A cluster randomised controlled trial of a pharmacist-led collaborative intervention to improve statin prescribing and attainment of cholesterol targets in primary care

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 11, 2014, Pages

  Lowrie, Richard ^a   Lloyd, Suzanne M ^b   McConnachie, Alex ^b   Morrison, Jill ^b  

^a NHS GREATER GLASGOW AND CLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; SIMVASTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

AGED; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GOAL ATTAINMENT; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PHARMACIST; PHARMACIST ATTITUDE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; QUALITY CONTROL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FOLLOW UP; GENERAL PRACTICE; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; NURSE; PROCEDURES; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL; DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GENERAL PRACTICE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NURSES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PHARMACISTS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PROFESSIONAL ROLE; SIMVASTATIN;

EID: 84914692046     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113370     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Holland R, Desborough J, Goodyer L (2007) Does pharmacist-led medication review help to reduce hospital admissions and deaths in older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 65(3): 303-316.
2. Lowrie R, Mair F, Greenlaw N, Forsyth P, Jhund P et al. (2012). Pharmacist intervention in primary care to improve outcomes in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. European Heart Journal 33(3): 314-324.
3. Thomson O'Brien MA, Oxman AD, Davis DA (2002) Educational Outreach visits: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The Cochrane Library. 1: 1.
4. Pande S. Hiller JE. Nkansah N. Bero L (2013) The effect of pharmacist-provided non-dispensing services on patient outcomes, health service utilisation and costs in low-and middle-income countries. [Review] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD010398.
5. Oxman AD, Davis AD, Thomson MA, Davis DA, Haynes RB (1995) No magic bullets: a systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. Can Med Assoc J. 1423-1431.
6. Avery AJ, Rodgers S, Cantrill JA, Armstrong S (2012) A pharmacist-led information technology intervention for medication errors (PINCER): a multicentre, cluster randomised controlled trial and cost effectiveness analysis. The Lancet 379(9823): 1310-1319.
7. National prescribing Centre and NHS Executive (1998) GP prescribing support: a resource document and guide for the new NHS. London: Department of Health.
8. Kucukarslan SN, Hagan AM, Shimp L, Gaither CA (2011) Integrating medication therapy management in the primary care medical home: a review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 68: 335-45.
9. Charrois TL, Zolezzi M, Koshman SL, Pearson G, Makowsky M, et al. (2012) Pharmacotherapy. Mar; 32(3): 222-33.
10. Santschi V, Chiolero A, Burnand B, Colosimo A, Paradis G (2011) Impact of Pharmacist Care in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials Arch Intern Med.; 171(16): 1441-1453.
11. Beney J, Bero L, Bond CM (2000) Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health services utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000336. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000336.
12. Nkansah N, Mostovetsky O, Yu C (2010) Effect of outpatient pharmacists' nondispensing roles on patient outcomes and prescribing patterns (Review) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 7. Art. No.: CDOOO336. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. cd000336.pub2.
13. Gerada C, Mathers N, Thomas M (2012) Patients, doctors and the NHS in 2022. Compendium of evidence. Royal college of General Practitioners. Available: www.rcgp.org.uk/.../2022%20compendium%20of%20evidence.ashx. Accessed 2012.
14. Avorn J (2011) Teaching clinicians about drugs-50 years later, whose job is it? N Eng J Med 364: 1185-7.
15. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S (2002) For the Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterollowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (9326): 7-22.
16. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM (2005) Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CCT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. The Lancet 366: 1267-78.
17. Catapano AL, Reiner Z, De Backer G (2011) ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 3-46.
18. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2008) Statins for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Technology Appraisal 94. Available: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11564/33151/33151.pdf. Accessed 2011.
19. Haynes B (1998) Barriers and bridges to evidence based clinical practice. BMJ 17: 273-276.
20. Foy R, Eccles M, Grimshaw J (2001) Why does primary care need more implementation research? Family Practice 18: 353-355. doi: 10.1093/fampra/18.4.353.
21. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G (2009) Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II and III surveys in eight European countries. The Lancet 373(9667): 929-940.
22. Anon (2007) Physician compliance with published guidelines on lipid-lowering. Bandolier. Available: http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/cardiac/statphys. Accessed 2014.
23. Waters DD, Brotons C, Chang CW (2009) Lipid treatment assessment project 2: a multinational survey to evaluate the proportion of patients achieving low density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Circulation 120: 28-34.
24. Kumar A, Fonarow GC, Eagle KA, REACH investigators (2009) Regional and practice variation in adherence to guideline recommendations for secondary and primary prevention among outpatients with atherothrombosis or risk factors in the United States: a report from the REACH registry. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 8 (3): 104-111.
25. Fairhurst K, Huby G (1998) From trial data to practical knowledge: qualitative study of how general practitioners have accessed and used evidence about statin drugs in their management of hypercholesterolaemia. BMJ 317: 1130-4.
26. British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, The Stroke Association (2005) Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice (JBS 2). Heart 91(Suppl V): v1-v52. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.079988.
27. Department of Health (2004) QOF guidance. London: Department of Health. Available: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Organisationpolicy/Primarycare/Primarycare contracting/QOF/DH-4125653. Accessed 2012.
28. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2008) Clinical Guideline 67: Lipid modification. Cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care.
29. Lowrie R, Morrison J, McConnachie A (2010) A Cluster randomised controlled trial of pharmacist led Statin Outreach Support (SOS) in primary care: design and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 3: 303-311.
30. Campbell MK, Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG (2012) CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ 345: e5661 doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5661.
31. Tomlinson J, MacKay D, Watt G, Whyte B, Tannahill C (2008) The Shape of Primary Care in NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde. Glasgow Centre for population health.
32. Donner A, Klar N (2000) Design and analysis of Cluster Randomisation trials in health research. Arnold. London.
33. Roland M (2004) Linking physicians' pay to the quality of care-a major experiment in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med 351: 1448-1454.
34. Department of Health (2004) QOF guidance. London: Department of Health. Available: http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Policyandguidance/Organisationpolicy/Primarycare/Primarycare contracting/QOF/DH-4125653. Accessed 2012.
35. O'Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G (2007) Educational outreach visits: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews, Issue 4. Art. No: CD000409. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000409.pub2.
36. Bloom BS (2005) Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews. Int J Tech Assessment in Health Care. 21 (3): 380-385.
37. Goldberg HI, Wagner EH, Fihn SD, Martin DP, Horowitz CR (1998) A randomised controlled trial of CQI teams and academic detailing: can they alter compliance with guidelines? The Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement. 24 (3): 130-42.
38. De Santis G, Harvey KJ, Howard D, Mashford ML, Moulds RF (1994) Improving the quality of antibiotic prescription patterns in general practice. The role of educational intervention. Med J Aust. 160(8): 502-5.
39. Schaffner W, Ray WA, Federspiel CF, Miller WO (1983) Improving antibiotic prescribing in office practice. A controlled trial of three educational methods. JAMA 250 (13): 1728-32.
40. Ilett KF, Johnson S, Greenhill G, Mullen L, Brockis J (2000) Modification of general practitioner prescribing of antibiotics by use of a therapeutics adviser (academic detailer). Br J Clin Pharmacol.49 (2): 168-73.
41. Welschen I, Kuyvenhoven MM, Hoes AW, Verheij TJ (2004) Effectiveness of a multiple intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract symptoms in Primary Care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.38182.591238.EB.
42. Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Lum A, Barrett PH (1999) Decreasing antibiotic use in ambulatory practice: impact of a multidimensional intervention on the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults. JAMA. 281 (16): 1512-9.
43. Zwar N, Wolk J, Gordon J, Sanson-Fisher R, Kehoe L (1999) Influencing antibiotic prescribing in general practice: a trial of prescriber feedback and management guidelines. Fam Pract 16 (5): 495-500.
44. Rognstad S, Brekke M, Fetweit A (2013) Prescription peer academic detailing to reduce inappropriate prescribing for older patients: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BJGP 63(613): e554-62.
45. Hulscher ME, Van Drenth BB, Mokkink HG, Van De Lisdonk EH, Van Wouden JC, et al. (1998) Tailored outreach visits as a method for implementing guidelines and improving preventive care. Int J Qual Health Care 10 (2): 105-12.
46. Figueiras A, Sastre I, Gestal-Otero JJ (2001) Effectiveness of educational interventions on the improvement of drug prescription in primary care: a critical literature review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 7 (2): 223-241.
47. Witt K, Knusden E, Ditlevsen S, Hollnagel H (2004) Academic detailing has no effect on prescribing of asthma medication in Danish general practice: a 3 year randomised controlled trial with 12-monthly follow ups. Family Practice. 21 (3): 248-53.
48. Dollan Mullen P, Green L, Persinger D (1985) Clinical trials of patient education for chronic conditions: a comparative meta-analysis of intervention types. Preventive medicine. 14: 753-781.
49. Brufsky J, Ross-Degnan D, Calabrese D, Gao X, Soumerai S (1998) Shifting physician prescribing to a preferred Histamin-2-receptor antagonist: effects of a multifactorial intervention in a mixed model health maintenance organisation. Med Care 36 (3): 321-332.
50. Nilsson G, Hjemdahl P, Hassler A, Vitols S, Wallen NH, et al. (2001) Feedback on prescribing rate combined with problem oriented pharmacotherapy education as a model to improve prescribing behaviour among general practitioners. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 56 (1): 843-8.
51. New JP, Mason JM, Freemantle N, Teasdale S, Wong L, et al. (2004) Educational outreach in diabetes to encourage practice nurses to use primary care hypertension and hyperlipidaemia guidelines (EDEN): a randomised controlled trial. Diabet Med. 21 (6): 599-603.
52. Soumerai SB, Avorn J (1987) Predictors of physician prescribing change in an educational experiment to improve medication use. Medical Care 25 (3): 201-221.
53. Feder G, Griffiths C, Highton C, Eldridge S, Spence M, et al. (1995) Do clinical guidelines introduced with practice based education improve care of asthmatic and diabetic patients? A randomised controlled trial in general practices in east London. BMJ. 311: 1473-8.
54. Steele MA, Bess DT, Franse VL, Graber SE (1989) Cost effectiveness of two interventions for reducing outpatient prescribing costs. DICP 23: 497-500.
55. Newton-Syms FAO, Dawson PH, Cooke J, Feely M, Booth TG, et al. (1992) The influence of an academic representative on prescribing by general practitioners. Br J Clin Pharmacol.33: 9-73.
56. Pittman DG, Fenton C, Chen W, Haffner S, Pendergrass M (2012) Relation of statin nonadherence and treatment intensification. American Journal of Cardiology 110(10): 1459-1463.
57. Chapman RH, Benner JS, Petrilla AA (2005) Predictors of adherence with antihypertensive and lipid lowering therapy. Arch Int Med 165: 1147-1152.
58. Donner-Banzhoff N, Sönnichsen A (2008) Strategies for prescribing statins. BMJ 336: 288-9.
59. Liew D, Webb K, van Vugt J, Bonnet J, Clemmensen P, et al. (2012) Statin prescribing in Europe: a comparison of differences and potential impact on health outcomes. Primary Care Cardiovascular Journal 5: 127-131.
60. Fleetcroft R, Steel N, Cookson R, Howe A (2008) "Mind the gap!" Evaluation of the performance gap attributable to exception reporting and target thresholds in the new GMS contract: national database analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 8: 131.
61. van de Steeg-van Gompel CH, Wensing M, De Smet PA (2012) Implementation of a pharmacist-led intervention to enhance statin prescribing for secondary prevention in primary care: a cluster randomised trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 19(2): 169-76.
62. Fretheim A, Oxman AD, Havelsrud K, Trewek S, Kristofferson DT (2006) Rational prescribing in primary care (RaPP): A cluster randomization trial of a tailored intervention. PLoS Med 3(6): e134.doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030134.
63. Carter BL, Clarke W, Ardery G, Weber C, James P (2010) A cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial of a physician-pharmacist collaborative model to improve blood pressure control. Cir Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3: 418-423.
64. Villeneuve J, Genest J, Blais L, Vanier MC, Lamarre D (2010) A cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate an ambulatory care management program for patients with dyslipidaemia: the TEAM study. Can Med Assoc J DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.090533.
65. Community Pharmacy Medicines Management Project Evaluation Team. (2007) The MEDMAN study: A randomised controlled trial of community pharmacy led medicines management for patients with coronary heart disease. Fam Pract 24: 189-200.
66. McAlister FA, Sumit R, Majumdar MD, Padwal R (2014) Case management for blood pressure and lipid level control after minor stroke: PREVENTION randomized controlled trial. CMAJ DOI:10.1503/cmaj.140053.
67. Mouradian MS, Majumdar SR, Senthilselvan A (2002) How well are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking managed after a stroke or transient ischemic attack? Stroke 33: 1656-9.
68. Joseph LN, Babikian VL, Allen NC (1999) Risk factor modification in stroke prevention. The experience of a stroke clinic. Stroke 30: 16-20.
69. Thomson MA, Oxman AD, Haynes RB, Davis DA, Freemantle N, et al. (2005) Local opinion leaders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3.
70. Gardner S, Skelton D, Rollins S (1995) Community Pharmacy databases to identify patients at high risk for hypercholesterolaemia. Pharmacotherapy 15 (3): 292-296.
71. Tsuyuki R, Johnson J, Teo K, Simpson S, Ackman M, et al. (2002) A randomised trial of the effect of Community Pharmacist intervention on cholesterol risk management. Arch Int Med 162 (10): 1149-1155.
72. Diwan VK, Wahlstrom R, Tomson G, Beermann B, Sterky G (1995) Effects of "Group detailing" on the prescribing of lipid lowering drugs: a randomized controlled trial in Swedish primary care. J Clin Epidemiol. 48(5): 705-711.
73. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR (2003) Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoporotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta analysis. BMJ 326; 1423-1437.
74. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S (2000) The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project (L-TAP). A multicenter study to evaluate the percentages of Dyslipidaemic patients receiving Lipid lowering therapy and achieving low density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Int Med 160: 459-467.
75. Medical Research Council (2011) Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. A framework for the development and evaluation of RCTs for complex interventions to improve health. London MRC. Available: www.mrc.ac.uk/complexinterventionsguidance Accessed 2013 June.
76. Mason J, Freemantle N, Nazareth I, Eccles M, Haines A, et al. (2001) When is it cost effective to change the behavior of health professionals? JAMA. 286 (23): 2988-2992.
77. Chalmers TC, Smith H, Blackburn B (1981) A method for assessing the quality of a randomised controlled trial. Control Clin Trials 2: 31-49.
78. Joint British Societies' Board (2014) Joint British Societies' consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart; 100: ii1-ii67.