Establishing reference values for central blood pressure and its amplification in a general healthy population and according to cardiovascular risk factors

European Heart Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 44, 2014, Pages 3122-3133

  Herbert, Annie ^a,b   Cruickshank, John Kennedy ^c   Laurent, Stéphane ^a   Boutouyrie, Pierre ^a   Shimada, Kazuyuki ^d   Kario, Kazuomi ^d   Miyashita, Hiroshi ^d   Eguchi, Kazuo ^d   Kohara, Katsuhiko ^e   Tabara, Yasuharu ^f   Imai, Yutaka ^g   Ito, Sadayoshi ^h   Hashimoto, Junichiro ^h   Uchiba, Kiyoshi ⁱ   Suzuki, Hiromichi ^j   Takenaka, Tsuneo ^j   Takazawa, Kenji ^k   Kino, Mineko ^k   Yamashina, Akira ^l   Tomiyama, Hirofumi ^l   Dohi, Yasuaki ^m   Takase, Hiroyuki ⁿ   Jouven, Xavier ^a   Empana, Jean Phillipe ^a   Pannier, Bruno ^a   Thomas, Frédérique ^a   Prescott, Eva ^o   Janner, Julie ^o   McEniery, Carmel ^p   Cockcroft, John ^q   Wilkinson, Ian ^p   Roman, Mary J ^r   Devereux, Richard B ^r   Teal, Valerie ^s   Townsend, Raymond ^s   Vermeersch, Sebastian ^t   Rietzschel, Ernst R ^t   Van Bortel, Luc ^t   De Buyzere, Marc L ^t   Segers, Patrick ^t   Gillebert, Thierry C ^t   Wang, Ji Guang ^u   Li, Yan ^u   Lazar, Jason ^v   Salciccioli, Louis ^v   Cunha, Pedro ^w,x   Oliveira, Pedro ^y   Cotter, Jorge ^w,x   Vila, Isabel ^w   Sousa, Nuno ^x   Chirinos, Julio ^z   Medina Lezama, Josefina ^aa   Weber, Thomas ^ab   Rammer, Martin ^ab   O'Rourke, Michael F ^ac,ae,bk,bl   Bernd, Eber ^ab   Lassnig, Elisabeth ^ab   Porodko, Michael ^ab   Ammer, Marcus ^ab   Wassertheurer, Siegfried ^ad   Adji, Audrey ^ae,bk   Rosenkranz, Stefan ^ad   Punzengruber, Christian ^ab   Kvas, Erich ^af   Dufouil, Carole ^ag   Tzourio, Christophe ^ag   Nijpels, Giel ^ah   Dekker, Jacqueline M ^ah   Stehouwer, Coen D A ^a,ai   Ferreira, Isabel ^ai   Twisk, Jos W ^ah,aj   Smulders, Yvo M ^ah   Van De Laar, Roel J ^ai   Van Kallen, Carla J ^ai   Van Greevenbroek, Marleen M ^ai   Schalkwijk, Casper G ^ai   Vlachopoulos, Charalambos ^ak   Aznaouridis, Constantinos ^ak   Terentes Printzios, Dimitrios ^ak   Xaplanteris, Panos ^ak   Stefanadis, Christodoulos ^ak   Schutte, Aletta E ^al   Fourie, Carla M T ^al   Van Rooyen, Johannes M ^al   Mahmud, Azra ^am,an   Feely, John ^an   Ghiadoni, Lorenzo ^ao   Stea, Francesco ^ao   Bruno, Rosa Maria ^ao   Cartoni, Giulia ^ao   Armenia, Sabina ^ao   Taddei, Stefano ^ao   Seidlerova, Jitka ^ap   Vanek, Jifi ^ap   Filipovsky, Jan ^ap   Mayer, Otto ^ap   Lind, Lars ^aq   Soveri, Inga ^aq   Fellström, Bengt ^aq   Zilmer, Mihkel ^ar   Cavallini, Maria Chiara ^as   Pini, Riccardo ^as   Di Bari, Mauro ^as   Marchionni, Niccolo ^as   Masotti, Guilo ^as   Schillaci, Giuseppe ^at   Pucci, Giacomo ^at   Battista, Francesca ^at   Settimi, Laura ^at   Crilly, Michael A ^au   Kumar, Vinod ^av   Clark, Hazel J ^aw   Scott, Neil W ^au   Macdonald, Alan G ^av   Williams, David J ^au,ax   Hillis, Graham S ^aw,ay   Lee, Amanda J ^au   De Vries, Alison ^aw   Small, Gary R ^az   Zanchetti, Alberto ^ba   Bilo, Gregorz ^bb   Taurino, Chiara ^bc   McClure, John D ^bc   Schneider, Markus P ^bc,bd   Kawecka Jaszcz, Kalina ^be   Stolarz Skrzypek, Katarzyna ^be   Klima, Łukasz ^be   Staessen, Jan A ^bf   Kuznetsova, Tatiana ^bf   Redon, Josep ^bg   Martinez, Fernando ^bg   Rosei, Enrico Agabiti ^bh   Melander, Olle ^bi   Zannad, Faiez ^bj   Rossignol, Patrick ^bj   Collin, Cédric ^a   Lonati, Laura ^ba   Dominiczak, Anna F ^bc   Petrak, Ondrej ^bm   Štrauch, Branislav ^bm   Rosa, Jan ^bm   Widimský, Jirí ^bm   Pipingas, Andrew ^bn   Pase, Matthew P ^bn   Grima, Natalie A ^bn   Stough, Con ^bn   Harris, Elizabeth ^bn   Sellick, Laura ^bn   Macpherson, Helen ^bn   Pascualab, José Maria ^bo   Rodilla, Enrique ^bo,bp   Costa, José Antonio ^bo,bp   Simon, Tabasomme ^bq   Delles, Christian ^br,bs   Dymott, Jane A ^br   Neisius, Ulf ^br   Carty, David M ^br   Fesler, Pierre ^bh   Muiesan, Maria Lorenza ^bh   Salvettia, Massimo ^bh   Paini, Anna ^bh   Tisler, Andras ^bt   Zofi, ^bt   Marton, Adrienn ^bt   El Haj Othmane, Taha ^bt   Cseprekal, Orsolya ^bt   Studinger, Peter ^bt   Ibrahim, Nik Nor Izah Nik ^bu,bu   Rasool, Aida Hanum Ghulam ^bu   Rahman, Abdul Rashid Abdul ^bv   Wong, Abdul Rahim ^bw   Protogerou, Athanasios D ^bx   Papaioannou, Theodore G ^bx   Sfikakis, Petros P ^bx   Fu, Yangweng ^ay   Hu, Jihong ^by   Zhao, Liancheng ^bz   Li, Nicole ^by   Jiang, Xiongjing ^br   Ok, Ercan ^ca   Demirci, Meltem Sezis ^ca   Gungor, Ozkan ^ca   Orlova, I A ^cb,cb   Blankova, Z N ^cb   Seredenina, E M ^cb   Ageev, F T ^cb   Barinova, I V ^cb   Bellien, J ^cc,cd   Iacob, M ^cc,cd   Thuillez, C ^cc,cd   Joannides, ^cc,cd   Mintale, Iveta ^ce   Latkovskis, Gustavs ^ce   Berzina, Marina ^ce   Zabunova, Milana ^ce   Krallisa, Agnese ^ce   Smulyan, Harold ^cf   Safar, Michel ^cg   Zhadan, Andriy ^ch   Tselukyo, Vira ^ch   Bregvadze, Tiko ^ch   Aydin, Ali ^ci   Von Kodolitsch, Yskert ^ci   more..

^a PARIS CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH CENTER   (France)

^b PENNINE ACUTE HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d JICHI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e EHIME UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^f KYOTO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^g TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^h TOHOKU UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

ⁱ Ohoka Clinic   (Japan)

^j SAITAMA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^k TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY HACHIOJI MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

^l TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^m NAGOYA CITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

ⁿ Enshu Hospital   (Japan)

^o UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^p UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^q CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^r WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^s HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^t GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^u SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

^v SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^w UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

^x UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

^y UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^z UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^aa UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE SANTA MARÍA   (Peru)

^ab Klinikium Wels Giesckierchen   (Austria)

^ac UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^ad AIT AUSTRIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Austria)

^ae MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^af Hermesoft Biostatistics   (Austria)

^ag INSERM   (France)

^ah VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^ai MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^aj VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^ak HIPPOKRATION HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^al NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^am EHB   (Ireland)

^an ST JAMES S HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^ao UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^ap CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^aq UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^ar UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

^as CAREGGI UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^at UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

^au UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^av NINEWELLS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^aw ABERDEEN ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^ax BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^ay GEORGE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^az UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^ba UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^bb ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

^bc UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^bd UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^be JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Poland)

^bf UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^bg UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

^bh UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^bi LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^bj UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF NANCY   (France)

^bk ST VINCENT'S CLINIC   (Australia)

^bl VCCRI   (Australia)

^bm CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^bn SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^bo HOSPITAL DE SAGUNTO   (Spain)

^bp Instituto de Salud Carlos III   (Spain)

^bq SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^br UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^bs UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

^bt SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^bu SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Malaysia)

^bv CYBERJAYA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Malaysia)

^bw Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab   (Malaysia)

^bx UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^by GANSU UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE MEDICINE   (China)

^bz PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE   (China)

^ca EGE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^cb Russian Cardiology Research Centre   (Russian Federation)

^cc ROUEN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^cd UNIVERSITÉ DE ROUEN   (France)

^ce UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA   (Latvia)

^cf University Cardiologists   (United States)

^cg UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^ch KHARKIV MEDICAL ACADEMY OF POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION   (Ukraine)

^ci UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Adult; Aged; Aorta; Arteries; Arteriosclerosis; Blood pressure; Central pressure; Humans; Pulse

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; POPULATION RESEARCH; REFERENCE VALUE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; SPHYGMOMANOMETER; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TONOMETER; AGE DISTRIBUTION; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RISK FACTOR; SEX RATIO; SYSTOLE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REFERENCE VALUES; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SYSTOLE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84913589999     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu293     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. ORourke M, McDonalds CV. Blood flow in arteries. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC press; 2011; p195-225
2. Safar ME, Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Guyonvarch PM, London GM. Central pulse pressure and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2002; 39:735-738
3. Weber T, Auer J, ORourke MF, Kvas E, Lassnig E, Lamm G, Stark N, Rammer M, Eber B. Increased arterial wave reflections predict severe cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Eur Heart J 2005;26: 2657-2663
4. Roman MJ, Okin PM, Kizer JR, Lee ET, HowardBV, Devereux RB. Relations of central and brachial blood pressure to left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry: the Strong Heart Study. J Hypertens 2010;28:384-388
5. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, ORourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1865-1871
6. Boutouyrie P, Bussy C, Lacolley P, Girerd X, Laloux B, Laurent S. Association between local pulse pressure, mean blood pressure, and large-Artery remodeling. Circulation 1999;100:1387-1393
7. Briet M, Bozec E, Laurent S, Fassot C, London GM,Jacquot C, Froissart M, Houillier P, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness and enlargement in mild-To-moderate chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006;69:350-357
8. Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, Cruickshank K, Stanton A, Collier D, Hughes AD, Thurston H, ORourke M. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006;113:1213-1225
9. RomanMJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, AliT, UmansJG, HowardBV. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than Does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2007;50:197-203
10. Pannier BM, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, London GM. Different aortic reflection wave responses following long-Term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and betablocker in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001;28:1074-1077
11. Asmar RG, London GM, ORourke ME, Safar ME. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patient: a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension 2001; 38:922-926
12. Avolio AP, Van Bortel LM, Boutouyrie P, Cockcroft JR, McEniery CM, Protogerou AD, Roman MJ, Safar ME, Segers P, Smulyan H. Role of pulse pressure amplification in arterial hypertension: experts opinion and review of the data. Hypertension 2009;54:375-383
13. Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Briet M, Regnault V, Stanton A, Laurent S, Mahmud A. Pharmacological modulation of arterial stiffness. Drugs 2011;71:1689-1701
14. Wojciechowska W, Staessen JA, Nawrot T, Cwynar M, Seidlerova J, Stolarz K, Gasowski J, Ticha M, Richart T, Thijs L, Grodzicki T, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Filipovsky J. Reference values in white Europeans for the arterial pulse wave recorded by means of the SphygmoCor device. Hypertens Res 2006;29:475-483
15. McEniery CM, Yasmin MPKM, McDonnell BJ, Munnery M, Hickson SS, Franklin SS, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB, Anglo-Cardiff Collaboration Trial I. The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on aortic stiffness and wave reflections depends on age: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT III). Hypertension 2010;56:591-597
16. Janner JH, Godtfredsen NS, Ladelund S, Vestbo J, Prescott E. Aortic augmentation index: reference values in a large unselected population by means of the Sphygmo-Cor device. Am J Hypertens 2010;23:180-185
17. Segers P, Mahieu D, Kips J, Rietzschel E, De Buyzere M, De Bacquer D, Bekaert S, De Backer G, Gillebert T, Verdonck P, Van Bortel L, Asklepios I. Amplification of the pressure pulse in the upper limb in healthy, middle-Aged men and women. Hypertension 2009;54:414-420
18. Smulyan H, Siddiqui DS, Carlson RJ, London GM, Safar ME. Clinical utility of aortic pulses and pressures calculated from applanated radial-Artery pulses. Hypertension 2003;42:150-155
19. Cloud GC, Rajkumar C, Kooner J, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Estimation of central aortic pressure by SphygmoCor requires intra-Arterial peripheral pressures. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;105:219-225
20. Ding FH, Fan WX, Zhang RY, ZhangQ, Li Y,Wang JG. Validation of the noninvasive assessment of central blood pressure by the SphygmoCor and Omron Devices against the invasive catheter measurement. Am J Hypertens 2011;24:1306-1311
21. Weber T,Wassertheurer S, Rammer M, Maurer E, Hametner B, Mayer CC, Kropf J, Eber B. Validation of a brachial cuff-based method for estimating central systolic blood pressure. Hypertension 2011;58:825-832
22. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Erdine S, Kiowski W, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Lindholm LH, Viigimaa M, Adamopoulos S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Bertomeu V, Clement D, Erdine S, Farsang C, Gaita D, Lip G, Mallion JM, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, OBrien E, Ponikowski P, Redon J, Ruschitzka F, Tamargo J, van Zwieten P, Waeber B, Williams B, Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of H, European Society of C. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007;25:11 5-1187
23. Bos WJ, Verrij E, Vincent HH,Westerhof BE, Parati G, van Montfrans GA. How to assess mean blood pressure properly at the brachial artery level. J Hypertens 2007; 25:751-755
24. ORourke MF, SMDV. Arterial Vasodilation: Mechanisms and Therapy. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1993; p220-p223
25. Pauca AL, ORourkeMF, Kon ND. Prospective evaluation of a method for estimating ascending aortic pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Hypertension 2001;38:932-937
26. Hickson SS, Butlin M, Mir FA, Graggaber J, Cheriyan J, Khan F, Grace AA, Yasmin MPKM, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM. The accuracy of central SBP determined from the second systolic peak of the peripheral pressurewaveform. J Hypertens 2009;27:1784-1788
27. Takazawa K, Kobayashi H, Kojima I, Aizawa A, Kinoh M, Sugo Y, Shimizu M, Miyawaki Y, Tanaka N, Yamashina A, Avolio A. Estimation of central aortic systolic pressure using late systolic inflection of radial artery pulse and its application to vasodilator therapy. J Hypertens 2012;30:908-916
28. Van Bortel LM, Balkestein EJ, van Der Heijden-Spek JJ, Vanmolkot FH, Staessen JA, Kragten JA, Vredeveld JW, Safar ME, Struijker Boudier HA, Hoeks AP. Non-invasive assessment of local arterial pulse pressure: comparison of applanation tonometry and echo-Tracking. J Hypertens 2001;19:1037-1044
29. Salvi P, Lio G, Labat C, Ricci E, Pannier B, Benetos A. Validation of a new non-invasive portable tonometer for determining arterial pressurewave and pulse wave velocity: the PulsePen Device. J Hypertens 2004;22:2285-2293
30. OBrien E, Petrie J, LittlerW, de Swiet M, Padfield PL, Altman DG, Bland M, Coats A, Atkins N. An outline Association for the Advancement of the revised British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens 1993;11:677-679
31. Pauca AL,Wallenhaupt SL, Kon ND, TuckerWY. Does radial artery pressure accurately reflect aortic pressure?. Chest 1992;102:1193-1198
32. Kips JG, Schutte AE, Vermeersch SJ, Huisman HW, Van Rooyen JM, Glyn MC, Fourie CM, Malan L, Schutte R, Van Bortel LM, Segers P. Comparison of central pressure estimates obtained from SphygmoCor,OmronHEM-9000AI and carotid applanation tonometry. J Hypertens 2011;29:1115-1120
33. Takazawa K, Kobayashi H, Shindo N, Tanaka N, Yamashina A. Relationship between radial and central arterial pulse wave and evaluation of central aortic pressure using the radial arterial pulse wave. Hypertens Res 2007;30:219-228
34. Pauca AL, Kon ND, ORourke MF. The second peak of the radial artery pressure wave represents aortic systolic pressure in hypertensive and elderly patients. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:651-657
35. Richardson CJ, Maki-Petaja KM, McDonnell BJ, Hickson SS, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM. Comparison of estimates of central systolic blood pressure and peripheral augmentation index obtained from the Omron HEM-9000AI and SphygmoCor systems. Artery Res 2009;3:24-31
36. Rezai MR, Goudot G,Winters C, Finn JD,WuFC, Cruickshank JK. Calibration mode influences central blood pressure differences between SphygmoCor and two newer devices, theArteriographandOmronHEM-9000. Hypertens Res 2011;34:1046-1051
37. Adji A, ORourke MF. Brachial artery tonometry and the Popeye phenomenon: explanation of anomalies in generating central from upper limb pressure waveforms. J Hypertens 2012;30:1540-1551
38. Kobayashi H, Kinou M, Takazawa K. Correlation between the brachial blood pressure values obtained using the cuff method and the central blood pressure values obtained invasively. Intern Med 2013;52:1675-1680
39. McEniery CM, Yasmin MPKM, McDonnell B, Munnery M, Wallace SM, Rowe CV, Cockcroft JR,Wilkinson IB. Central pressure: variability and impact of cardiovascular risk factors: theAnglo-CardiffCollaborativeTrial II.Hypertension2008;51:1476-1482
40. Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness C. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: establishing normal and reference values. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2338-2350
41. Engelen L, Ferreira I, Stehouwer CD, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S, Reference Values for Arterial Measurements C. Reference intervals for common carotid intima-media thickness measured with echotracking: relation with risk factors. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:2368-2380
42. ORourke MF, Vlachopoulos C, Graham RM. Spurious systolic hypertension in youth. Vasc Med 2000;5:141-145
43. McEniery CM, Yasmin MPKM,Wallace S, Maki-Petaja K, McDonnell B, Sharman JE, Retallick C, Franklin SS, Brown MJ, Lloyd RC, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB. Increased stroke volume and aortic stiffness contribute to isolated systolic hypertension in young adults. Hypertension 2005;46:221-226
44. Hernandez DH, Larkin KT, Whited MC. Cardiovascular response to interpersonal provocation and mental arithmetic among high and low hostile young adult males. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2009;34:27-35
45. Yang H, Drummer TD, Carter JR. Sex differences in sympathetic neural and limb vascular reactivity to mental stress in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H436-H443
46. ORourke MF, Adji A. Guidelines on guidelines: focus on isolated systolic hypertension in youth. J Hypertens 2013;31:649-654
47. ProtogerouAD, Blacher J, Safar ME. Isolated systolic hypertension: to treat or not to treat and the role of central haemodynamics. J Hypertens 2013;31:655-658
48. McEniery CM, Franklin SS, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J. Isolated systolic hypertension in the young: a need for clarity. J Hypertens 2013;31:1911-1913
49. Franklin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND, LItalien GJ, Lapuerta P. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-Aged and elderly US hypertensives: analysis based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension 2001;37:869-874
50. Laitinen T, Huopio H, Vauhkonen I, Camaro C, Hartikainen J, Laakso M, Niskanen L. Effects of euglycaemic and hypoglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia on sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of haemodynamics in healthy subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;105:315-322
51. Chirinos JA, Kips JG, JacobsDRJr, Brumback L, DuprezDA, Kronmal R, BluemkeDA, Townsend RR, Vermeersch S, Segers P. Arterial wave reflections and incident cardiovascular events and heart failure: MESA (Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:2170-2177
52. Manisty C, Mayet J, Tapp RJ, Parker KH, Sever P, Poulter NR, Thom SA, Hughes AD, Investigators A.Wave reflection predicts cardiovascular events in hypertensive individuals independent of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors: an ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial) substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:24-30
53. European Association for Cardiovascular P, Rehabilitation, Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, Agewall S, Alegria E, Chapman MJ, Durrington P, Erdine S, Halcox J, Hobbs R, Kjekshus J, Filardi PP, Riccardi G, Storey RF, Wood D, Guidelines ESCCfP, Committees. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for themanagement of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32:1769-1818
54. Miyashita H. Clinical assessment of central blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rev 2012; 8:80-90