The black power movement: Rethinking the civil Rights-Black Power era

The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights-Black Power Era

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-385

  Joseph, Peniel E ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917288102     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203954928     Document Type: Book

References (82)

1. Walter Mosley, "What We Forgot about Watts," Los Angeles Times, August 9, 2005.
2. Bayard Rustin famously described this era as the movement's "classical" phase. Bayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement," Commentary 39 (February 1965), 25-31.
3. Komozi Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) & Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 50-155.
4. For an exception, see, for example, Robert C. Smith, We Have No Leaders:African-Americans in the Post-Civil Rights Era (New York: SUNY Press, 1996).
5. Timothy B. Tyson, "Robert F. Williams, 'Black Power,' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle," Journal of American History 85 (September 1998), 541.
6. Sundiata Cha-Jua and Clarence Lang, "Strategies for Black Liberation in the Era of Globalization: Retronouveau Civil Rights, Militant Black Conservatism, and Radicalism," The Black Scholar 29 (Fall 1999), 25-47.
7. For a powerful history of the underclass debate, see Michael B. Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views From History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). I want to thank Jeanne Theoharis for a conversation that illuminated this connection.
8. Esther Cooper Jackson, ed., Freedomways Reader: Prophets in Their Own Country (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000).
9. Lance Hill, The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 264.
10. See Maya Angelou, All God's Children Have Traveling Shoes (New York:Random House, 1986).
11. Grace Lee Boggs, Living for Change: An Autobiography (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
12. Diane C. Fujino, Heartbeat of Struggle: The Revolutionary Life of Yuri Kochiyama (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005).
13. Yohuru Williams, Black Politics/White Power: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Black Panthers in New Haven (New York: Brandywine Press, 2000).
14. Duchess Harris, "From the Kennedy Commission to the Combahee Collective:Black Feminist Organizing, 1960-1980," in Sisters in the Struggle, 280-305.
15. Chester Himes, The Quality of Hurt: The Early Years (New York: Paragon House, 1990), 74.
16. Kirse Granat May, Golden State, Golden Youth: The California Image in Popular Culture, 1955-1966 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 160.
17. Charlotta Bass "Stage Mock Lynching of 6 at Local School" California Eagle, February 20, 1941, 1.
18. G. Simmons, "School Board President Ducks Issue in Fremont High Race Baiting Outbreak," Los Angeles Sentinel, March 20, 1947, 1.
19. Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (New York: Da Capo Press, 1997), 132.
20. Malcolm X, "Ballot or the Bullet," Malcolm X Speaks, George Breitman, ed. (New York: Grove Press, 1965), 42.
21. John Caughey, To Kill a Child's Spirit (Itasaca, IL: Peacock Publishers, 1973), 15-16.
22. C. Marie Hughes, "Housing Foes Picket King, CRB Banquet," California Eagle, February 20, 1964, 1.
23. Kurt Schuparra, Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 1945-66 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 105.
24. Grace Simons, "Baldwin Tells L.A. Bitter Facts on Bias," California Eagle, May 16, 1963, 1.
25. Maya Angelou, A Song Flung Up to Heaven (New York: Virago, 2002), 82-83.
26. Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Moscow 1959-1976 (Chapel Hill, 2002), 131-132.
27. John Henrik Clarke, "The New Afro-American Nationalism," Freedomways 1 (Fall 1961), 286.
28. Frantz Fanon, "Lumumba's Death: Could We Do Otherwise?" Toward the African Revolution (New York: Grove, 1967), 193
29. James Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960 and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).
30. Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: William Morrow, 1967), 357.
31. Komozi Woodard, ed., The Black Power Movement, Part 1: Amiri Baraka From Black Arts to Black Radicalism and Beyond (Bethesda, MD: University Publication Association, 2000).
32. Michael Gomez, Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
33. Wilson J. Moses, The Golden Age of Black Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
34. Amiri Baraka, "The Need for a Cultural Base for Civil Rites & Bpower Mooments," in Raise, Race, Rays, Raze: Essays Since 1965 (New York:Random House, 1971), 39-48.
35. Ron Porambo, No Cause for Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark (New York:Holt, 1971), 34-35.
36. Mary Roger Thibodeaux, S.B.S, A Black Nun Looks at Black Power (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1972), 42.
37. Michael Flug, "Organized Labor and the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s: The Case of the Maryland Freedom Union," Labor History 31 (Summer 1990), 345.
38. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1965-1990 ( Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991), 96.
39. Richard V. Oliver, "'Power for Poor People' Should Be Our Slogan," Baltimore Afro-American, June 20, 1967.
40. For a definition of cultural nationalism, see William L. Van Deburg, Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 215.
41. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991), 230, 224.
42. Deborah King, "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of Black Feminist Ideology," Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought, Beverly Guy-Sheftall, ed. (New York: New Press, 1995), 295-296.
43. Komozi Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
44. See Lee Rainwater and William L. Yancey, eds., The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy (Cambridge. MA: MIT Press, 1967)
45. and John H. Bracey Jr., August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick, eds., Black Matriarchy:Myth or Reality? (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1971).
46. Peniel E. Joseph "Black Liberation Without Apology: Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement," Black Scholar 31 (Fall/Winter 2001), 9.
47. Peter Jan Honigsberg, Crossing Border Street: A Civil Rights Memoir (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2000), 33, 52.
48. Fred L. Zimmerman, "Race and Violence: More Dixie Negroes Buy Arms to Retaliate Against White Attacks," Wall Street Journal, July 12, 1965, 18.
49. George Lipsitz, A Life in the Struggle: Ivory Perry and the Culture of Opposition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988), 96.
50. Nicholas von Hoffman, Mississippi Notebook (New York: David White Company, 1964), 95.
51. Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: William Morrow, 1967), 382, 390.
52. Roy Wilkins, Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (New York:Penguin, 1984), 202.
53. Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: Quill, 1984), 546.
54. David Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 1981), 124.
55. Rodolfo Acuna, Occupied American: A History of Chicanos, 3d ed. (New York, 1988), 180, 254-55.
56. Bobby Seale, Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton (Baltimore, 1991), 115.
57. Boyd C. Schafer, Nationalism and Internationalism: Belonging in Human Experience (Malabar, FL, 1982), 41-47.
58. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (New York, 1989), 13-15.
59. Alvin M. Josephy Jr., Red Power: The American Indians' Fight for Freedom (New York, 1971), 3.
60. Komozi Woodard, A Nation Within a Nation: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill, 1999), 138-40.
61. See David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991).
62. Basir Mchawi, "Kwanzaa, By Any Means Necessary," Black News, December 1974, reprinted in Black News, December 1976, 6-8.
63. Amiri Baraka, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1984), 387.
64. Basir Mchawi, "Which Way Kwanza," Black News, December 1975, 8.
65. Delvin Walker, "Kwanzaa: An Original Afro-American Holiday Just For You," Pamoja, December 1980, 20-24.
66. Peniel E. Joseph, "Black Liberation Without Apology: Rethinking the Black Power Movement," The Black Scholar 31 (Fall/Winter 2001): 2-19.
67. Peniel E. Joseph, "Waiting Till the Midnight Hour: Reconceptualizing the Heroic Period of the Civil rights Movement, 1954-1965," Souls 1 (Spring 2000): 6-17.
68. Margaret Walker, Richard Wright: Daemonic Genius (New York, 1988), 274.
69. Kevin K. Gaines, "Revisiting Richard Wright in Ghana: Black Radicalism and the Dialectics of Diaspora," Social Text 67 (Summer 2001):75-101.
70. Richard Wright, "Tradition and Industrialization: The Plight of the Tragic Elite in Africa," Presence Africaine 8-9-10 ( June-November 1956): 355-69.
71. See V. P. Franklin, Living Our Stories, Telling Our Truths: Autobiography and the Making of the African-American Intellectual Tradition (New York, 1995), 279.
72. Jerry Gafio Watts, Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual (New York, 2001), 85.
73. Leslie Alexander Lacy, The Rise and Fall of a Proper Negro (New York, 1971), 98-99.
74. Max Stanford, "Towards a Revolutionary Action Movement Manifesto," Correspondence, March 1964, 3.
75. Grace Lee Boggs, Living for Change: An Autobiography (Minneapolis, MN, 1998), 107-109.
76. James Boggs, The American Revolution: Pages from a Negro Worker's Notebook (New York, 1963).
77. Suzanne E. Smith, Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 41-42.
78. Henry Hampton and Steven Fayer, eds., Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s (New York, 1991), 425-448.
79. James Turner, "Black Students and their Changing Perspective," Ebony, August 1969, 135-40.
80. Chuck Hopkins, "Malcolm X Liberation University," Negro Digest 19 (March 1970): 39-43.
81. Rod Bush, We Are Not What We Seem: Black Nationalism and Class Struggle in the American Century (New York, 1999), 211-213.
82. Vincent Harding, "The Vocation of the Black Scholar and the Struggles of the Black Community," Education and the Black Struggle, 3-29.