A two-habit model for the microphysical and optical properties of ice clouds

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 13719-13737

  Liu, C ^a   Yang, P ^a   Minnis, P ^b   Loeb, N ^b   Kato, S ^b   Heymsfield, A ^c   Schmitt, C ^c  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; ICE CRYSTAL; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; OPTICAL DEPTH; OPTICAL PROPERTY; PARTICLE SIZE; SATELLITE DATA;

EID: 84913574685     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-13719-2014     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Auriol, F., Gayet, J. F., Febvre, G., Jourdan, O., Labonnote, L. C., and Brogniez, G.: In situ observation of cirrus scattering phase functions with 22 and 46 halos: Cloud field study on 19 February 1998, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3376-3390, 2001.
2. Barkey, B. and Liou, K. N.: Polar nephelometer for light-scattering measurements of ice crystals, Opt. Lett., 26, 232-234, 2001.
3. Baran, A. J.: A review of the light scattering properties of cirrus, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 110, 1239-1260, 2009.
4. Baran, A. J.: From the single-scattering properties of ice crystals to climate prediction: A way forward, Atmos. Res., 112, 45-69, 2012.
5. Baran, A. J. and Labonnote, L. C.: A self-consistent scattering model for cirrus. I: The solar region, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1899-1912, 2007.
6. Baran, A. J., Francis, P. N., Labonnote, L. C., and Doutriaux-Boucher, M.: A scattering phase function for ice cloud: Tests of applicability using aircraft and satellite multi-angle multiwavelength radiance measurements of cirrus, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2395-2416, 2001.
7. Baran, A. J., Connolly, P. J., and Lee, C.: Testing an ensemble model of cirrus ice crystals using midlatitude in situ estimates of ice water content, volume extinction coefficient and the total solar optical depth, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 110, 1579-1598, 2009.
8. Baran, A. J., Gayet, J.-F., and Shcherbakov, V.: On the interpretation of an unusual in-situ measured ice crystal scattering phase function, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9355-9364, doi:10.5194/acp-12-9355-2012, 2012a.
9. Baran, A. J., Watts, P. D., and Francis, P. N.: Testing the coherence of cirrus microphysical and bulk properties retrieved from dualviewing multispectral satellite radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31673-31683, 2012b.
10. Baran, A., Hill, P., Furtado, K., Field, P., and Manners, J.: A coupled cloud physics-radiation parameterization of the bulk optical properties of cirrus and its impact on the Met Office unified model global atmosphere 5.0 configuration, J. Climate, 27, 7725-7752, 2014a.
11. Baran, A. J., Cotton, R., Furtado, K., Havemann, S., Labonnote, L.-C., Marenco, F., Smith, A., and Thelen, J.-C.: A self-consistent scattering model for cirrus. II: The high and low frequencies, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 1039-1057, 2014b.
12. Baum, B. A., Yang, P., Heymsfield, A. J., Schmitt, C., Xie, Y., Bansemer, A., Hu, Y. X., and Zhang, Z.: Improvements in shortwave bulk scattering and absorption models for the remote sensing of ice clouds, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 1037-1056, 2011.
13. Baum, B. A., Yang, P., Heymsfield, A. J., Bansemer, A., Cole, B. H., Merrelli, A., Schmitt, C., and Wang, C.: Ice cloud singlescattering property models with the full phase matrix at wavelengths from 0.2 to 100 μm, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 146, 123-139, 2014.
14. Bi, L. and Yang, P.: Accurate simulation of the optical properties of atmospheric ice crystals with the invariant imbedding T-matrix method, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 138, 17-35, 2014.
15. Bi, L., Yang, P., Kattawar, G. W., Baum, B. A., Hu, Y. X., Winker, D. M., Brock, R. S., and Lu, J. Q.: Simulation of the color ratio associated with the backscattering of radiation by ice particles at the wavelengths of 0.532 and 1.064 μm wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00H08, doi:10.1029/2009JD011759, 2009.
16. Bi, L., Yang, P., Liu, C., Yi, B., Baum, B. A., van Diedenhoven, B., and Iwabuchi, H.: Assessment of the accuracy of the conventional ray-tracing technique: implications in remote sensing and radiative transfer involving ice clouds, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 146, 158-174, 2014.
17. Cai, Q. and Liou, K. N.: Polarized light scattering by hexagonal ice crystals: theory, Appl. Opt., 21, 3569-3580, 1982.
18. Chepfer, H.; Minnis, P.; Young, D. F.; Nguyen, L., and Arduini, R. F.: Estimation of cirrus cloud effective ice crystal shapes using visible reflectances from dual-satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4730, doi:10.1029/2000JD000240, 2002.
19. Cole, B. H., Yang, P., Baum, B. A., Riedi, J., Labonnote, L. C., Thieuleux, F., and Platnick, S.: Comparison of PARASOL observations with polarized reflectances simulated using different ice habit mixtures, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 52, 186-196, 2013.
20. Cole, B. H., Yang, P., Baum, B. A., Riedi, J., and C.-Labonnote, L.: Ice particle habit and surface roughness derived from PARASOL polarization measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3739-3750, doi:10.5194/acp-14-3739-2014, 2014.
21. Cox, C. V., Harries, J. E., Taylor, J. P., Green, P. D., Baran, A. J., Pickering, J. C., Last, A. E., and Murry, J. E.: Measurement and simulation of mit-and far-infrared spectra in the presence of cirrus, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 718-739, 2010.
22. Cross, J. D.: Scanning electron microscopy of evaporating ice, Science, 164, 174-175, 1969.
23. Curry, J. A., Hobbs, P. V., King, M. D., Randall, D. A., Minnis, P., Isaac, G. A., Pinto, J. O., Uttal, T., Bucholtz, A., Cripe, D. G., Gerber, H., Fairall, C. W., Garrett, T. J., Hudson, J., Intrieri, J. M., Jakob, C., Jensen, T., Lawson, P., Marcotte, D., Nguyen, L., Pilewskie, P., Rangno, A., Rogers, D. C., Strawbridge, K. B., Valero, F. P. J., Williams, A. G., and Wylie, D.: FIRE Arctic clouds experiment, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 81, 5-29, 2000.
24. Deschamps, P. Y., Bréon, F. M., Leroy, M., Podaire, A., Bricaud, A., Buriez, J. C., and Sèze, G.: The POLDER Mission: instrument characteristics and scientific objectives, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 32, 598-615, 1994.
25. Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Buriez, J. C., Brogniez, G., Labonnote, L. C., and Baran, A. J.: Sensitivity of retrieved POLDER directional cloud optical thickness to various particle models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 109-112, 2000.
26. Ebert, E. E. and Curry, J. A.: A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836, 1992.
27. Edwards, J. M., Havemann, S., Thelen, J. C., and Baran, A. J.: A new parameterization for the radiative properties of ice crystals: Comparison with existing schemes and impact in a GCM, Atmos. Res., 83, 19-35, 2007.
28. Evans, K. F.,Wang, J. R., Racette, P. E., Heymsfield, G., and Li, L.: Ice cloud retrievals and analysis with the compact scanning submillimeter imaging radiometer and the cloud radar system during CRYSTAL FACE, J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 839-859, 2005.
29. Fauchez, T., Cornet, C., Szczap, F., Dubuisson, P., and Rosambert, T.: Impact of cirrus clouds heterogeneities on top-of-atmosphere thermal infrared radiation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5599-5615, doi:10.5194/acp-14-5599-2014, 2014.
30. Filippov, A. V., Zurita, M., and Rosner, D. E.: Fractal-like aggregates: relation between morphology and physical properties, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci., 229, 261-273, 2000.
31. Febvre, G., Gayet, J. F., Minikin, A., Schlager, H., Shcherbakov, V., Jourdan, O., Busen, R., Fiebig, M., Kärcher, B., and Schumann, U.: On optical and microphysical characteristics of contrails and cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02204, doi:10.1029/2008JD010184, 2009.
32. Foot, J. S.: Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. Part II: Cirrus, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 145-164, 1988.
33. Fu, Q.: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Climate, 9, 2058-2082, 1996.
34. Fu, Q.: A new parameterization of an asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4140-4150, 2007.
35. Fu, Q. and Liou, K. N.: Parameterization of the radiative properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008-2025, 1993.
36. Gayet, J.-F., Auriol, F., Oshchepkov, S., Schröder, F., Duroure, C., Febvre, G., Fournol, J.-F., Crépel, O., Personne, P., and Daugereon, D.: In situ measurements of the scattering phase function of stratocumulus, contrails and cirrus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 971-974, 1998.
37. Gayet, J.-F., Ovarlez, J., Shcherbakov, V., Ström, J., Schumann, U., Minikin, A., Auriol, F., Petzold, A., and Monier, M.: Cirrus cloud microphysical and optical properties at southern and northern midlatitudes during the INCA experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20206, doi:10.1029/2004JD004803, 2004.
38. Gayet, J. F., Shcherbakov, V., Mannstein, H., Minikin, A., Schumann, U., Ström, J., Petzold, A., Ovarlez, J., and Immler, F.: Microphysical and optical properties of midlatitude cirrus clouds observed in the southern hemisphere during INCA, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 2719-2748, 2006.
39. Gayet, J. F., Mioche, G., Bugliaro, L., Protat, A., Minikin, A.,Wirth, M., Dörnbrack, A., Shcherbakov, V., Mayer, B., Garnier, A., and Gourbeyre, C.: On the observation of unusual high concentration of small chain-like aggregate ice crystals and large ice water contents near the top of a deep convective cloud during the CIRCLE-2 experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 727-744, doi:10.5194/acp-12-727-2012, 2012.
40. Hansen, J. E. and Travis, L. D.: Light scattering in planetary atmospheres, Space Sci. Rev., 16, 527-610, 1974.
41. Heidinger, A. K. and Pavolonis, M. J.: Gazing at cirrus clouds for 25 years through a split window. Part I: Methodology, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 48, 1100-1116, 2009.
42. Herman, G. F., Wu, M. C., and Johnson, W. T.: The effect of clouds on the Earth's solar and infrared radiation budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1251-1261, 1980.
43. Heymsfield, A. J. and Miloshevich, L. M.: Relative humidity and temperature influences on cirrus formation and evolution: observations from wave clouds and FIRE II, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4302-4326, 1995.
44. Heymsfield, A. J. and Miloshevich, L. M.: Parameterizations for cross-section aera and extinction of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 936-956, 2003.
45. Heymsfield, A. J., Lewis, S., Bansemer, A., Iaquinta, J., Miloshevich, L. M., Kajikawa, M., Twohy, C., and Poellot, M. R.: A general approach for deriving the properties of cirrus and stratiform ice cloud particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3-29, 2002.
46. Heymsfield, A. J., Miloshevich, L. M., Schmitt, C., Bansemer, A., Twohy, C., Poellot, M. R., Fridlind, A., and Gerber, H.: Homogeneous ice nucleation in subtropical and tropical convection and its influence on cirrus anvil microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 41-64, 2005.
47. Heymsfield, A. J., Schmitt, C., and Bansemer, A.: Ice cloud particle size distributions and pressure-dependent terminal velocities from in situ observations at temperatures from 0 to 86C, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 4123-4154, 2013.
48. Huang, X., Yang, P., Kattawar, G., and Liou, K. N.: Effect of mineral dust aerosol aspect ratio on polarized reflectance, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 151, 97-109, 2015.
49. Inoue, T.: On the temperature and effective emissivity determination of semitransparent cirrus clouds by bi-spectral measurements in the 10 μm window region, J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn., 63, 88-89, 1985.
50. Katagiri, G., Kikuchi, N., Nakajima, T. Y., Higurashi, A., Shimizu, A., Matsui, I., Havasaka, T., Sugimoto, N., Takamura, T., and Nakajima, T.: Cirrus cloud radiative forcing derived from synergetic use of MODIS analyses and ground-based observations, SOLA, 6, 25-28, 2010.
51. Knap, W. H., Labonnote, L. C., Brogniez, G., and Stammes, P.: Modeling total and polarized reflectances of ice clouds: evaluation by means of POLDER and ATSR-2 measurements, Appl. Opt., 44, 4060-4073, 2005.
52. Korolev, A. V., Isaac, G. A., and Hallett, J.: Ice particle habits in Arctic clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1299-1302, 1999.
53. Labonnote, L. C., Brogniez, G., Buriez, J. C., Doutriaux-Boucher, M., Gayet, J. F., and Macke, A.: Polarized light scattering by inhomogeneous hexagonal monocrystals: validation with ADEOSPOLDER measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12139-12153, 2001.
54. Lawson, R. P., Baker, B., Pilson, B., and Mo, Q.: In situ observations of the microphysical properties of wave, cirrus and anvil clouds. Part II: cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3186-3203, 2006.
55. Lawson, R. P., Pilson, B., Baker, B., Mo, Q., Jensen, E., Pfister, L., and Bui, P.: Aircraft measurements of microphysical properties of subvisible cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1609-1620, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1609-2008, 2008.
56. L'Ecuyer, T. S. and Jiang, J. H.: Touring the atmosphere aboard the A-Train, Phys. Today, 63, 36-41, 2010.
57. Letu, H., Nakajima, T. Y., and Matsui., T. N.: Development of an ice crystal scattering database for the global change observation mission/second generation global imager satellite mission: investigating the refractive index grid system and potential retrieval errors, Appl. Opt., 51, 6172-6178, 2012.
58. Liou, K. N.: Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: a global perspective, Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1167-1199, 1986.
59. Liu, C., Panetta, R. L., and Yang, P.: Application of the pseudospectral time domain method to compute particle singlescattering properties for size parameters up to 200, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 113, 1728-1740, 2012a.
60. Liu, C., Bi, L., Panetta, R. L., Yang, P., and Yurkin, M. A.: Comparison between the pseudo-spectral time domain method and the discrete dipole approximation for light scattering simulations, Opt. Exp., 20, 16763-16776, 2012b.
61. Liu, C., Panetta, R. L., and Yang, P.: The influence of water coating on the optical scattering properties of fractal soot aggregates, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 31-43, 2012c.
62. Liu, C., Panetta, R. L., and Yang, P.: The effects of surface roughness on the scattering properties of hexagonal columns with sizes from the Rayleigh to the geometric optics regimes, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 129, 169-185, 2013.
63. Liu, Q. H.: The PSTD algorithm: A time-domain method requiring only two cells per wavelength, Microw. Opt. Techn. Lett., 15, 158-165, 1997.
64. Loeb, N. G., Wielicki, B. A., Doelling, D. R., Smith, G. L., Keyes, D. F., Kato, S., Manalo-Smith, N., and Wong, T.: Toward optimal closure of the Earth's top-of-atmosphere radiation budge, J. Climate, 22, 748-766, 2009.
65. Lynch, D. K., Sassen, K., Star, D., and Stephens, G. L.: Cirrus, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, 504 pp., 2002.
66. Macke, A.: Scattering of light by polyhedral ice crystals, Appl. Opt., 32, 2780-2788, 1993.
67. Macke, A., Mueller, J., and Raschke, E.: Single scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystal, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2813-2825, 1996.
68. Magono, C. and Lee, C. W.: Meteorological classification of nature snow crystals, J. Fac. Soc. Hokkaido Univ., 7, 321-335, 1966.
69. McFarquhar, G. M. and Heymsfield, A. J.: The definition and significance of an effective radius for ice clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2039-2052, 1998.
70. McFarlane, S. A. and Marchand, R. T.: Analysis of ice crystal habits derived from MISR and MODIS observations over the ARM southern Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009191, 2008.
71. Minnis, P., Liou, K. N., and Takano, Y.: Inference of cirrus cloud properties using satellite-observed visible and infrared radiances, Part I: Parameterization of radiance fields, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1279-1304, 1993a.
72. Minnis, P., Liou, K. N., and Takano, Y.: Inference of cirrus cloud properties using satellite-observed visible and infrared radiances, Part II: Verification of theoretical cirrus radiative properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1305-1322, 1993b.
73. Minnis, P., Garber, D. P., Young, D. F., Arduini, R. F., and Takano, Y.: Parameterizations of reflectance and effective emittance for satellite remote sensing of cloud properties, J. Atmo. Sci., 55, 3313-3339, 1998.
74. Minnis, P., Szedung, S.-M., Young, D. F., Heck, P. W., Garber, D. P., Yan, C. Spangenberg, D. A., Arduini, R. F., Trepte, Q. Z., Smith,W. L., Ayers, J. K., Gibson, S. C., Miller,W. F., Hong, G., Chakrapani, V., Takano, Y., Liou, K. N., and Yang, P.: CERES edition-d cloud property retrievals using TRMM VIRS and ERRRA and AQUA MODIS data-Part I: Algorithms, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 49, 4374-4400, 2011.
75. Nakajima, T. and King, M. D.: Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part I: Theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1878-1893, 1990.
76. Nazaryan, H., McCormick, M. P., and Menzel, W. P.: Global characterization of cirrus clouds using CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16211, doi:10.1029/2007JD009481, 2008.
77. Neshyba, S. P., Lowen, B., Benning, M., Lawson, A., and Rowe, P. M.: Roughness metrics of prismatic facets of ice, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 3308-3318, 2013.
78. Peltoniemi, J. I., Lumme, K., Muinonen, K., and Irvine, W. M.: Scattering of light by stochastically rough particles, Appl. Opt., 28, 4088-4095, 1989.
79. Platnick, S., King, M. D., Ackerman, S. A., Menzel,W. P., Baum, B. A., Riédi, J. C., and Frey, R. A.: The MODIS cloud products: algorithms and examples from Terra, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 459-473, 2003.
80. Ramanathan, V., Cess, R. D., Harrison, E. F., Minnis, P., Barkstrom, B. R., Ahmad, E., Hartmann, D.: Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: results from the earth radiation budget experiment, Science, 243, 57-63, 2007.
81. Sassen, K. and Comstock, J. M.: A midlatitude cirrus cloud climatology from the facility for atmospheric remote sensing. Part III: radiative properties, J. Atmo. Sci., 58, 2113-2127, 2001.
82. Sassen, K. and Liou, K. N.: Scattering of polarized laser light by water droplet, mixed-phase and ice crystal clouds. Part I: Angular scattering patterns, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 838-851, 1979.
83. Schmitt, C. G. and Heymsfield, A. J.: On the occurrence of hollow bullet rosette-and column-shaped ice crystals in midlatitude cirrus, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4514-4519, 2007.
84. Schmitt, C. G. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Observational quantification of the separation of simple and complex atmospheric ice particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1301-1307, 2014.
85. Shcherbakov, V., Gayet, J. F., Baker, B., and Lawson, P.: Light scattering by single natural ice crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1513-1525, 2006.
86. Stephens, G. L.: Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: critical review, J. Climate, 18, 237-273, 2005.
87. Stephens, G. L., Tsay, S.-C., Stackhouse, P. W., and Flatau, P. J.: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753, 1990.
88. Sun, W., Loeb, N. G., and Yang, P.: On the retrieval of ice cloud particle shapes from POLDER measurements, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transf., 101, 435-447, 2006.
89. Takano, Y. and Liou, K. N.: Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. Part I. Single-scattering and optical properties of hexagonal ice crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3-19, 1989a.
90. Takano, Y. and Liou, K. N.: Solar radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. Part II. Theory and computation of multiple scattering in an anisotropic medium, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 20-36, 1989b.
91. Takano, Y. and Liou, K. N.: Radiative transfer in cirrus clouds. Part III: Light scattering by irregular ice crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 818-837, 1995.
92. Ulanowski, Z., Hesse, E., Kaye, P. H., and Baran, A. J.: Light scattering by complex ice-analogue crystals, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 100, 382-392, 2006.
93. Ulanowski, Z., Hirst, E., Kaye, P. H., and Greenaway, R.: Retrieving the size of particle with rough and complex surfaces from two-dimensional scattering patterns, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 113, 2457-2464, 2012.
94. Ulanowski, Z., Kaye, P. H., Hirst, E., Greenaway, R. S., Cotton, R. J., Hesse, E., and Collier, C. T.: Incidence of rough and irregular atmospheric ice particles from Small Ice Detector 3 measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1649-1662, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1649-2014, 2014.
95. Um, J. and McFarquhar, G. M.: Single-scattering properties of aggregates of bullet rosettes in cirrus, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 757-775, 2007.
96. Um, J. and McFarquhar, G. M.: Single-scattering properties of aggregates of plates, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 291-304, 2009.
97. van Diedenhoven, B., Cairns, B., Geogdzhayev, I. V., Fridlind, A. M., Ackerman, A. S., Yang, P., and Baum, B. A.: Remote sensing of ice crystal asymmetry parameter using multi-directional polarization measurements-Part 1: Methodology and evaluation with simulated measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2361-2374, doi:10.5194/amt-5-2361-2012, 2012.
98. van Diedenhoven, B., Cairns, B., Fridlind, A. M., Ackerman, A. S., and Garrett, T. J.: Remote sensing of ice crystal asymmetry parameter using multi-directional polarization measurements-Part 2: Application to the research scanning polarimeter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3185-3203, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3185-2013, 2013.
99. van Diedenhoven, B., Ackerman, A. S., Cairns, B., and Fridlind, A. M.: A flexible parameterization for shortwave optical properties of ice crystals, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 1763-1782, 2014.
100. Walden, V. P., Warren, S. G., and Tuttle, E.: Atmospheric ice crystals over the Antarctic Plateau in winter, J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1391-1405, 2003.
101. Wang, C., Yang, P., Nasiri, S. L., Platnick, S., Baum, B. A., Heidinger, A. K., and Liu, X.: A fast radiative transfer model for visible through shortwave infrared spectral reflectances in clear and cloudy atmospheres, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 116, 122-131, 2013a.
102. Wang, C., Yang, P., Platnick, S., Heidinger, A. K., Baum, B. A., Greenwald, T., Zhang, Z., and Holz, R. E.: Retrieval of ice cloud properties from AIRS and MODIS observations based on a fast high-spectral-resolution radiative transfer model, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 52, 710-726, 2013b.
103. Wang, C., Yang, P., Dessler, A., Baum, B. A., and Hu, Y.: Estimation of the cirrus cloud scattering phase function from satellite observations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 138, 36-49, 2014.
104. Wendling, P., Wendling, R., and Weickmann, H. K.: Scattering of solar radiation by hexagonal ice crystals, Appl. Opt., 18, 2663-2671, 1979.
105. Wielicki, B. A., Barkstrom, B. R., Baum, B. A., Charlock, T. P., Green, R. N., Kratz, D. P., Lee, R. B., Minnis, P., Smith, G. L., Wong, T., Young, D. F., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. A., Crommelynck, D. A. H., Donner, L., Kandel, R., King, M. D., Miller, A. J., Ramanathan, V., Randall, D. A., Stowe, L. L., and Welch, R. M.: Clouds and the Earth's radiant energy system (CERES): algorithm overview, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1127-1141, 1998.
106. Winker, D. M., Pelon, J. R., and McCormick, M. P.: The CALIPSO mission: spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds, Proc. SPIE, 4893, 1-11, 2003.
107. Xie, Y., Yang, P., Kattawar, G.W., Baum, B. A., and Hu, Y.: Simulation of the optical properties of plate aggregates for application to the remote sensing of cirrus clouds, Appl. Opt., 50, 1065-1081, 2011.
108. Yang, P. and Liou, K. N.: Geometric-Optics-integral-equation method for light scattering by nonspherical ice crystals, Appl. Opt., 35, 6568-6584, 1996.
109. Yang, P. and Liou, K. N.: Single-scattering properties of complex ice crystals in terrestrial atmosphere, Contr. Atmos. Phys., 71, 223-248, 1998.
110. Yang, P., Gao, B.-C., Baum, B. A.,Wiscombe,W., Hu, Y., Nasiri, S. L., Heymsfield, A., McFarquhar, G., and Miloshevich, L.: Sensitivity of cirrus bidirectional reflectance to vertical inhomogeneity of ice crystal habits and size distributions for two Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) bands, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17267-17291, 2001.
111. Yang, P., Kattawar, G. W., Hong, G., Minnis, P., and Hu, Y.: Uncertainties associated with the surface texture of ice particles in satellite-based retrieval of cirrus clouds: Part I. single-scattering properties of ice crystals with surface roughness, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, 1940-1947, 2008.
112. Yang, P., Bi, L., Baum, B. A., Liou, K. N., Kattawar, G. W., Mishchenko, M. I., and Cole, B.: Spectrally consistent scattering, absorption, and polarization properties of atmospheric ice crystals at wavelengths from 0.2 to 100 μm, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 330-347, 2013.
113. Yi, B., Yang, P., Baum, B. A., L'Ecuyer, T., Oreopoulos, L., Mlawer, E. J., Hyemsfield, A. J., and Liou, K. N.: Influence of ice particle surface roughening on the global cloud radiative effect, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2794-2807, 2013.