact of Bedding Arrangements, Pillows, and Blankets on Particle Resuspension in the Sleep Microenvironment Build. Sci. 2014, 81, 60-68
65. Weschler, C. J.; Nazaroff, W. W. SVOC exposure indoors: Fresh look at dermal pathways Indoor Air 2012, 22 (5) 356-377
66. Weschler, C. J.; Nazaroff, W. W. Dermal uptake of organic vapors commonly found in indoor air Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 48 (2) 1230-1237