Peacebuilding and rule of law in Africa: Just peace?

Peacebuilding and Rule of Law in Africa: Just Peace?

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-262

  Sriram, Chandra Lekha ^a,b   Martin Ortega, Olga ^a   Herman, Johanna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Centre on Human Rights in Conflict   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917311986     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203848494     Document Type: Book

References (211)

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53. Maryse Raynal, Justice traditionnelle, justice moderne: le devin, le juge et le sorcier (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1994).
54. Schärf and Nina (eds), The Other Law; Athaliah Molokomme, 'Customary Law in Botswana: Past, Present and Future?', in Brothers, Hennas, and Nteta (eds), Botswana in the 21st Century (Gaborone: Botswana Society, 1995);
55. Digby Sqhelo Koyana, Customary Law in a Changing Society (Cape Town: Juta and Co., 1980);
56. John G. Hund, 'Legal and Sociological Approaches to Indigenous Law in Southern Africa', Social Dynamics, 8 (1982).
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59. Charles Cutshall, Justice for the People: Community Courts and Legal Transformation in Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe Publications, 1991);
60. Andrew Ladley, 'Changing the Courts in Zimbabwe: The Customary Law and Primary Courts Act', Journal of African Law, 26(2) (1982;
61. Marina d'Engelbronner-Kolff, Manfred Hinz, and J.L. Sidano (eds), Traditional Authority and Democracy in Southern Africa (Windhoek: University of Namibia, New Namibia Books, 1995);
62. Manfred Hinz, Customary Law in Namibia: Development and Perspective (Windhoek: Namibia Papers Working Document No. 28, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, 1995).
63. Francis Snyder, 'Colonialism and Legal Form: The Creation of "Customary Law" in Senegal', Journal of Legal Pluralism, 19 (1984).
64. Auwalu Yadudu, 'Colonialism and the Transformation of Islamic Law in the Northern States of Nigeria', Journal of Legal Pluralism, 32 (1992);
65. Ousmane Kane and J.-L. Triaud (eds), Islam et islamismes au Sud du Sahara (Paris:Karthala, 1998).
66. Juan Obarrio, 'The Spirit of the Laws in Mozambique';
67. Aase Gundersen, 'Popular Justice in Mozambique: Between State Law and Folk Law', Social & Legal Studies, 1(2) (1992);
68. Barbara Isaacman and Allen Isaacman, 'A Socialist Legal System in the Making: Mozambique Before and After Independence', in Richard Abel (ed.), The Politics of Informal Justice, vol. 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1982);
69. Albie Sachs and Gita Honwana Welch, Liberating the Law: Creating Popular Justice in Mozambique (London: Zed Books, 1990).
70. Nombuso Dlamini, 'The Role of Chiefs in the Administration of Justice', LLD thesis, University of Pretoria, 1998.
71. Daniel Nina, 'Popular Justice or Vigilantism? Pagad, the State and the Community', Crime and Conflict, 7 (Spring 1996);
72. Daniel Nina, Rethinking Popular Justice: Self-regulation and Civil Society in South Africa (Cape Town: Community Peace Foundation, 1995).
73. David Pratten, 'The Politics of Protection: Perspective on Vigilantism in Nigeria', Africa, 78(1) (2008).
74. Sandra Burman and Wilfred Schärf, 'Creating People's Justice: Street Committees and People's Courts in a South African City', Law and Society Review, 42(3) (1990).
75. Albert Isaac, Tinu Awe, Georges Herault, and Wuyi Omitoogun, Informal Channels for Conflict Resolution in Ibadan (Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique, 1995).
76. Richard Fahey, 'The Poro as a System of Judicial Administration in North-Western Liberia', African Law Studies, 4 (1971).
77. Alhadi Bouba Nouhou, Islam et politique au Nigeria: Genèse et évolution de la charia (Paris: Karthala, 2005).
78. Wilfred Schärf, 'Community Justice and Community Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa', IDS Bulletin, 32(1) (2001).
79. Jeremy Seekings, 'People's Courts and Popular Politics', South African Review, 6 (1989).
80. A.J. Sanders (ed.), The Internal Conflict of Laws in South Africa (Durban:Butterworths, 1990).
81. K.O. Adinkrah, 'We Shall Take Our Case to the King: Legitimacy and Tradition in the Administration of Law in Swaziland', Comparative and International Journal of Southern Africa, 24(2) (1991).
82. Bojosi Otlhogile, 'Criminal Justice and the Problems of a Dual Legal System in Botswana', Criminal Law Forum, 4(3) (1993).
83. Richard Fanthorpe, Alice Jay, and Victor Kalie, Kamara, Sierra Leone:A Review of the Chiefdom Governance Reform Programme, Incorporating an Analysis of Chiefdom Administration in Sierra Leone (London: DFID, 2002).
84. Richard Fanthorpe, 'On the Limits of Liberal Peace: Chiefs and Democratic Decentralization in Post-war Sierra Leone', African Affairs, 105 (2006).
85. Joseph Kenny, 'Sharia and Christianity in Nigeria: Islam and a "Secular" State', Journal of Religion in Africa, 26(4) (1996);
86. David Laitin, 'The Sharia Debate and the Origins of Nigeria's Second Republic', Journal of Modern African Studies, 20(3) (1982);
87. Murray Last, 'The Shari'a in Context: People's Quest for Justice Today and the Role of Courts in Pre- and Early-Colonial Northern Nigeria', paper presented to the International Conference on Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa, at the Centre for Contemporary Islam, University of Cape Town, 2002.
88. Wilfred Schärf, Non-State Justice Systems in Southern Africa: How Should Governments Respond? (London: DFID, 2003);
89. Celestine Nyamu-Musembi, Review of Experience in Engaging with 'Non-State' Justice Systems in East Africa (London: DFID, 2003);
90. Anne Griffiths, In the Shadow of Marriage: Gender and Justice in an African Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
91. Andrew Ladley, 'Just Spirits? In Search of Tradition in Customary Law Courts of Zimbabwe', in Commission on Folk Law and Legal Pluralism: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium, vol. 2 (1991), Ottawa.
92. Manfred Hinz, 'The Conflict between the Constitution and Customary Law:Conflict between Systems and Concepts', in Traditional Authority and Democracy in Southern Africa, pp. 168-81.
93. Anne Griffiths, 'Legal Duality: Conflict or Concord in Botswana?', Journal of African Law, 27(2) (1983).
94. Jean-Pierre Chauveau, 'Question foncière et construction nationale en Côte d'Ivoire. Les enjeux silencieux d'un coup d'état', Politique Africaine, vol. 78 (2000) pp. 94-125;
95. Jean-Pierre Chauveau, Une lecture sociologique de la nouvelle loi sur le domaine foncier rural. Formalisation des "droits coutumiers" et contexte socio-politique en milieu rural ivoirien, Documents de travail UR RéFO N°6 (Montpellier: IRD, 2002).
96. Ruth Marshall, Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
97. Sussana D. Wing, 'Women's Rights in West Africa: Legal Pluralism and Constitutional Law', paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 2002.
98. Lars Waldorf, 'Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice', Temple Law Review, 79(1) (2006).
99. Erin Daly, 'Between Punitive and Reconstructive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda', New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 34(2) (2002);
100. Allison Corey and Sandra F. Joireman, 'Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda', African Affairs, 103(410) (2004);
101. Alice Karekezi Urusaro, Alfonse Nshimiyimana, and Beth Mutamba, 'Localizing Justice: Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda', in Eric Stover and Harvey M. Weinstein (eds), My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005);
102. Timothy Longman, 'Justice at the Grassroots? Gacaca Trials in Rwanda', in Roht-Arriaza and Mariezcurrena (eds), Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century;
103. Laurel Rose, Justice at the Local Level: Findings and Recommendations for Future Actions, Rwanda Rapid Response Rule of Law Program (Washington, DC: USAID, May 1995);
104. Jeremy Sarkin, 'Preconditions and Processes for Establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwanda: The Possible Interim Role of the Gacaca Community Courts', Law, Democracy and Development, 3(2) (1999).
105. Tim Allen, Trial Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Lord's Resistance Army (London: Zed Books, 2006).
106. Erin K. Baines, 'The Haunting of Alice: Local Approaches to Justice and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda', International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(1) (2007);
107. Erin K. Baines, Roco Wat I Acoli/Restoring Relationships in Acholi-land: Traditional Approaches to Justice and Reintegration (Vancouver:Liu Institute for Global Issues, Justice and Reconciliation Programme, University of British Columbia, 2005).
108. John Barya and J. Oloka Onyango, Popular Justice and Resistance Committee Courts in Uganda (Kampala: New Visions Publishing, 1994).
109. Adedokun Adeyemi, 'Personal Reparations in Africa: Nigeria and Gambia', in Ugliesa Zvekic (ed.), Alternatives to Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1994), pp. 53-66.
110. Jean-François Bayart, Peter Geschiere, and Francis Nyamnjoh, 'Autochtonie, démocratie et citoyenneté en Afrique', Critique Internationale, 10 (January 2001);
111. Sara Berry, 'Property, Authority and Citizenship: Land Claims, Politics, and the Dynamics of Social Division in West Africa', paper presented at workshop in International Development Studies, Roskilde University, Sept. 2006.
112. Oliver Richmond, The Transformation of Peace (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), among many others, for more on this evolution.
113. Michel Foucault, 'Governmentality', in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 87-104.
114. Roland Paris, 'International Peacebuilding and the "Mission Civilisatrice"', Review of International Studies, 28(4) (2002).
115. Michael Mandelbaum, The Ideas that Conquered the World (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), p. 6.
116. Richard Caplan, A New Trusteeship? The International Administration of Wartorn Territories, Adelphi Papers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 84.
117. Roland Paris, 'Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism', International Security, 22(2) (1997), p. 79.
118. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence (London: W.W. Norton, 2000), p. 43;
119. Annan, 'Democracy as an International Issue', p. 136;
120. Chopra and Hohe, 'Participatory Intervention', p. 292;
121. David Rieff, A Bed for the Night (London: Vintage, 2002) p. 10;
122. Chandra Lekha Sriram, 'Justice as Peace? Liberal Peacebuilding and Strategies of Transitional Justice', Global Society, 21(4) (2007);
123. Chandra Lekha Sriram, Confronting Past Human Rights Violations: Justice vs. Peace in Times of Transition (London: Frank Cass, 2004).
124. David Tolbert and Andrew Solomon, 'United Nations Reform and Supporting the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies', Harvard Human Rights Journal, 19 (2006).
125. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
126. Michael Smith, Peacekeeping in East Timor (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003), p. 75.
127. Muhamad Mugraby, 'Some Impediments to the Rule of Law in the Middle East and Beyond', Fordham International Law Journal, 26 (March 2003), p. 771.
128. Thomas Carothers, 'Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad: The Problem of Knowledge', Rule of Law Series, Democracy and the Rule of Law Project, Working Papers, No. 34 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 31 January 2003).
129. Jeffrey J. Pyle, 'Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory's Attack on the Promise of Liberalism', Boston College Law Review, 40 (May 1999).
130. John Copeland Nagle, 'Choosing the Judges Who Choose the President', Capital University Law Review, 30 (2002), p. 510.
131. Ndulo, 'The Democratization Process and Structural Adjustment in Africa', p. 339.
132. Ocran, 'The Rule of Law as the Quest for Legitimacy', p. 303.
133. Randall Peerenboom, 'Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China', Michigan Journal International Law, 23 (Spring 2002), p. 471, 472.
134. Veron Mei-Ying Hung, 'China's WTO Commitment on Independent Judicial Review: Impact on Legal and Political Reform', American Journal of Comparative Law, 52 (Winter 2004), p. 111.
135. Ahmed A. White, 'Rule of Law and the Limits of Sovereignty: The Private Prison in Jurisprudential Perspective', American Criminal Law Review, 38 (Winter 2001), p. 118.
136. B.O. Nwabueze, 'Dangers of Absolute and Total Power', The Morohundiya Lectures, in B.O. Nwabueze, Ideas and Facts in Constitution Making (Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books, 1993).
137. Louis Henkin, 'Commentary on International Law: Constitutionalism, Democracy and Foreign Affairs', Indiana Law Journal, 67 (Fall 1992), p. 885.
138. James C.N. Paul, 'Developing Constitutional Orders in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Unofficial Report', Third World Legal Studies (1988), p. 1-34.
139. Michael J. Dennis, 'Current Development: The Fifty-Sixth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights', American Journal of International Law, 95 (January 2001), p. 313.
140. Patricia Armstrong, 'Human Rights and Multilateral Development Banks: Governance Concerns in Decision Making', American Society of International Law Proceedings, 88 (1994), p. 280.
141. Armstrong, 'Human Rights and Multilateral Development Banks', p. 280.
142. Armstrong, 'Human Rights and Multilateral Development Banks', p. 280.
143. Drury Stevenson, 'To Whom Is the Law Addressed?', Yale Law and Policy Review, 21 (Winter 2003), p. 158.
144. Molly Beutz, 'Functional Democracy: Responding to Failures of Accountability', Harvard International Law Journal, 44 (Summer 2003): 387.
145. Armstrong, 'Human Rights and Multilateral Development Banks', p. 281.
146. James C.N. Paul, 'The Need for International Law', Third World Legal Studies (1996-1997), p. 229.
147. James C.N. Paul, 'Human Rights and the Legal Structure of Security Forces in Constitutional Orders: The Case of Ethiopia', Third World Legal Studies, (1996-1997), p. 132.
148. Silvia Cartwright, 'The Judiciary: Qualifications, Training and Gender Balance', in John Hatchard and Peter Slinn (eds), Parliamentary Supremacy and Judicial Independence: A Commonwealth Approach (London: Cavendish, 1998), p. 39. The issue of judicial accountability is discussed below.
149. Kenneth Roberts-Wray, Commonwealth and Colonial Law (London: Stevens, 1966), p. 478.
150. P.T. Georges, 'The Court in the Tanzania One-Party System', in A. Sawyer (ed.), East African Law and Social Change (Nairobi: East Africa Publishing House, 1967), p. 38.
151. Gibson Kamau Kuria and Algeisa M. Vazquez, 'Judges and Human Rights: The Kenyan Experience', Journal of African Law, 35 (1991), p. 145-46.
152. John Hatchard and Muna Ndulo, Readings in Criminal Law and Criminology (Lusaka: Multimedia, 1994), p. 94.
153. Charles Goredema, 'The Attorney-General in Zimbabwe and South Africa: Whose Weapons, Whose Shield?', in which he argues that the politicization of the post of Attorney-General means that the incumbent cannot perform their functions in an independent manner, with the result that the institution is 'emasculated' (p. 25).
154. Louis Henkin, Gerald. L. Neuman, and David W. Leebron, Human Rights (New York: Foundation Press, 1999), p. 265.
155. Chukwuma Innocent, 'The Legal Structure of the Police and Human Rights in Nigeria', Third World Legal Studies (1999), p. 45.
156. John Hatchard, 'Legal Techniques & Agencies of Accountability: Human Rights Commissions in Commonwealth Africa', in Muna Ndulo (ed.), Democratic Reform in Africa: Its Impact on Governance and Poverty Alleviation (Athens, OH: James Currey and Ohio University Press, 2006), p. 109, reporting that the operation of ombudsmen in many African countries is 'somewhat disappointing. The reluctance of citizens to bring complaints is "largely due to the ineffectiveness of the office caused by recalcitrant officials"'.
157. Hatchard, 'Legal Techniques & Agencies of Accountability', p. 109, noting, for example, that in the Sudan the Commission for Investigations was established in 1973 and repealed in 1985 when the army took over.
158. Ocran, 'The Rule of Law as the Quest for Legitimacy', p. 302.
159. Paul, 'Developing Constitutional Orders in Sub-Saharan Africa', p. 226.
160. Ndulo, 'The Democratization Process and Structural Adjustment in Africa', p. 318, noting that, while over three-quarters of Africa's countries are democracies in theory, only five can actually be described as democracies.
161. Paul, 'Developing Constitutional Orders in Sub-Saharan Africa', pp. 225-26.
162. R.L. Barsh, 'Changing Forces and Non-State Actors in the Struggle for Human Rights', in Yael Danieli et al. (eds), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:Fifty Years and Beyond (Amityville, New York: Baywood Publishing Co., 1999), p. 406.
163. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (London: Pan Macmillan, 2006).
164. Ludo De Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba (London: Verso, 2001).
165. Kwamw Nkrumah, Challenge of the Congo: A Case Study of Foreign Pressures in an Independent State (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1967).
166. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (London: Zed Books, 2002).
167. Paul-Simon Handy, 'Post-conflict Peace Building in the Great Lakes Region, Special Focus on the DRC', presentation (Institute for Security Studies, 2007) p. 4, available at: www.nupi.no/content/download/2063/45411/file/PresentationHandy.pdf (accessed 15 February 2009).
168. Filip Reyntjens, 'The Privatisation and Criminalisation of Public Space in the Geopolitics of the Great Lakes Region', Journal of Modern African Studies, 43 (2005).
169. Filip Reyntjens, 'Democratic Republic of Congo: Political Transition and Beyond', African Affairs, 106(423) (2007), p. 317.
170. Balakrishnan Rajagopal, 'Invoking the Rule of Law: International Discourses', in Agn`s Hurwitz with Reyko Huang (eds), Civil War and the Rule of Law: Security, Development and Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008).
171. Heiner Hänggi and Vincenza Scherrer, 'Recent Experience of UN Integrated Missions in Security Sector Reform', in Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions (Geneva, December 2007), p. 4.
172. Ruth Slade. King Leopold's Congo: Aspects of the Deveolment of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).
173. Michael G. Schatezberg. The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988).
174. See generally, John Hirsch, Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
175. Michael Pugh and Neil Cooper, with Jonathan Goodhand, 'Sierra Leone in West Africa', in War Economies in Regional Context (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004);
176. Adekeye Adebajo and Ismail Rashid (eds), West Africa's Security Challenges: Building Peace in a Troubled Region (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004).
177. Bruce Baker, 'Who Do People Turn to for Policing in Sierra Leone?', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 23(3) (2005), pp. 380-81.
178. Paul Jackson, 'Reshuffling an Old Deck of Cards? The Politics of Local Government Reform in Sierra Leone', African Affairs, 106 (2006).
179. Joe A.D. Alie, 'Reconciliation and Traditional Justice: Tradition-based Practices of the Kpaa Mende in Sierra Leone', in Luc Huyse and Mark Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2008), p. 141.
180. Nicole Fritz and Alison Smith, 'Current Apathy for Coming Anarchy: Building the Special Court for Sierra Leone', Fordham International Law Journal, 25(1) (2001).
181. See Jess Bravin, 'Peace vs. Justice: A Prosecutor Vows No Deals for Thugs in Sierra Leone War', The Wall Street Journal (28 July 2003), p. A1.
182. Pamela Dale, Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature (Washington, DC: World Bank, March 2007), p. 8.
183. Mike McGovern, 'Liberia: The Risk of Rebuilding a Shadow State', in Charles T. Call and Vanessa Wyeth (eds), Building States to Build Peace (Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner, 2008), p. 335.
184. Adekeye Adebajo, 'Liberia: A Banquet for Warlords', in Adekeye Adebajo (ed.), Building Peace in West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea-Bissau (Boulder, CO:Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp. 43-78;
185. Emmanuel T. Dolo, Ethnic Tensions in Liberia's National Identity Crisis: Problems and Possibilities (New Jersey: Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2007), especially Chapters 1-3, pp. 3-58.
186. Priscilla Hayner, Negotiating Peace in Liberia: Preserving the Possibility for Justice (Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and ICTJ: November 2007), p. 19.
187. William G. O'Neill, 'UN Peacekeeping Operations and Rule of Law Programs', in Agnès Hurwitz with Reiko Huang (eds), Civil War and the Rule of Law:Security, Development, Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008), p. 96.
188. Agnès Hurwitz, 'Civil War and the Rule of Law: Toward Security, Development, and Human Rights', in Hurwitz with Huang (eds), Civil War and the Rule of Law, p. 6.
189. Jane Stromseth et al., Can Might Make Rights? Building the Rule of Law after Military Interventions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 333.
190. Agnès Hurwitz, 'The Rule of Law and Peacebuilding Processes in Civil War and the Rule of Law', in Hurwitz and Huang (eds), Civil War and the Rule of Law, p. 288.
191. Agnès Hurwitz, 'Beyond Restitution: Housing, Land, Property and the Rule of Law', in Hurwitz and Huang (eds), Civil War and the Rule of Law, p. 196.
192. Lansana Gberie, 'Truth and Justice on Trial in Liberia', African Affairs, 107(428) (2008), p. 457.
193. Erik G. Jensen, 'Justice and the Rule of Law', in Call and Wyeth, Building States to Build Peace, p. 128.
194. See Johan Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
195. and Filip Reyntjens, 'Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship', African Affairs, 103(411) (April 2004), pp. 177-210.
196. Jens Meierhenrich, 'Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Rwanda, 2003', Electoral Studies, 25(3) (September 2006), p. 633.
197. Payam Akhavan, 'Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?' American Journal of International Law, 95(7) (2001), p. 23-24.
198. Peter Uvin and Charles Mironko, 'Western and Local Approaches to Justice in Rwanda', Global Governance, 9(2) (2003), p. 220.
199. See also Mark A. Drumbl, 'Law and Atrocity: Settling Accounts in Rwanda', Ohio Northern University Law Review, 31(1) (2005), p. 47.
200. Packson Nyamuya Maogoto, 'International Justice for Rwanda Missing the Point: Questioning the Relevance of Classical Criminal Law Theory', Bond Law Review, 13(1) (2001), p. 205.
201. Coel Kirkby, 'Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: A Preliminary Critique', Journal of African Law, 50(2) (2006), p. 99.
202. Jeremy Sarkin, 'The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda:Politics, Human Rights, Due Process and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide', Journal of African Law, 45(2) (2001), 158.
203. Alexander Betts, 'Should Approaches to Post-conflict Justice and Reconciliation be Determined Globally, Nationally or Locally?', European Journal of Development Research, 17(4) (2005), p. 746.
204. Lars Waldorf, 'Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice', Temple Law Review, 79(1) (2006), p. 45-46.
205. Bert Ingelaere, 'The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda', in Luc Huyse and Mark Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict (Stockholm:International IDEA, 2008), p. 45.
206. Allison Corey and Sandra F. Joireman, 'Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda', African Affairs, 103(410) (2004), p. 86-87.
207. Peter Uvin, 'Difficult Choices in the New Post-Conflict Agenda: The International Community in Rwanda after the Genocide', Third World Quarterly, 22(2) (2001), p. 181.
208. Stephen Golub, 'A House without a Foundation', in Carothers, Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad, pp. 105-36.
209. Peter Uvin, Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998).
210. André Bourque, 'L'aide non étatique au Rwanda: des leçons de 1994?', Revue Tiers Monde, 46(183) (2005).
211. Ian Martin, 'Hard Choices after Genocide: Human Rights and Political Failures in Rwanda', in Jonathan Moore (ed.), Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), p. 170