Globalization and Arab security

Globalization and National Security

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 171-200

  Lynch, Marc ^a  

^a WILLIAMS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917311302     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203943762     Document Type: Chapter

References (106)

1. Paul Kingston, "Avoiding Globalization?" International Journal 53 (Winter 2002-2003): 201-212, 203 (quote).
2. Also see Clement Henry and Robert Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). One exception is the recycling of petro-dollars through the Western financial system;
3. see David Spiro, The Hidden Hand of Hegemony (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
4. Toby Dodge and Richard Higgott, eds., Globalization and the Middle East (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002).
5. Audrey Kurth Cronin, "Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism," International Security 27(3) (2002/03): 30-58.
6. Michael Hudson, ed., Middle East Dilemma (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999) reviews the various dimensions of attempts at Arab unification.
7. Hudson, Middle East Dilemma, 2.
8. Anabelle Sreberny, "Mediated Culture in the Middle East," Gazette 63 (2-3) (2001): 101-119.
9. For a sophisticated presentation of this argument, see Herbert Kitschelt, "Origins of International Terrorism in the Middle East." Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 1 (2004), available at http://www.fes.de/ipg/online1_2004/artkitschelt.htm.
10. See Mueller, chapter 5 of this volume. This strategic justification was clearly articulated in Bush's speech promising a U.S.-Middle East Free Trade Area within a decade (May 9, 2003); speech available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030509-11.html.
11. Also see Charlene Barshefsky, former U.S. trade representative, "The Middle East Belongs in the World Economy," New York Times, February 22, 2003.
12. Joseph Lieberman, "The Theological Iron Curtain," The National Interest (Fall 2003): 5-9.
13. Kofi Annan, quoted in Arab News, October 20, 2002, available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/cultural/2002/1029annan.htm. A report issued by the U.N. agency Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) in July 2003 made similar recommendations.
14. Marc Lynch, "Anti-Americanisms in the Arab World," in Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, forthcoming 2006).
15. Marcus Noland and Howard Pack, "Islam, Globalization, and Economic Performance in the Middle East," Institute for International Economics, International Economics Policy Briefs PB04-4 (June 2004).
16. Kingston, "Avoiding Globalization," 201.
17. Paul Sullivan, "Globalization: Trade and Investment in Egypt, Jordan and Syria since 1980," Arab Studies Quarterly 21(3) (1999): 35-50;
18. Karen Pfeifer and Marsha Pripstein Posusney, "Arab Economies and Globalization: An Overview," in Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East, eds. Eleanor Doumato and Marsha Posusney (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003), 25-54.
19. George T Abed, "Unfulfilled Promise," Finance and Development 40(1) (2003): 10-15;
20. Noland and Pack, "Islam, Globalization, and Economic Performance," 2.
21. Pfeifer and Posusney, "Arab Economies and Globalization."
22. Peter W. Moore, "The Newest Jordan: Free Trade, Peace, and an Ace in the Hole," Middle East Report Online, June 26, 2003, available at http://www.merip.org/mero/mer0062603.html;
23. see Moore and Andrew Schrank, "Commerce and Conflict," Middle East Policy 10(3) (2003): 112-120.
24. Moore and Schrank, "Commerce and Conflict," 116.
25. John Sfakianakis, "Gray Money, Corruption and the Post-September 11 Middle East," Middle East Report 222 (Spring 2002): 32-39.
26. Khalid Medani, "Financing Terrorism or Survival?" Middle East Report 223 (2002): 2-9.
27. Council on Foreign Relations, "Terrorist Financing," report of an independent task force sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, October 2002;
28. Council on Foreign Relations, "Update on the Global Campaign against Terrorist Financing," second report of the task force, Council on Foreign Relations, June 15, 2004.
29. Council on Foreign Relations, "Terrorist Financing," 6-7.
30. Marc Lynch, "Beyond the Arab Street," Politics and Society 31(1) (2003): 55-91, and Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
31. For discussion of the wider context of media globalization, see W. Lance Bennett, "Global Media and Politics," Annual Reviews of Political Science 7 (2004): 125-148.
32. Naomi Sakr, Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization, and the Middle East (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2001).
33. Jon Alterman, New Media, New Politics? (Washington, DC: WINEP, 1998);
34. Hassan Mneimah, "The New Intra-Arab Cultural Space," Social Research 70(3) (2003): 907-930.
35. Marwan Kraidy, "Arab Satellite Television between Regionalization and Globalization," Global Media Journal 1 (2002).
36. Charles Kurzman, "The Globalization of Rights in Islamic Discourse," in Islam Encountering Globalization, ed. Ali Mohammadi (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2002), 131-153.
37. On Syria's struggles to adapt, see Najib Ghadbian, "Contesting the State Media Monopoly: Syria on Al Jazira Television," MERIA 5(2) (2001).
38. Ratiba Hadj-Moussa, "New Media, Community and Politics in Algeria," Media, Culture and Society 24 (2003): 451-468.
39. On the new media environment in Lebanon, see Yves Gonzalez-Quijano, "The Birth of a Media Ecosystem: Lebanon in the Internet Age," in New Media in the Middle East, eds. Eickelman and Anderson, rev. ed. (n.p.: n.p., 2003).
40. Bennett, "Global Media and Politics."
41. Bennett, "Global Media and Politics," 126.
42. Sakr, Satellite Realms.
43. Center for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan, "Democracy in Jordan," annual surveys conducted by the Center for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan. Available at http://www.css-jordan.org/polls/democracy/2003/index.html.
44. Center for Palestinian Studies and Research, Public Opinion Poll No. 43, September 2-4, 1999, and Public Opinion Poll No. 47, February 24-26, 2000. http://www.pcpsr.org/survey/polls/2004/p12b.html. http://tbsjournal.com/ArabAdvisors.html.
45. Zogby International poll for Shibley Telhami, University of Maryland, June 2004, available at http://www.bsos.umd.edu/sadat/.
46. My calculations from the original data, which can be found at: http://www.bsos.umd.edu/SADAT/PUB/Arab-attitudes-2005.htm and http://www.bsos.umd.edu/sadat/pub/unweighted.htm.
47. Dale Eickelman, "Islam and the Languages of Modernity," Daedalus 129 (2000): 119-136.
48. Abdullah Schleifer, "Media Explosion in the Arab World," Transnational Broadcasting Studies Journal 1 (Fall 1998).
49. Jon Alterman, "The Information Revolution and the Middle East," in The Future Security Environment in the Middle East, eds. Dan Byman and Nora Bensahel (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2004), 230-231.
50. Lynch, "Beyond the Arab Street," 65.
51. Asef Bayat, "The 'Street' and the Politics of Dissent in the Arab World," Middle East Report 226 (2003): 10-17.
52. Marc Lynch, "Not the Enemy," Arab Reform Bulletin (April 2004).
53. Jillian Schwedler, "More than a Mob: the Dynamics of Political Demonstrations in Jordan," Middle East Report 2256 (2003): 18-23.
54. Marc Lynch, Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006);
55. Shibley Telhami, The Stakes (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003).
56. see Babak Rahimi, "Cyberdissent: the Internet in Revolutionary Iran," MERIA 7(3) (2003).
57. Grey Burkhart and Susan Older, The Information Revolution in the Middle East and North Africa (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003).
58. Burkhart and Older, The Information Revolution, x.
59. Gary R. Bunt, Islam in the Digital Age (London: Pluto Press, 2003).
60. Lawrence Wright, "The Terror Web," The New Yorker, August 2, 2004.
61. see Jillian Schwedler, "More than a Mob," Middle East Report 226 (2003): 18-23.
62. Dale Eickelman, "Kings and people," in Iran, Iraq and the Gulf States, ed. J. Kechichian (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
63. Ali Mohammadi and Annabelle Sreberny Mohammadi, Small Media, Big Revolutions (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1994).
64. Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, Open Networks Closed Regimes (Washington DC: Carnegie, 2003), 103. Thanks to Ron Deibert for suggestions on this point.
65. Kalathil and Boas, Open Networks Closed Regimes, 2003;
66. Burkhart and Older, The Information Revolution, 2003.
67. Jonathan Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman, "Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia," Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA (2003).
68. Burkhart and Older, The Information Revolution, 38.
69. For an interesting discussion, see W. Sean McLaughlin, "The Use of the Internet for Political Action by Dissident Actors in the Middle East," First Monday 8(11) (2003).
70. Sreberny, "Mediated Culture," 111.
71. Gregory White, "Risking the Strait: Moroccan Labor Migration to Spain," Middle East Report 218 (2001): 26-29.
72. David McMurray, "Recent Trends in Middle East Migration," Middle East Report 211 (1999): 16-19.
73. Malcolm Kerr and El Sayed Yassin, eds., Rich and Poor States in the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982);
74. Laurie A. Brand, States and Their Emigrants (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
75. Sullivan, "Globalization: Trade and Investment."
76. Sheila Carapico, "Euro-Med," Middle East Report 220 (2001): 24-28.
77. For example, see chapter 6 "Societal Security" in Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999)
78. Bill McSweeney, A Sociology of Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
79. Christopher Rudolph, "Security and the Political Economy of International Migration," American Political Science Review 97(4) (2003): 603-620.
80. Graham Allison, "How to Stop Nuclear Terror," Foreign Affairs 83(1) (2004): 64-74.
81. "The Future of the Arab identity in Light of American Pressure," No Limits, Al Jazeera, October 8, 2003. All translations from the Arabic by the author.
82. "The Western Cultural Invasion," The Opposite Direction, Al Jazeera, February 26, 2002.
83. Gulf News, March 22, 2002.
84. Tawfiq Taha, interviewing Egyptian culture minister Farouq Husni, "Arab Culture in an Age of Globalization," Today's Interview, Al Jazeera, November 19, 2003.
85. A sample of recent Al Jazeera programs on this topic includes "The Western Cultural Invasion," The Opposite Direction, February 26, 2002;
86. "The Future of the Arab Identity in the Face of American Pressure," No Limits, November 8, 2003;
87. "Effects of Western Culture and Thought on the Arab Nation," The Jazeera Platform, September 22, 2003: "The Dangers of Western Programming in the Arab Media," No Limits, March 2004.
88. A cross-section of views on globalization: Galal Amin, The Globalization of Conquest (Cairo: Dar al-Sharouq, 2002);
89. Burhan Ghalyoun and Samir Amin, The Culture of Globalization and the Globalization of Culture (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1999);
90. Hassan Hanafi and Sadiq Jalal al-Azm, What is Globalization? (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1999);
91. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Muslims and Globalization (Cairo: Dar al Tawzi wa al Nashr al Islamiyya, 2000).
92. Qaradawi, Muslims and Globalization, 4.
93. Salwa Ismail, "Confronting the Other," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 30 (1998): 81-94.
94. Carrie Rosefsky-Wickham, Mobilizing Islam (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
95. Michael Hudson, "Managing Unruly Regions in an Age of Globalization," Middle East Policy 9(4) (2002): 65.
96. Stephen Vertigans and Philip Sutton, "Globalisation Theory and Islamic Praxis," Global Society 16(1) (2002): 31-53, quote on 32.
97. Also see Said Amir Arjomand, "Islam, Political Change, and Globalization," Thesis Eleven 76 (2004), 9-28.
98. Jason Burke, Al Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (New York: St. Martins, 2003).
99. Ann Florini, The Coming Democracy (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003).
100. Dan Benjamin and Steve Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror (New York: Random House, 2002), gives a good (if somewhat apologetic) account of the Clinton administration's approach to al Qaeda in the 1990s.
101. Etel Solingen, Regional Orders (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
102. Steven Heydemann, ed., War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000);
103. Nazih Ayubi, Over-Stating the Arab State (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1995).
104. Marc Lynch, "Taking Arabs Seriously," Foreign Affairs 82 (5) (September/October 2003): 81-94.
105. Daniel Byman, "Al Qaeda as an Adversary," World Politics 56 (2003): 139-163;
106. Jason Burke, "Al Qaeda after Madrid," Prospect (June 2004), available at http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/ArticleView.asp?P_article=12678.