Excessive disgust caused by brain lesions or temporary inactivations: Mapping hotspots of the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum

European Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 40, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 3556-3572

  Ho, Chao Yi ^a   Berridge, Kent C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain reward system; Food intake; Hedonic; Limbic; Ventral forebrain

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; EXCITOTOXIN; MUSCIMOL; SUCROSE; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID B RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMINO ACID RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; METHOXYFLURANE; PROTEIN C FOS; SUGAR INTAKE;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; APHAGIA; ARTICLE; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN MAPPING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG INACTIVATION; FOREBRAIN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SENSORY DISGUST; SENSORY SYSTEM; SWEETNESS; VENTRAL PALLIDUM; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; DRUG EFFECTS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; INDWELLING CATHETER; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZATION; STIMULATION; SUGAR INTAKE; TASTE;

AMYGDALA; BACLOFEN; BASAL FOREBRAIN; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; DIETARY SUCROSE; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID AGENTS; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS; GABA-B RECEPTOR AGONISTS; HYPOTHALAMIC AREA, LATERAL; METHOXYFLURANE; MUSCIMOL; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PHYSICAL STIMULATION; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-FOS; RANDOM ALLOCATION; TASTE PERCEPTION;

EID: 84916898429     PISSN: 0953816X     EISSN: 14609568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12720     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Ambroggi, F., Ghazizadeh, A., Nicola, S.M. & Fields, H.L. (2011) Roles of nucleus accumbens core and shell in incentive-cue responding and behavioral inhibition. J. Neurosci., 31, 6820-6830.
2. Baldo, B. & Kelley, A. (2007) Discrete neurochemical coding of distinguishable motivational processes: insights from nucleus accumbens control of feeding. Psychopharmacology, 191, 439-459.
3. Bard, P. (1934) On emotional expression after decortication, with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Psychol. Rev., 41, 309-329.
4. Bardo, M.T. (1998) Neuropharmacological mechanisms of drug reward: beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 12, 37-67.
5. Basso, A.M. & Kelley, A.E. (1999) Feeding induced by GABA(A) receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens shell: regional mapping and characterization of macronutrient and taste preference. Behav. Neurosci., 113, 324-336.
6. Beaver, J., Lawrence, A., van Ditzhuijzen, J., Davis, M., Woods, A. & Calder, A. (2006) Individual differences in reward drive predict neural responses to images of food. J. Neurosci., 26, 5160-5166.
7. Bengtson, C.P. & Osborne, P.B. (2000) Electrophysiological properties of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in the ventral pallidal region of the nucleus basalis in rat brain slices. J. Neurophysiol., 83, 2649-2660.
8. Berridge, K.C. (2000) Measuring hedonic impact in animals and infants: microstructure of affective taste reactivity patterns. Neurosci. Biobehav. R., 24, 173-198.
9. Berridge, K.C. & Grill, H.J. (1984) Isohedonic tastes support a two-dimensional hypothesis of palatability. Appetite, 5, 221-231.
10. Besson, M., Belin, D., McNamara, R., Theobald, D.E., Castel, A., Beckett, V.L., Crittenden, B.M., Newman, A.H., Everitt, B.J., Robbins, T.W. & Dalley, J.W. (2010) Dissociable control of impulsivity in rats by dopamine d2/3 receptors in the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 560-569.
11. Borg, C., de Jong, P.J., Renken, R.J. & Georgiadis, J.R. (2012) Disgust trait modulates frontal-posterior coupling as a function of disgust domain. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neur., 8, 351-358.
12. Borg, C., de Jong, P.J. & Georgiadis, J.R. (2014) Subcortical BOLD responses during visual sexual stimulation vary as a function of implicit porn associations in women. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neur., 9, 158-166.
13. Cacciapaglia, F., Saddoris, M.P., Wightman, R.M. & Carelli, R.M. (2012) Differential dopamine release dynamics in the nucleus accumbens core and shell track: distinct aspects of goal-directed behavior for sucrose. Neuropharmacology, 62, 2050-2056.
14. Cacioppo, J.T., Gardner, W.L. & Berntson, G.G. (1997) Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: the case of attitudes and evaluative space. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev., 1, 3-25.
15. Calder, A.J. (2003) Disgust discussed. Ann. Neurol., 53, 427-428.
16. Calder, A.J., Lawrence, A.D. & Young, A.W. (2001) Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2, 352-363.
17. Calder, A., Beaver, J., Davis, M., van Ditzhuijzen, J., Keane, J. & Lawrence, A. (2007) Disgust sensitivity predicts the insula and pallidal response to pictures of disgusting foods. Eur. J. Neurosci., 25, 3422-3428.
18. Cannon, W.B. (1927) The James-Lange theory of emotion: a critical examination and an alternative theory. Am. J. Psychol., 39, 10-124.
19. Carlezon, W.A. Jr. & Thomas, M.J. (2009) Biological substrates of reward and aversion: a nucleus accumbens activity hypothesis. Neuropharmacology, 56(Suppl 1), 122-132.
20. Castro, D.C. & Berridge, K.C. (2014) Opioid hedonic hotspot in nucleus accumbens shell: mu, delta, and dappa maps for enhancement of sweetness 'liking' and 'wanting'. J. Neurosci., 34, 4239-4250.
21. Chapman, H.A. & Anderson, A.K. (2012) Understanding disgust. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1251, 62-76.
22. Chapman, H., Kim, D., Susskind, J. & Anderson, A. (2009) In bad taste: evidence for the oral origins of moral disgust. Science, 323, 1222-1226.
23. Cisler, J.M., Olatunji, B.O. & Lohr, J.M. (2009) Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: a critical review. Clin. Psychol. Rev., 29, 34-46.
24. Cromwell, H.C. & Berridge, K.C. (1993) Where does damage lead to enhanced food aversion: the ventral pallidum/substantia innominata or lateral hypothalamus? Brain Res., 624, 1-10.
25. Cromwell, H.C. & Berridge, K.C. (1994) Mapping of globus pallidus and ventral pallidum lesions that produce hyperkinetic treading. Brain Res., 668, 16-29.
26. Cromwell, H.C. & Berridge, K.C. (1996) Implementation of action sequences by a neostriatal site: a lesion mapping study of grooming syntax. J. Neurosci., 16, 3444-3458.
27. Eskine, K.J., Kacinik, N.A. & Prinz, J.J. (2011) A bad taste in the mouth: gustatory disgust influences moral judgment. Psychol. Sci., 22, 295-299.
28. Faure, A., Richard, J.M. & Berridge, K.C. (2010) Desire and dread from the nucleus accumbens: cortical glutamate and subcortical GABA differentially generate motivation and hedonic impact in the rat. PLoS One, 5, e11223.
29. Feldman Barrett, L. & Russell, J.A. (1999) Structure of current affect. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 8, 10-14.
30. Fluharty, S.J. & Grill, H.J. (1981) Taste reactivity of lateral hypothalamic lesioned rats: effects of deprivation and tube feeding. Neurosci. Abstr., 7, 29.
31. Fulton, J.F. & Ingraham, F.D. (1929) Emotional disturbances following experimental lesions of the base of the brain (pre-chiasmal). Am. J. Physiol., 90, 353.
32. Gray, J.A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety - an inquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behav. Brain Sci., 5, 469-484.
33. Gray, J.A. & McNaughton, N. (1996) The neuropsychology of anxiety: reprise. Nebr. Sym. Motiv., 43, 61-134.
34. Grill, H.J. (2006) Distributed neural control of energy balance: contributions from hindbrain and hypothalamus. Obesity (Silver Spring), 14(Suppl 5), 216S-221S.
35. Grill, H.J. & Norgren, R. (1978a) The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats. Brain Res., 143, 263-279.
36. Grill, H.J. & Norgren, R. (1978b) The taste reactivity test. II. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Res., 143, 281-297.
37. Groenewegen, H.J., Berendse, H.W. & Haber, S.N. (1993) Organization of the output of the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat: ventral pallidal efferents. Neuroscience, 57, 113-142.
38. Gundersen, H.J. (2002) The smooth fractionator. J. Microsc., 207, 191-210.
39. Gundersen, H.J., Bagger, P., Bendtsen, T.F., Evans, S.M., Korbo, L., Marcussen, N., Moller, A., Nielsen, K., Nyengaard, J.R., Pakkenberg, B., Sorensen, F.B., Vesterby, A. & West, M.J. (1988) The new stereological tools: disector, fractionator, nucleator and point sampled intercepts and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. APMIS, 96, 857-881.
40. von dem Hagen, E.A., Beaver, J.D., Ewbank, M.P., Keane, J., Passamonti, L., Lawrence, A.D. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Leaving a bad taste in your mouth but not in my insula. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neur., 4, 379-386.
41. Hayes, C.J., Stevenson, R.J. & Coltheart, M. (2007) Disgust and Huntington's disease. Neuropsychologia, 45, 1135-1151.
42. Heimer, L., Van Hoesen, G.W., Trimble, M. & Zahm, D.S. (2008) Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry: The New Anatomy of the Basal Forebrain and its Implications for Neuropsychiatric Illness. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam.
43. Heining, M., Young, A.W., Ioannou, G., Andrew, C.M., Brammer, M.J., Gray, J.A. & Phillips, M.L. (2003) Disgusting smells activate human anterior insula and ventral striatum. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1000, 380-384.
44. Herz, R.S. (2014) Verbal priming and taste sensitivity make moral transgressions gross. Behav. Neurosci., 128, 20-28.
45. Hjelmstad, G.O., Xia, Y., Margolis, E.B. & Fields, H.L. (2013) Opioid modulation of ventral pallidal afferents to ventral tegmental area neurons. J. Neurosci., 33, 6454-6459.
46. Ho, C.Y. & Berridge, K.C. (2013) An orexin hotspot in ventral pallidum amplifies hedonic 'liking' for sweetness. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1655-1664.
47. Hoebel, B.G. & Thompson, R.D. (1969) Aversion to lateral hypothalamic stimulation caused by intragastric feeding or obesity. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 68, 536-543.
48. Hughlings Jackson, J. (Ed.) (1958) Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson. Staples Press, London.
49. Inui, T., Shimura, T. & Yamamoto, T. (2007) The role of the ventral pallidum GABAergic system in conditioned taste aversion: effects of microinjections of a GABAA receptor antagonist on taste palatability of a conditioned stimulus. Brain Res., 1164, 117-124.
50. Johnson, P.I., Stellar, J.R. & Paul, A.D. (1993) Regional reward differences within the ventral pallidum are revealed by microinjections of a mu opiate receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology, 32, 1305-1314.
51. Johnson, S.A., Stout, J.C., Solomon, A.C., Langbehn, D.R., Aylward, E.H., Cruce, C.B., Ross, C.A., Nance, M., Kayson, E., Julian-Baros, E., Hayden, M.R., Kieburtz, K., Guttman, M., Oakes, D., Shoulson, I., Beglinger, L., Duff, K., Penziner, E. & Paulsen, J.S. (2007) Beyond disgust: impaired recognition of negative emotions prior to diagnosis in Huntington's disease. Brain, 130, 1732-1744.
52. Kelley, A.E. & Stinus, L. (1985) Disappearance of hoarding behavior after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine neurons and its reinstatement with L-dopa. Behav. Neurosci., 99, 531-545.
53. Kelley, A.E., Baldo, B.A., Pratt, W.E. & Will, M.J. (2005) Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward. Physiol. Behav., 86, 773-795.
54. Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Koppe, G., Merz, C.J., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Sammer, G., Vaitl, D. & Stark, R. (2012) Neural correlates of disgust- and fear-conditioned responses. Neuroscience, 201, 209-218.
55. Koob, G.F., Riley, S.J., Smith, S.C. & Robbins, T.W. (1978) Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 92, 917-927.
56. Krause, M., German, P.W., Taha, S.A. & Fields, H.L. (2010) A pause in nucleus accumbens neuron firing is required to initiate and maintain feeding. J. Neurosci., 30, 4746-4756.
57. Kuppens, P., Tuerlinckx, F., Russell, J.A. & Barrett, L.F. (2013) The relation between valence and arousal in subjective experience. Psychol. Bull., 139, 917-940.
58. Lang, P.J. (1995) The emotion probe - studies of motivation and attention. Am. Psychol., 50, 372-385.
59. Larsen, J.T., McGraw, A.P. & Cacioppo, J.T. (2001) Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 81, 684-696.
60. Mahler, S.V., Smith, K.S. & Berridge, K.C. (2007) Endocannabinoid hedonic hotspot for sensory pleasure: anandamide in nucleus accumbens shell enhances 'liking' of a sweet reward. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2267-2278.
61. Mahler, S.V., Vazey, E.M., Beckley, J.T., Keistler, C.R., McGlinchey, E.M., Kaufling, J., Wilson, S.P., Deisseroth, K., Woodward, J.J. & Aston-Jones, G. (2014) Designer receptors show role for ventral pallidum input to ventral tegmental area in cocaine seeking. Nat. Neurosci., 17, 577-585.
62. Maidment, N.T., Brumbaugh, D.R., Rudolph, V.D., Erdelyi, E. & Evans, C.J. (1989) Microdialysis of extracellular endogenous opioid peptides from rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience, 33, 549-557.
63. Mataix-Cols, D., An, S.K., Lawrence, N.S., Caseras, X., Speckens, A., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M.J. & Phillips, M.L. (2008) Individual differences in disgust sensitivity modulate neural responses to aversive/disgusting stimuli. Eur. J. Neurosci., 27, 3050-3058.
64. McFarland, K. & Kalivas, P.W. (2001) The circuitry mediating cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. J. Neurosci., 21, 8655-8663.
65. McFarland, K., Davidge, S.B., Lapish, C.C. & Kalivas, P.W. (2004) Limbic and motor circuitry underlying footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. J. Neurosci., 24, 1551-1560.
66. Meredith, G.E., Baldo, B.A., Andrezjewski, M.E. & Kelley, A.E. (2008) The structural basis for mapping behavior onto the ventral striatum and its subdivisions. Brain Struct. Funct., 213, 17-27.
67. Miller, F.R. & Sherrington, C.S. (1915) Some observations on the bucco-pharyngeal stage of reflex deglutition in the cat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol., 9, 147-186.
68. Miller, J., Vorel, S., Tranguch, A., Kenny, E., Mazzoni, P., van Gorp, W. & Kleber, H. (2006) Anhedonia after a selective bilateral lesion of the globus pallidus. Am. J. Psychiat., 163, 786-788.
69. Morgane, P.J. (1961) Alterations in feeding and drinking behavior of rats with lesions of the globus pallidi. Am. J. Physiol., 201, 420-428.
70. Murphy, F.C., Nimmo-Smith, I. & Lawrence, A.D. (2003) Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: a meta-analysis. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Ne., 3, 207-233.
71. Norgren, R. & Leonard, C.M. (1973) Ascending central gustatory pathways. J. Comp. Neurol., 150, 217-237.
72. Norris, C.J., Gollan, J., Berntson, G.G. & Cacioppo, J.T. (2010) The current status of research on the structure of evaluative space. Biol. Psychol., 84, 422-436.
73. Olatunji, B.O., Cisler, J., McKay, D. & Phillips, M.L. (2010) Is disgust associated with psychopathology? Emerging research in the anxiety disorders. Psychiat. Res., 175, 1-10.
74. Paxinos, G. & Watson, C. (2008) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 6th Edn. Academic Press, London, UK.
75. Peciña, S. & Berridge, K.C. (2005) Hedonic hot spot in nucleus accumbens shell: where do mu-opioids cause increased hedonic impact of sweetness? J. Neurosci., 25, 11777-11786.
76. Pfaffmann, C., Norgren, R. & Grill, H.J. (1977) Sensory affect and motivation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 290, 18-34.
77. Ramaswamy, C., Ghosh, B. & Vasudev, R. (1998) Regulatory role of nucleus accumbens in the ingestion of sucrose and saccharine. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 36, 820-823.
78. Resendez, S.L., Dome, M., Gormley, G., Franco, D., Nevrez, N., Hamid, A.A. & Aragona, B.J. (2013) Mu-opioid receptors within subregions of the striatum mediate pair bond formation through parallel yet distinct reward mechanisms. J. Neurosci., 33, 9140-9149.
79. Reynolds, S.M. & Berridge, K.C. (2001) Fear and feeding in the nucleus accumbens shell: rostrocaudal segregation of GABA-elicited defensive behavior versus eating behavior. J. Neurosci., 21, 3261-3270.
80. Reynolds, S.M. & Berridge, K.C. (2002) Positive and negative motivation in nucleus accumbens shell: bivalent rostrocaudal gradients for GABA-elicited eating, taste 'liking'/'disliking' reactions, place preference/avoidance, and fear. J. Neurosci., 22, 7308-7320.
81. Richard, J.M. & Berridge, K.C. (2011) Nucleus accumbens dopamine/glutamate interaction switches modes to generate desire versus dread: D1 alone for appetitive eating but D1 and D2 together for fear. J. Neurosci., 31, 12866-12879.
82. Richard, J.M., Castro, D.C., DiFeliceantonio, A.G., Robinson, M.J. & Berridge, K.C. (2013a) Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley. Neurosci. Biobehav. R., 37, 1919-1931.
83. Richard, J.M., Plawecki, A.M. & Berridge, K.C. (2013b) Nucleus accumbens GABAergic inhibition generates intense eating and fear that resists environmental retuning and needs no local dopamine. Eur. J. Neurosci., 37, 1789-1802.
84. Rocha, A. & Kalivas, P.W. (2010) Role of the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in reinstating methamphetamine seeking. Eur. J. Neurosci., 31, 903-909.
85. Roitman, M.F., Wheeler, R.A. & Carelli, R.M. (2005) Nucleus accumbens neurons are innately tuned for rewarding and aversive taste stimuli, encode their predictors, and are linked to motor output. Neuron, 45, 587-597.
86. Roitman, M.F., Wheeler, R.A., Tiesinga, P.H., Roitman, J.D. & Carelli, R.M. (2010) Hedonic and nucleus accumbens neural responses to a natural reward are regulated by aversive conditioning. Learn. Memory, 17, 539-546.
87. Root, D.H., Fabbricatore, A.T., Ma, S., Barker, D.J. & West, M.O. (2010) Rapid phasic activity of ventral pallidal neurons during cocaine self-administration. Synapse, 64, 704-713.
88. Rozin, P. (2000) Disgust. In Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J.M. (Eds), Handbook of Emotions. Guilford, New York, pp. 637-653.
89. Rozin, P. & Fallon, A.E. (1987) A perspective on disgust. Psychol. Rev., 94, 23-41.
90. Rozin, P. & Haidt, J. (2013) The domains of disgust and their origins: contrasting biological and cultural evolutionary accounts. Trends Cogn. Sci., 17, 367-368.
91. Rozin, P., Lowery, L. & Ebert, R. (1994) Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 66, 870-881.
92. Rozin, P., Haidt, J. & McCauley, C.R. (2008) Disgust. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. (Eds), Handbook of Emotions. Gilford, New York, pp. 757-776.
93. Russell, J.A. & Carroll, J.M. (1999) On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychol. Bull., 125, 3-30.
94. Sambataro, F., Dimalta, S., Di Giorgio, A., Taurisano, P., Blasi, G., Scarabino, T., Giannatempo, G., Nardini, M. & Bertolino, A. (2006) Preferential responses in amygdala and insula during presentation of facial contempt and disgust. Eur. J. Neurosci., 24, 2355-2362.
95. Schallert, T. & Whishaw, I.Q. (1978) Two types of aphagia and two types of sensorimotor impairment after lateral hypothalamic lesions: observations in normal weight, dieted, and fattened rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 92, 720-741.
96. Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G.L. & Jordan, A.H. (2008) Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Pers. Soc. Psychol. B., 34, 1096-1109.
97. Sesack, S.R. & Grace, A.A. (2010) Cortico-basal ganglia reward network: microcircuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 27-47.
98. Shabel, S.J., Schairer, W., Donahue, R.J., Powell, V. & Janak, P.H. (2011) Similar neural activity during fear and disgust in the rat basolateral amygdala. PLoS One, 6, e27797.
99. Sherrington, C.S. (1906) The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. C. Scribner's Sons, New York.
100. Shimura, T., Imaoka, H. & Yamamoto, T. (2006) Neurochemical modulation of ingestive behavior in the ventral pallidum. Eur. J. Neurosci., 23, 1596-1604.
101. Small, D.M., Zald, D.H., Jones-Gotman, M., Zatorre, R.J., Pardo, J.V., Frey, S. & Petrides, M. (1999) Human cortical gustatory areas: a review of functional neuroimaging data. NeuroReport, 10, 7-14.
102. Smith, K.S. & Berridge, K.C. (2005) The ventral pallidum and hedonic reward: neurochemical maps of sucrose 'liking' and food intake. J. Neurosci., 25, 8637-8649.
103. Smith, K.S. & Berridge, K.C. (2007) Opioid limbic circuit for reward: interaction between hedonic hotspots of nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. J. Neurosci., 27, 1594-1605.
104. Smith, K.S., Mahler, S.V., Pecina, S. & Berridge, K.C. (2010) Hedonic hotspots: generating sensory pleasure in the brain. In Kringelbach, M.L. & Berridge, K.C. (Eds), Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 27-49.
105. Smith, K.S., Berridge, K.C. & Aldridge, J.W. (2011) Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and learning signals in brain reward circuitry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, E255-E264.
106. Sorenson, C.A. & Ellison, G.D. (1970) Striatal organization of feeding behavior in the decorticate rat. Exp. Neurol., 29, 162-174.
107. Spiegel, E.A., Miller, H.R. & Oppenheimer, M.J. (1940) Forebrain and rage reactions. J. Neurophysiol., 3, 538-548.
108. Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Pundt, I., Sprengelmeyer, A., Calder, A.J., Berrios, G., Winkel, R., Vollmoeller, W., Kuhn, W., Sartory, G. & Przuntek, H. (1997) Disgust implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder. P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 264, 1767-1773.
109. Steiner, J.E. (1973) The gustofacial response: observation on normal and anencephalic newborn infants. Symp. Oral Sens. Percept., 4, 254-278.
110. Steiner, J.E., Glaser, D., Hawilo, M.E. & Berridge, K.C. (2001) Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neurosci. Biobehav. R., 25, 53-74.
111. Stellar, J.R., Brooks, F.H. & Mills, L.E. (1979) Approach and withdrawal analysis of the effects of hypothalamic stimulation and lesions in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 93, 446-466.
112. Stratford, T.R. (2005) Activation of feeding-related neural circuitry after unilateral injections of muscimol into the nucleus accumbens shell. Brain Res., 1048, 241-250.
113. Stratford, T.R. & Kelley, A.E. (1997) GABA in the nucleus accumbens shell participates in the central regulation of feeding behavior. J. Neurosci., 17, 4434-4440.
114. Stratford, T.R. & Kelley, A.E. (1999) Evidence of a functional relationship between the nucleus accumbens shell and lateral hypothalamus subserving the control of feeding behavior. J. Neurosci., 19, 11040-11048.
115. Stratford, T.R. & Wirtshafter, D. (2012) Evidence that the nucleus accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, and lateral hypothalamus are components of a lateralized feeding circuit. Behav. Brain Res., 226, 548-554.
116. Swanson, L.W. (2005) Anatomy of the soul as reflected in the cerebral hemispheres: neural circuits underlying voluntary control of basic motivated behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol., 493, 122-131.
117. Teitelbaum, P. & Epstein, A.N. (1962) The lateral hypothalamic syndrome: recovery of feeding and drinking after lateral hypothalamic lesions. Psychol. Rev., 69, 74-90.
118. Thompson, R.H. & Swanson, L.W. (2010) Hypothesis-driven structural connectivity analysis supports network over hierarchical model of brain architecture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 15235-15239.
119. Tindell, A.J., Berridge, K.C. & Aldridge, J.W. (2004) Ventral pallidal representation of pavlovian cues and reward: population and rate codes. J. Neurosci., 24, 1058-1069.
120. Tindell, A.J., Berridge, K.C., Zhang, J., Peciña, S. & Aldridge, J.W. (2005) Ventral pallidal neurons code incentive motivation: amplification by mesolimbic sensitization and amphetamine. Eur. J. Neurosci., 22, 2617-2634.
121. Tindell, A.J., Smith, K.S., Pecina, S., Berridge, K.C. & Aldridge, J.W. (2006) Ventral pallidum firing codes hedonic reward: when a bad taste turns good. J. Neurophysiol., 96, 2399-2409.
122. Tybur, J.M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R. & DeScioli, P. (2013) Disgust: evolved function and structure. Psychol. Rev., 120, 65-84.
123. Vanderwolf, C.H., Kolb, B. & Cooley, R.K. (1978) Behavior of the rat after removal of the neocortex and hippocampal formation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 92, 156-175.
124. Vijayaraghavan, L., Vaidya, J., Humphreys, C., Beglinger, L. & Paradiso, S. (2008) Emotional and motivational changes after bilateral lesions of the globus pallidus. Neuropsychology, 22, 412-418.
125. Warren, J.M., Warren, H.B. & Akert, K. (1972) The behavior of chronic cats with lesions in the frontal association cortex. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars), 32, 361-392.
126. Wassum, K.M., Ostlund, S.B., Maidment, N.T. & Balleine, B.W. (2009) Distinct opioid circuits determine the palatability and the desirability of rewarding events. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 12512-12517.
127. Weygandt, M., Blecker, C.R., Schafer, A., Hackmack, K., Haynes, J.D., Vaitl, D., Stark, R. & Schienle, A. (2012) fMRI pattern recognition in obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroImage, 60, 1186-1193.
128. Wirsig, C.R. & Grill, H.J. (1982) Contribution of the rat's neocortex to ingestive control: I. Latent learning for the taste of sodium chloride. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych., 96, 615-627.
129. Wirtshafter, D. & Stratford, T.R. (2010) Evidence for motivational effects elicited by activation of GABA-A or dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell. Pharmacol. Biochem. Be., 96, 342-346.
130. Wu, Q., Clark, M.S. & Palmiter, R.D. (2012) Deciphering a neuronal circuit that mediates appetite. Nature, 483, 594-597.
131. Wundt, W. (1904) Principles of Physiological Psychology. MacMillen, New York.
132. Xia, Y., Driscoll, J.R., Wilbrecht, L., Margolis, E.B., Fields, H.L. & Hjelmstad, G.O. (2011) Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons target non-dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci., 31, 7811-7816.
133. Young, P.T. (1918) An experimental study of mixed feelings. Am. J. Psychol., 29, 237-271.
134. Zahm, D.S. (2006) The evolving theory of basal forebrain functional-anatomical 'macrosystems'. Neurosci. Biobehav. R., 30, 148-172.
135. Zahm, D.S. & Heimer, L. (1990) Two transpallidal pathways originating in the rat nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol., 302, 437-446.
136. Zahm, D.S., Williams, E. & Wohltmann, C. (1996) Ventral striatopallidothalamic projection: IV. Relative involvements of neurochemically distinct subterritories in the ventral pallidum and adjacent parts of the rostroventral forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol., 364, 340-362.
137. Zahm, D.S., Parsley, K.P., Schwartz, Z.M. & Cheng, A.Y. (2013) On lateral septum-like characteristics of outputs from the accumbal hedonic 'hotspot' of Peciña and Berridge with commentary on the transitional nature of basal forebrain 'boundaries'. J. Comp. Neurol., 521, 50-68.
138. Zald, D.H. (2003) The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli. Brain Res. Rev., 41, 88-123.
139. Zald, D.H. & Pardo, J.V. (2000) Cortical activation induced by intraoral stimulation with water in humans. Chem. Senses, 25, 267-275.
140. Zald, D.H., Hagen, M.C. & Pardo, J.V. (2002) Neural correlates of tasting concentrated quinine and sugar solutions. J. Neurophysiol., 87, 1068-1075.
141. Zito, K.A., Vickers, G. & Roberts, D.C. (1985) Disruption of cocaine and heroin self-administration following kainic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol. Biochem. Be., 23, 1029-1036.