Locked In, Locked Out: Gated communities in a Puerto Rican City

Locked In, Locked Out: Gated Communities in a Puerto Rican City

Volumn 9780812208207, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-220

  Dinzey Flores, Zaire Zenit ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84917664996     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

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250. C. Lucas, De la réforme des prisons (1836), 69.
251. Theresa Caldeira, City of Walls (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000);
252. Mike Davis, City of Quartz (London: Verso, 1990);
253. Mike Davis, Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster (New York: Metropolitan, 1998);
254. Setha Low, Behind the Gates (London: Routledge, 2005);
255. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
256. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, 247.
257. Jeffrey M. Berry, Kent E. Portney, and Ken Thomson, The Rebirth of Urban Democracy (New York: Brookings Institution Press, 1993), 6.
258. Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), 399.
259. Interview, February 6, 2004.
260. Jorge Duany, Luisa Hernández Angueira, and César A. Rey, El Barrio Gandul: Economía Subterránea y Migración Indocumentada en Puerto Rico (San Juan: Universidad del Sagrado Corazón, 1995);
261. Jorge Duany, "Caribbean Migration to Puerto Rico: A Comparison of Cubans and Dominicans", International Migration Review 26, no. 1(Spring 1992):46-66.
262. Interview, February 5, 2004.
263. Interview, February 4, 2004.
264. Interview, February 4, 2004.
265. The Group operates in the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa." http://www.business.com/directory/government-and-trade/by-country/united-states/correctional-facilities/wackenhut-corrections-corporation/profile (accessed May 28, 2010).
266. Interview, October 31, 2003.
267. Interview, October 28, 2003.
268. Interview, October 24, 2003.
269. James Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985);
270. Rebecca Scott, "Former Slaves: Response to Emancipation in Cuba", in Caribbean Freedom, ed. Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd (Princeton: M. Wiener, 1996), 21-27;
271. Kusha Haraksingh, "Control and Resistance among Overseas Indian Workers: A Study of Labor on the Sugar Plantations of Trinidad, 1875-1917", in Caribbean Freedom, ed. Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd (Princeton: M. Wiener, 1996), 207-14.
272. Interview, October 31, 2003.
273. Interview, October 28, 2003.
274. Interview, October 22, 2003.
275. Interview, October 9, 2003.
276. Daniel Rivera Vargas, "Protesta a Son de Música", El Nuevo Día, December 3, 2005.
277. Zaire Dinzey-Flores, "De la Disco al Caserío: Urban Spatial Aesthetics and Policy to the Beat of Reggaetón", Centro: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies 20, no. 1(2008):35-69.
278. Interview, February 6, 2004.
279. Joan Petersilia, When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
280. Interview, February 5, 2004.
281. Mark Figueroa, Anthony Harriott, and Nicola Satchell, "The Political Economy of Jamaica's Inner-City Violence: A Special Case?" in Caribbean City, ed. Rivke Jaffe (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2008).
282. Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty [New York: Random House, 1965])
283. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Moynihan Report: The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, D. C.: Office of Policy Planning and Research, U. S. Department of Labor, 1965);
284. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
285. Small, Harding, and Lamont, "Reconsidering Poverty and Culture", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 629 (May 2010).
286. Patricia Cohen, "'Culture of Poverty' Makes a Comeback", New York Times, October 17, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/18/us/18poverty.htmK-r=l&scp=l&sq=Patricia%20Cohen%20Culture%20Poverty&st=cse (accessed May 29, 2012);
287. Stephen Steinberg's response in Steinberg, "Poor Reason: Culture Still Doesn't Explain Poverty", Boston Review, January 13, 2011, http://www.bostonreview. net/BR36.1/steinberg.php (accessed May 29, 2012).
288. Moynihan, The Moynihan Report;
289. Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Nathan Glazer, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970);
290. Lewis, La Vida.
291. Interview, October 9, 2003.
292. Gerald Suttles, The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 3.
293. Interview, October 24, 2003.
294. Bourdieu, Distinction, 411.
295. Interview, February 4, 2004.
296. Carlos Vargas, "The Impact of Migration on Political Participation: Environment Change and Political Incorporation of Puerto Rican Return Migrants", presented at the conference Transnational Citizenship Across the Americas, Rutgers University, March 26, 2010.
297. Berry, Portney, and Thomson, The Rebirth of Urban Democracy, 3.
298. Vargas, "The Impact of Migration"
299. David Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996).
300. Interview, February 4, 2004.
301. Ruth Madigan, Moira Munro, and Susan Smith, "Gender and the Meaning of the Home", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 14, no. 4(December 1990):625-47;
302. Robert B. Riley, "Attachment to the Ordinary Landscape", in Place Attachment, ed. Irwin Altman and Setha M. Low (New York: Plenum, 1992), 13-35;
303. Deryck Holdsworth, "Revaluing the House", in Place/Culture/Representation, ed. James Duncan and David Ley (New York: Routledge, 1993), 95-109;
304. William M. Rohe and Michael A. Stegman, "The Effects of Homeownership on the Self-Esteem, Perceived Control and Life Satisfaction of Low-Income People", Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no. 2(1994):173-84;
305. William M. Rohe and Leslie S. Stewart, "Homeownership and Neighborhood Stability", Housing Policy Debate 7, no. 1(1996):37-81;
306. Ann Dupuis and David C. Thorns, "Home, Home Ownership and the Search for Ontological Security", Sociological Review 46, no. 1(February 1998):24-47;
307. Denise Di Pasquale and Edward L. Glaeser, "Incentives and Social Capital: Are Homeowners Better Citizens?" Journal of Urban Economics 45, no. 2(March 1999):354-84;
308. William M. Rohe, Shannon Van Zandt, and George McCarthy, "Social Benefits and Costs of Homeownership", in Low-Income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal, ed. Nicolas Paul Retsinas and Eric S. Belsky (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 2002), 381-406;
309. Lynne C. Manzo, "Beyond House and Haven: Toward a Revisioning of Emotional Relationship with Places", Journal of Environmental Psychology 23, no. 1(March 2003):47-61;
310. Lynne C. Manzo, "For Better or Worse: Exploring Multiple Dimensions of Place Meaning", Journal of Environmental Psychology 25, no. 1(March 2005):67-86;
311. Kevin R. Cox, "Housing Tenure and Neighborhood Activism", Urban Affairs Review 43(September 2007):107-22;
312. Alyssa Katz, Our Lot: How Real Estate Came to Own Us (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).
313. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare, updated ed. (New York: Random House, 1993).
314. interview, October 9, 2003
315. Rexford Guy Tugwell, The Stricken Land: The Story of Puerto Rico (New York: Greenwood, 1946), 75.
316. J. B. Jackson, The Necessity for Ruins, and Other Topics (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), 20.
317. Interview, February 5, 2004.
318. Interview, February 4, 2004.
319. Interview, October 27, 2003.
320. Interview, October 30, 2003.
321. Jackson, The Necessity for Ruins, 21.
322. Christopher Grampp, From Yard to Garden: The Domestication of America's Home Grounds (Chicago: Center for American Places at Columbia College, 2008), 17.
323. Lewis Mumford, The City in History (New York: Harcourt, 1961), 490, 492.
324. Interview, February 5, 2004.
325. Mumford, The City in History, 490.
326. Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1902).
327. Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century, updated ed. (Malden: Blackwell, 1996), 87-132.
328. Grampp, From Yard to Garden, 46.
329. Mumford, The City in History, 382.
330. Interview, February 5, 2004.
331. Grampp, From Yard to Garden, 176.
332. Interview, October 31, 2003.
333. Interview, February 5, 2004.
334. Carolyn Merchant, Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture (New York: Routledge, 2003), 2.
335. Carolyn Merchant, ed., Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World (New York: Routledge, 1992).
336. Maikel Fariñas Borrego, Sociabilidad y Cultura del Ocio: Las Élites Habaneras y Sus Clubes de Recreo (1902-1930) (La Habana: Fundación Fernando Oriz, 2009).
337. Mumford, The City in History, 487.
338. http://www.galenusrevista.com/El-Dr-Manuel-de-la-Pila-Iglesias (accessed February 25, 2010);
339. http://wikimapia.org/8891152/Club-Deportivo-de-Ponce (accessed February 9, 2010).
340. Club Deportivo de Ponce, "Memoria anual reglamentaria presentada en la Junta General Ordinaria de 25 de Junio de 1916", 1915-16
341. "Noticiero El Deportivo", January 1981, año 1, no. 1
342. Juan Flores, From Bomba to Hip Hop: Puerto Rican Culture and Latino Identity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
343. "Constitución y Reglamento: Ponce Yacht and Fishing Club, Inc.", 1979, p. 1
344. "Commodore's Welcome", www.ponceyachtandfishingclub.com/index.php (accessed February 9, 2010);
345. Carol Bareuther, "Yacht Club of the Month: Ponce Yacht and Fishing Club", All at Sea: The Caribbean's Waterfront Magazine (September 2006), www.allatsea.net/article/September-2006/Yacht-Club (accessed February 9, 2010).
346. "Commodore's Welcome"
347. Bareuther, "Yacht Club of the Month"
348. "Commodore's Welcome"
349. "Constitución y Reglamento", 29.
350. Interview, February 5, 2004.
351. Interview, February 4, 2004.
352. Interview, February 6, 2004.
353. Bourdieu, Distinction, 54.
354. Mumford, The City in History, 488.
355. Interview, February 4, 2004.
356. Interview, November 7, 2003.
357. "Zona Histórica de Ponce"
358. Andy Szasz, Shopping Our Way to Safety: How We Changed from Protecting the Environment to Protecting Ourselves (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007).
359. Mumford, The City in History, 488.
360. George L. Kelling and Catherine M. Coles, Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities (New York: Touchstone, 1996).
361. Rutherford H. Platt, ed., The Humane Metropolis: People and Nature in the 21st Century City (Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2006).
362. Christopher De Sousa, "Green Futures for Industrial Brownfields", in Platt, The Humane Metropolis, 156.
363. Sharon Zukin, Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010)
364. Sidney G. Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), chapter 4;
365. Jamil Shariff, 50 Green Projects for the Evil Genius (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), chapter 4, Project 14;
366. Margot Adler, "Environmentalists Adopt New Weapon: Seed Balls", April 15, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=103129515 (accessed February 25, 2010).
367. Anne Whiston Spirn, The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
368. Ian McEwan, The Cement Garden (New York: Anchor, 1994).
369. Interview, February 5, 2004.
370. Interview, February 4, 2004.
371. Merchant, Reinventing Eden, 3.
372. William Walters, "Secure Borders, Safe Haven, Domopolitics", Citizenship Studies 8, no. 3(September 2004):237-60.
373. Frances Hodgson Burnett, In the Garden (Boston: Medici Society, 1925)
374. Mumford, The City in History, 495.
375. Evelyn Nakano Glenn, "From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor", Signs 18, no. 1(Autumn 1992):1-43.
376. Interview, February 5, 2004.
377. Interview, October 22, 2003.
378. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1995), 195.
379. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT, State of the World's Cities 2008/2009 Harmonious Cities (London: Earthscan, 2008).
380. Orlando Sotomayor, Poverty and Income Inequality in Puerto Rico, 1970-1990 (Rio Piedras: Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1998).
381. Melvin M. Tumin and Arnold S. Feldman, Social Class and Social Change in Puerto Rico, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), 141.
382. Teresita Mártinez-Vergne, Shaping the Discourse on Space: Charity and Its Wards in Nineteenth-Century San Juan, Puerto Rico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999), 5.
383. Tumin and Feldman, Social Class and Social Change, 164.
384. Arnold Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage (London: Routledge, 2004), 16.
385. Interview, October 23, 2003.
386. Interview, October 27, 2003.
387. Interview, February 4, 2004.
388. Interview, February 5, 2004.
389. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), 170.
390. Interview, October 29, 2003.
391. Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
392. Interview, February 6, 2004.
393. Tumin and Feldman, Social Class and Social Change, 188.
394. van Gennep, The Rites of Passage;
395. Eviatar Zerubavel, The Fine Line: Making Distinctions in Everyday Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991);
396. Wayne Brekhus, Peacocks, Chameleons, Centaurs: Gay Suburbia and the Grammar of Social Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)
397. Interview, October 27, 2003.
398. Daphne Spain, "What Happened to Gender Relations on the Way from Chicago to Los Angeles?" City and Community 1, no. 2(2002):155-69;
399. Milagros Ricourt and Ruby Danta, Hispanas de Queens: Latino Panethnicity in a New York City Neighborhood (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003);
400. Rhonda Y. Williams, The Politics of Public Housing: Black Womens Struggles against Urban Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
401. Dolores Hayden, Redesigning the American Dream: The Future of Housing, Work, and Family Life, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).
402. Lewis Mumford, The City in History (New York: Harcourt, 1961), 492.
403. Zaire Dinzey-Flores, "Criminalizing Communities of Poor, Dark Women in the Caribbean: The Fight against Crime through Puerto Rico's Public Housing", Crime Prevention and Community Safety 13, no. 1(2011):53-73.
404. Robin D. G. Kelley, Yo' Mama's Disfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America (Boston: Beacon, 1997).
405. Williams, The Politics of Public Housing.
406. Interview, February 5, 2004.
407. Interview, October 22, 2003.
408. Mumford, The City in History, 492.
409. Mártinez-Vergne, Shaping the Discourse, 9.
410. Interview, October 22, 2003.
411. Harry Hoetink, Slavery and Race Relations in the Americas: Comparative Notes on Their Nature and Nexus (New York: Harper and Row, 1973).
412. Antonio S. Pedreira, Insularismo [1934; Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Edil, 1992]).
413. Edward R. Telles, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
414. Wacquant, "Urban Outcasts: Stigma and Division in the Black American Ghetto and the French Urban Periphery", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17, no. 3 [September 1993]: 366-83, 373).
415. Lo'ic Wacquant, "What Is a Ghetto? Constructing a Sociological Concept", in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes, and P. B. London (New York: Pergamon, 2001);
416. Glenn Loury, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).
417. José Celso Barbosa, Problema de Razas (San Juan: Imprenta Venezuela, 1937);
418. Luis M. Díaz Soler, La Esclavitud Negra en Puerto Rico (San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1957);
419. María Teresa Babín, Panorama de la Cultura Puertorriqueña (New York: Las Americas, 1958);
420. S. Arana Soto, Puerto Rico: Sociedad sin Razas y Trabajos Afines (San Juan: Asociación Médica de Puerto Rico, 1976).
421. Angelo Falcon, "Puerto Ricans and the Politics of Racial Identity", in Racial and Ethnic Identity: Psychological Development and Creative Expression, ed. Herbert Harris et al. (New York: Routledge, 1995), 193-207;
422. Roberto Rodriguez-Morazzani, "Beyond the Rainbow: Mapping the Discourse on Puerto Ricans and 'Race'", in The Latino Studies Reader: Culture, Economy, and Society, ed. Antonia Darder and Rodolfo D. Torres (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 143-62;
423. Jorge Duany, "Making Indians Out of Blacks: The Revitalization of Taino Identity in Contemporary Puerto Rico", in Taino Revival: Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics, ed. Gabriel Haslip-Viera (New York: Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, 1999), 31-55;
424. Marya Muñoz Vázquez and Idsa E. Alegría Ortega, Discrimen por razón de raza en los sistemas de seguridad y justicia en Puerto Rico (San Juan: Comisión de Derechos Civiles, 1999);
425. Isar P. Godreau, "La semántica fugitiva: 'Raza', color y vida cotidiana en Puerto Rico", Revista de Ciencias Sociales 9(2000):52-71;
426. Clara E. Rodriguez, Changing Race: Latinos, the Census and the History of Ethnicity (New York: New York University Press, 2000);
427. M. A. Rivera Ortiz, Justicia negra: Casos y cosas (Hato Rey, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Situm, 2001);
428. Marta Cruz-Janzen, "Latinegras: Desired Women-Undesirable Mothers, Daughters, Sisters and Wives", Frontiers 22, no. 3(2001):168-83;
429. Jorge Duany, The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move: Identities on the Island and in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), especially chapters 10 and 11;
430. Nancy S. Landale and R. S. Oropesa, "White, Black, or Puerto Rican? Racial Self-Identification among Mainland and Island Puerto Ricans", Social Forces 81, no. 1(2002):231-54;
431. William Darity, Jr., Darrick Hamilton, and Jason Dietrich, "Passing on Blackness: Latinos, Race, and Earnings in the USA", Applied Economics Letters 9, no. 13(2002):847-53;
432. Clarence C. Gravlee, "Ethnic Classification in Southeastern Puerto Rico: The Cultural Model of'Color, '" Social Forces 83, no. 3(2005):949-70;
433. Clarence C. Gravlee, William W. Dressier, and H. Russell Bernard, "Skin Color, Social Classification, and Blood Pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico", American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 12(2005):2191-97;
434. Nancy S. Landale and R. S. Oropesa, "What Does Skin Color Have to Do with Infant Health? An Analysis of Low Birth Weight among Mainland and Island Puerto Ricans", Social Science and Medicine 61, no. 2(2005):379-91;
435. Yeidy Rivero, Tuning Out Blackness: Race and Nation in the History of Puerto Rican Television (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005);
436. Carlos Vargas-Ramos, "Black, Trigueño, White: Shifting Racial Identification among Puerto Ricans", Du Bois Review 2(2005):267-85;
437. Luisa N. Borrell, Carlos J. Crespo, and Mario R. Garcia-Palmieri, "Skin Color and Mortality Risk among Men: The Puerto Rico Heart Health Program", Annals of Epidemiology 17, no. 5(2007):335-41;
438. Isar P. Godreau, "Slippery Semantics: Race Talks and Everyday Uses of Racial Terminology in Puerto Rico", Centro Journal 20, no. 2(2008):5-33.
439. Godreau, "La semántica fugitiva"
440. Godreau, "Slippery Semantics"
441. Gravlee, "Ethnic Classification"
442. Isar P. Godreau, "Changing Space, Making Race: Distance, Nostalgia, and the Folklorization of Blackness in Puerto Rico", Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 9, no. 3(2002):281-304.
443. Godreau, "Slippery Semantics"
444. Gravlee, "Ethnic Classification"
445. "Colonial Laboratories, Irreparable Subjects: The Experiment of' (B) ordering' San Juan's Public Housing Residents", Social Identities 16, no. 1(2010):41-59.
446. William A. Darity, Jr., Jason Dietrich, and Darrick Hamilton, "Bleach in the Rainbow: Latin Ethnicity and Preference for Whiteness", Transforming Anthropology 13, no. 2(October 2005):103-9.
447. Isar Godreau, "Blanqueamiento and the Celebration of Blackness as an Exception in Puerto Rico", in Globalization and Race: Transformations in the Cultural Production of Blackness, ed. Kamari Maxine Clarke and Deborah A. Thomas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 171-87.
448. Landale and Oropesa, "White, Black, or Puerto Rican?"
449. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991);
450. Joe Feagin, White Racism (New York: Routledge, 2001);
451. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006).
452. Lawrence Bobo and Vincent L. Hutchings, "Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context", American Sociological Review 61(1996):951-72;
453. Steven Tuch and Jack Martin, eds., Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997), chapters 2, 3, 4;
454. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006);
455. John E Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, "Aversive Racism", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 36(2004):1-52.
456. Interview, February 5, 2004.
457. Interview, October 31, 2003.
458. Jorge Duany, "Caribbean Migration to Puerto Rico: A Comparison of Cubans and Dominicans", International Migration Review 26, no. 1(Spring 1992):61.
459. Godreau, "Slippery Semantics"
460. Jorge Duany, "Blanquitos", El Nuevo Dia, December 9, 2009.
461. Interview, February 5, 2004.
462. Interview, October 24, 2003.
463. Tumin and Feldman, Social Class and Social Change.
464. Zaire Dinzey-Flores, "The Mask of Racial Superstructures: The Spatial Layout of Race in Puerto Rico's Housing", presented at the Association for the Study of the Worldwide African Diaspora (ASWAD), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, October 5-7, 2005.
465. Loury, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality).
466. Interview, October 28, 2003.
467. United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, Investigation of the Puerto Rico Police Department, September 5, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/pr.php (accessed October 20, 2011).
468. Joao Costa Vargas, "Hyperconsciousness of Race and Its Negation: The Dialectic of White Supremacy in Brazil", Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 11, no. 4(2004):443-70.
469. Dianne Harris, "Little White Houses: Critical Race Theory and the Interpretation of Ordinary Dwellings in the United States, 1945-60", Proceedings from the Warren Center for American Studies Conference on Reinterpreting the History of the Built Environment in North America, August 3, 2005, p. 2, http://warrencenter.fas.harvard.edu/builtenv/Paper%20PDFs/Harris.pdf (accessed October 20, 2011).
470. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: New Left Books, 1971).
471. Stuart Hall, "Race, Articulation and Societies Structured in Dominance", in Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism (Paris: UNESCO, 1980), 305-45, 334-36.
472. Barbara Fields, "Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the United States of America", New Left Review 181(May/June 1990):95-118
473. Peter Wade's discussion on ideology in Race and Ethnicity in Latin America (London: Pluto Press), 5-24.
474. Stuart Hall, "Race, Articulation and Societies", 340;
475. Wade, Race and Ethnicity;
476. Harris, "Little White Houses"
477. Michel De Certeau, Luce Giard, and Pierre Mayol, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Timothy J. Tomasik (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 46.
478. Brekhus, Peacocks, Chameleons, Centaurs, 5-6.
479. Interview, February 5, 2004.
480. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991), 183.
481. Interview, October 31, 2003.
482. Liz Serrano and Lilliam Rivera, Biblioteca y Archivo Histórico Municipal, Lugar de Actividades Escolares-Ponce-Puerto Rico, http://archivosmunicipales.blogspot.com/2008/08/biblioteca-y-archivo-histrico-municipal.html (accessed August 6, 2008).
483. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1995), 113.
484. Mike Davis, City of Quartz (London: Verso, 1990)
485. Joanisabel González, "Millonario Plan de Seguridad", El Nuevo Día (February 1, 2005), http://www.adendi.com/archivo.asp?num=1697&yea r=2005&month=2&keyword=millonario%20plan%20de%20seguridad (accessed May 30, 2012).
486. Robert E. Park, Ernest W. Burgess, R. D. McKenzie, and Louis Wirth, The City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925);
487. Louis Wirth, "Urbanism as a Way of Life", American Journal of Sociology 44, no. 1(1938):1-24;
488. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage, 1961).
489. Iris Marion Young, in Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)
490. Lewis Mumford, The City in History (New York: Harcourt, 1961), 9-10.
491. Teaford, The Metropolitan Revolution: The Rise of Post-Urban America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
492. David Sibley, Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West (New York: Routledge, 1995).
493. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998).
494. Young, in Justice and the Politics of Difference, 242
495. Kenneth Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power [New York: Harper and Row, 1965], 11)
496. St. Clair Drake and Horace Roscoe Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City [1945; Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993], 382).
497. Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (New York: Perseus, 1954).
498. James E. Rosenbaum, "Changing the Geography of Opportunity by Expanding Residential Choice: Lessons from the Gautreaux Program", Housing Policy Debate 6, no. 1(1995):231-69;
499. Ingrid Gould Ellen and Margery Austin Turner, "Does Neighborhood Matter? Assessing Recent Evidence", Housing Policy Debate 8, no. 4(1997):833-66;
500. Jerry J. Salama, "The Redevelopment of Distressed Public Housing: Early Results from HOPE VI Projects in Atlanta, Chicago, and San Antonio", Housing Policy Debate 10, no. 1(1999):95-142;
501. Lawrence E Katz, Jeffrey R. Kling, and Jeffrey B. Liebman, "Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Results of a Randomized Mobility Experiment", Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, no. 2(2001):607-54;
502. Larry Burton et al., The HOPE VI Resident Tracking Study: A Snapshot of the Current Living Situation of Original Residents from Eight Sites (U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Public Housing Investments, November 1, 2002);
503. G. Thomas Kingsley, Jennifer Johnson, and Kathryn L. S. Pettit, "Patterns of Section 8 Relocation in the Hope VI Program", Journal of Urban Affairs 25(2003):427-47;
504. William G. Grigsby and Steven C. Bourassa, "Trying to Understand Low-income Housing Subsidies: Lessons from the United States", Urban Studies 40, nos. 5-6(May 2003):973-92;
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