HIV virological rebounds but not blips predict liver fibrosis progression in antiretroviral-treated HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients

HIV Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 24-31

  Cooper, C ^a,b   Rollet Kurhajec, Kc ^c   Young, J ^c,d   Vasquez, C ^e   Tyndall, M ^b,e   Gill, J ^b,f   Pick, N ^b,g   Walmsley, S ^b,h   Klein, M B ^b,c   Cohen, Jeff ⁱ   Conway, Brian ^j   Côté, Pierre ^k   Cox, Joseph ^l   Haider, Shariq ^m   Harris, Marianne ⁿ   Haase, David ^o   Hull, Mark ^p   Montaner, Julio ⁿ   Moodie, Erica ^q   Rachlis, Anita ^r   Rouleau, Danielle ^s   Sandre, Roger ^t   Vachon, Marie Louise ^u   Wong, David ^v   more..

^a OTTAWA HOSPITAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b CANADIAN INSTITUTES OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Canada)

^c ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^f Southern Alberta HIV Clinic   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

ⁱ WINDSOR REGIONAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^j VANCOUVER INFECTIOUS DISEASES CENTRE   (Canada)

^k Clinique du Quartier Latin   (Canada)

^l MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^m MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

ⁿ ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^o Capital District Health Authority   (Canada)

^p BRITISH COLUMBIA CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIV AIDS   (Canada)

^q MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^r SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^s CENTRE HOSPITALIER DE L UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^t University Health Network ^*  (Canada)

^u LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^v UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

Fibrosis; Hepatitis C virus; HIV; Virological blips; Virological rebound

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; VIRUS RNA;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE TO PLATELET RATIO INDEX; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG USE; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LIVER FIBROSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; MULTICENTER STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REBOUND; VIREMIA; VIRUS LOAD; CLINICAL TRIAL; COINFECTION; COMPLICATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV INFECTIONS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY;

ADULT; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT STUDIES; COINFECTION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84916605604     PISSN: 14642662     EISSN: 14681293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12168     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Weber R, Sabin CA, Friis-Moller N etal. Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1632-1641.
2. Ioannou GN, Bryson CL, Weiss NS, Miller R, Scott JD, Boyko EJ. The prevalence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hepatology 2013; 57: 249-257.
3. Lacombe K, Rockstroh J. HIV and viral hepatitis coinfections: advances and challenges. Gut 2012; 61 (Suppl 1): i47-i58.
4. Cooper CL. Therapies for HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2005; 3: 81-89.
5. Dornadula G, Zhang H, VanUitert B etal. Residual HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma of patients taking suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 1999; 282: 1627-1632.
6. Di Mascio M, Markowitz M, Louie M etal. Viral blip dynamics during highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 2003; 77: 12165-12172.
7. Greub G, Cozzi-Lepri A, Ledergerber B etal. Intermittent and sustained low-level HIV viral rebound in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002; 16: 1967-1969.
8. Mira JA, Macias J, Nogales C etal. Transient rebounds of low-level viraemia among HIV-infected patients under HAART are not associated with virological or immunological failure. Antivir Ther 2002; 7: 251-256.
9. Sklar PA, Ward DJ, Baker RK etal. Prevalence and clinical correlates of HIV viremia ('blips') in patients with previous suppression below the limits of quantification. AIDS 2002; 16: 2035-2041.
10. Lima V, Harrigan R, Montaner JS. Increased reporting of detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at the critical threshold of 50 copies per milliliter with the Taqman assay in comparison to the Amplicor assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51: 3-6.
11. Nettles RE, Kieffer TL. Update on HIV-1 viral load blips. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2006; 1: 157-161.
12. Nettles RE, Kieffer TL, Kwon P etal. Intermittent HIV-1 viremia (Blips) and drug resistance in patients receiving HAART. JAMA 2005; 293: 817-829.
13. Smit E, Bhattacharya S, Osman H, Taylor S. Increased frequency of HIV-1 viral load blip rate observed after switching from Roche Cobas Amplicor to Cobas Taqman assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51: 364-365.
14. Stosor V, Palella FJ Jr, Berzins B etal. Transient viremia in HIV-infected patients and use of plasma preparation tubes. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1671-1674.
15. Grennan JT, Loutfy MR, Su D etal. Magnitude of virologic blips is associated with a higher risk for virologic rebound in HIV-infected individuals: a recurrent events analysis. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 1230-1238.
16. Easterbrook PJ, Ives N, Waters A etal. The natural history and clinical significance of intermittent viraemia in patients with initial viral suppression to < 400 copies/ml. AIDS 2002; 16: 1521-1527.
17. Martinez V, Marcelin AG, Morini JP etal. HIV-1 intermittent viraemia in patients treated by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen. AIDS 2005; 19: 1065-1069.
18. Orrell C, Kaplan R, Wood R, Bekker LG. Virological breakthrough: a risk factor for loss to followup in a large community-based cohort on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Treat 2011; 2011: 469127.
19. Thorpe J, Saeed S, Moodie EE, Klein MB. Antiretroviral treatment interruption leads to progression of liver fibrosis in HIV-hepatitis C virus co-infection. AIDS 2011; 25: 967-975.
20. Klein MB, Saeed S, Yang H etal. Cohort profile: the Canadian HIV-hepatitis C co-infection cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 1162-1169.
21. Al-Mohri H, Cooper C, Murphy T, Klein MB. Validation of a simple model for predicting liver fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. HIV Med 2005; 6: 375-378.
22. Al-Mohri H, Murphy T, Lu Y, Lalonde RG, Klein MB. Evaluating liver fibrosis progression and the impact of antiretroviral therapy in HIV and hepatitis C coinfection using a noninvasive marker. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 44: 463-469.
23. Di Mascio M, Ribeiro RM, Markowitz M, Ho DD, Perelson AS. Modeling the long-term control of viremia in HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. Math Biosci 2004; 188: 47-62.
24. Percus JK, Percus OE, Markowitz M, Ho DD, Di Mascio M, Perelson AS. The distribution of viral blips observed in HIV-1 infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. Bull Math Biol 2003; 65: 263-277.
25. Lo Re V 3rd, Lim JK, Goetz MB etal. Validity of diagnostic codes and liver-related laboratory abnormalities to identify hepatic decompensation events in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20: 689-699.
26. Carlin JB, Wolfe R, Coffey C, Patton GC. Analysis of binary outcomes in longitudinal studies using weighted estimating equations and discrete-time survival methods: prevalence and incidence of smoking in an adolescent cohort. Stat Med 1999; 18: 2655-2679.
27. Lundgren JD, Babiker A, El-Sadr W etal. Inferior clinical outcome of the CD4+ cell count-guided antiretroviral treatment interruption strategy in the SMART study: role of CD4+ Cell counts and HIV RNA levels during follow-up. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 1145-1155.
28. El-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD etal. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2283-2296.
29. Tedaldi E, Peters L, Neuhaus J etal. Opportunistic disease and mortality in patients coinfected with hepatitis B or C virus in the strategic management of antiretroviral therapy (SMART) study. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1468-1475.
30. Brau N, Salvatore M, Rios-Bedoya CF etal. Slower fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with successful HIV suppression using antiretroviral therapy. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 47-55.
31. Schiavini M, Angeli E, Mainini A etal. Fibrosis progression in paired liver biopsies from HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Hepat Mon 2011; 11: 525-531.
32. Lopez-Dieguez M, Montes ML, Pascual-Pareja JF etal. The natural history of liver cirrhosis in HIV-hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. AIDS 2011; 25: 899-904.
33. Garcia-Gasco P, Maida I, Blanco F etal. Episodes of low-level viral rebound in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: frequency, predictors and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: 699-704.
34. Havlir DV, Bassett R, Levitan D etal. Prevalence and predictive value of intermittent viremia with combination hiv therapy. JAMA 2001; 286: 171-179.
35. Masquelier B, Pereira E, Peytavin G etal. Intermittent viremia during first-line, protease inhibitors-containing therapy: significance and relationship with drug resistance. J Clin Virol 2005; 33: 75-78.
36. Moore AL, Youle M, Lipman M etal. Raised viral load in patients with viral suppression on highly active antiretroviral therapy: transient increase or treatment failure? AIDS 2002; 16: 615-618.
37. Podsadecki TJ, Vrijens BC, Tousset EP, Rode RA, Hanna GJ. Decreased adherence to antiretroviral therapy observed prior to transient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viremia. J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1773-1778.
38. Raboud JM, Rae S, Woods R, Harris M, Montaner JS. Consecutive rebounds in plasma viral load are associated with virological failure at 52 weeks among HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2002; 16: 1627-1632.
39. Sungkanuparph S, Overton ET, Seyfried W, Groger RK, Fraser VJ, Powderly WG. Intermittent episodes of detectable HIV viremia in patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based or protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens are equivalent in incidence and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1326-1332.
40. Cooper CL. HIV antiretroviral medications and hepatotoxicity. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2007; 2: 466-473.
41. Leroy V, Vigan I, Mosnier JF etal. Phenotypic and functional characterization of intrahepatic T lymphocytes during chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38: 829-841.
42. Glassner A, Eisenhardt M, Kokordelis P etal. Impaired CD4(+) T cell stimulation of NK cell anti-fibrotic activity may contribute to accelerated liver fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV patients. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 427-433.
43. Renton KW. Alteration of drug biotransformation and elimination during infection and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 92: 147-163.
44. Morgan ET, Li-Masters T, Cheng PY. Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 regulation by inflammatory mediators. Toxicology 2002; 181-182: 207-210.
45. Reus S, Portilla J, Sanchez-Paya J etal. Low-level HIV viremia is associated with microbial translocation and inflammation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62: 129-134.
46. Cales P, Halfon P, Batisse D etal. Comparison of liver fibrosis blood tests developed for HCV with new specific tests in HIV/HCV co-infection. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 238-244.
47. Loko MA, Castera L, Dabis F etal. Validation and comparison of simple noninvasive indexes for predicting liver fibrosis in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients: ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1973-1980.
48. Moodie EE, Pant Pai N, Klein MB. Is antiretroviral therapy causing long-term liver damage? A comparative analysis of HIV-mono-infected and HIV/hepatitis C co-infected cohorts. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e4517.