Outsourcing corporate accountability

Washington Law Review

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 747-818

  Parella, Kishanthi ^a  

^a WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84912030915     PISSN: 00430617     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (294)

1. See Kenneth W. Abbott & Duncan Snidal, Strengthening International Regulation Through Transnational New Governance: Overcoming the Orchestration Deficit, 42 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 501 (2009).
2. Charles Sabel et al., Ratcheting Labor Standards: Regulation for Continuous Improvement in the Global Workplace (Columbia Law Sch. Pub. Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Grp., Paper No. 21, 2000), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= 262178.
3. U.N. Secretary-General's Special Representative for Business and Human Rights, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises: Protect, Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights, U.N. Human Rights Council, 189 U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/5 (Apr. 7, 2008) (by John Ruggie) [hereinafter Framework].
4. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
5. Chris Brummer, How International Financial Law Works (and How It Doesn't), 99 Geo. L.J. 257, 290-91 (2011).
6. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Sovereignty and Power in a Networked World Order, 40 Stan. J. Int'l L. 283, 290 (2004) [hereinafter Slaughter, Sovereignty and Power].
7. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Global Government Networks, Global Information Agencies, and Disaggregated Democracy, 24 Mich. J. Int'l L. 1041, 1053 (2003) [hereinafter Slaughter, Global Government Networks].
8. see also David Zaring, International Law by Other Means: The Twilight Existence of International Financial Regulatory Organizations, 33 Tex. Int'l L.J. 281, 284-85 (1998).
9. see also David Zaring, International Law by Other Means: The Twilight Existence of International Financial Regulatory Organizations, 33 Tex. Int'l L.J. 281, 284-85 (1998).
10. see also Kal Raustiala, The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, 43 Va. J. Int'l L. 1, 12 (2002).
11. David Hess, Social Reporting: A Reflexive Law Approach to Corporate Social Responsiveness, 25 J. Corp. L. 41, 48-51 (1999).
12. Eric W. Orts, Reflexive Environmental Law, 89 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1227, 1264 (1995).
13. See Kenneth W. Abbott & Duncan Snidal, Strengthening International Regulation Through Transnational New Governance: Overcoming the Orchestration Deficit, 42 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 501 (2009).
14. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
15. Orly Lobel, The Renew Deal: The Fall of Regulation and the Rise of Governance in Contemporary Legal Thought, 89 Minn. L. Rev. 342 (2004).
16. Susan Sturm, Second Generation Employment Discrimination: A Structural Approach, 101 Colum. L. Rev. 458 (2001).
17. See Meredith R. Miller, Corporate Codes of Conduct and Working Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: Accountability Through Transparency in Private Ordering (October 20, 2013) (forthcoming), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342756.
18. Cal. Civ. Code § 1714.43 (West 2012).
19. Charles Sabel et al., Ratcheting Labor Standards: Regulation for Continuous Improvement in the Global Workplace (Columbia Law Sch. Pub. Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Grp., Paper No. 21, 2000), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= 262178.
20. See Karin Buhmann, The Danish CSR Reporting Requirement as Reflexive Law: Employing CSR as a Modality to Promote Public Policy (Univ. of Oslo Faculty of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series, Paper No. 2011-36, 2011), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=1964220.
21. European Commission, Environmental OREP, Commission to Propose Mandatory Company Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance (Aug. 8, 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/resource_efficiency/news/up-to-date_news/08032013_en.htm.
22. U.N. Secretary-General's Special Representative for Business and Human Rights, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises: Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect, and Remedy" Framework, U.N. Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011) (by John Ruggie).
23. See Charles Kernaghan, The Nat'l Labor Comm., Child Labor is Back: Children are Again Sewing Clothing for Major U.S. Companies 1 (2006), available at http://www.globallabourrights.org/reports/child-labor-is-back.
24. European Commission, Environmental OREP, Commission to Propose Mandatory Company Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance (Aug. 8, 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/resource_efficiency/news/up-to-date_news/08032013_en.htm.
25. Stephanie Barrientos & Sally Smith, Do Workers Benefit from Ethical Trade? Assessing Codes of Labour Practice in Global Production Systems, 28 Third World Q. 713, 720 (2007).
26. European Commission, Environmental OREP, Commission to Propose Mandatory Company Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance (Aug. 8, 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/resource_efficiency/news/up-to-date_news/08032013_en.htm.
27. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
28. Charles Duhigg & David Barboza, In China, Human Costs Are Built into an iPad, N.Y. Times (Jan. 25, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/business/ieconomy-apples-ipad-and-the-human-costs-for-workers-in-china.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
29. See Gerald F. Davis, After the Corporation, 41 Pol. &Soc'y 283, 294-95 (2013).
30. Ronald J. Gilson et al., Contracting for Innovation: Vertical Disintegration and Interfirm Collaboration, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 431, 434 (2009).
31. Victoria Curzon Price, Some Causes and Consequences of Fragmentation, in Fragmentation 88, 88 (Sven Arndt & Henry Kierzkowski eds., 2001) ("'Fragmentation' refers to the growing complexity of the modern chain of production, which divides and redivides previously integrated systems into ever more specialized and distinguishable units.").
32. R.H. Coase, The Nature of the Firm, 4 Economica 386 (1937).
33. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
34. George S. Geis, Business Outsourcing and the Agency Cost Problem, 82 Notre Dame L. Rev. 955, 971 (2007).
35. Victoria Curzon Price, Some Causes and Consequences of Fragmentation, in Fragmentation 88, 88 (Sven Arndt & Henry Kierzkowski eds., 2001) ("'Fragmentation' refers to the growing complexity of the modern chain of production, which divides and redivides previously integrated systems into ever more specialized and distinguishable units.").
36. Peter Lund-Thomsen & Khalid Nadvi, Clusters, Chains and Compliance: Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance in Football Manufacturing in South Asia, 93 J. Bus. Ethics 201, 204 (2010) (explaining that in the literature on global value chains, "the specific governance outcome in a given value chain is determined by the capability of suppliers, the nature and complexity of the transaction involved, and the ability to which information can be codified").
37. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
38. Victoria Curzon Price, Some Causes and Consequences of Fragmentation, in Fragmentation 88, 88 (Sven Arndt & Henry Kierzkowski eds., 2001) ("'Fragmentation' refers to the growing complexity of the modern chain of production, which divides and redivides previously integrated systems into ever more specialized and distinguishable units.").
39. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
40. Ronald J. Gilson et al., Contracting for Innovation: Vertical Disintegration and Interfirm Collaboration, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 431, 434 (2009).
41. Peter Lund-Thomsen & Khalid Nadvi, Clusters, Chains and Compliance: Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance in Football Manufacturing in South Asia, 93 J. Bus. Ethics 201, 204 (2010) (explaining that in the literature on global value chains, "the specific governance outcome in a given value chain is determined by the capability of suppliers, the nature and complexity of the transaction involved, and the ability to which information can be codified").
42. Marcelo Prince & Willa Plank, A Short History of Apple's Manufacturing in the U.S., Wall Street J. (Dec. 6, 2012), http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/12/06/a-short-history-of-apples-manufacturing-in-the-u-s/.
43. P.K., Slicing an Apple, The Economist (Aug. 10, 2011), http://www.economist.com/blogs/ dailychart/2011/08/apple-and-samsungs-symbiotic-relationship [hereinafter Slicing an Apple].
44. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
45. Ronald J. Gilson et al., Contracting for Innovation: Vertical Disintegration and Interfirm Collaboration, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 431, 434 (2009).
46. Timothy J. Sturgeon, Modular Production Networks: A New American Model of Industrial Organization, 11 Ind. &Corp. Change 451, 456-58 (2002).
47. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
48. R.A., Supply Chains: Apple and the American Economy, The Economist (Jan. 23, 2012), http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/01/supply-chains [hereinafter Supply Chains].
49. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
50. R.A., Supply Chains: Apple and the American Economy, The Economist (Jan. 23, 2012), http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/01/supply-chains [hereinafter Supply Chains].
51. P.K., Slicing an Apple, The Economist (Aug. 10, 2011), http://www.economist.com/blogs/ dailychart/2011/08/apple-and-samsungs-symbiotic-relationship [hereinafter Slicing an Apple].
52. Hal R. Varian, Who Really Makes the iPod?, N.Y. Times (June 28, 2007), http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/technology/28iht-ipod.1.6378095.html.
53. Jason Dedrick et al., Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Conference, Who Profits From Innovation in Global Value Chains?: A Study of the iPod and Notebook PCs 1, 6 (2008), available at http://web.mit.edu/is08/pdf/Dedrick_Kraemer_Linden.pdf.
54. Miguel Korzeniewicz, Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry, in Commodity Chains & Global Capitalism 247, 252 (Gary Gereffi & Miguel Korzeniewicz eds., 1994).
55. Jason Dedrick et al., Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Conference, Who Profits From Innovation in Global Value Chains?: A Study of the iPod and Notebook PCs 1, 6 (2008), available at http://web.mit.edu/is08/pdf/Dedrick_Kraemer_Linden.pdf.
56. R.A., Supply Chains: Apple and the American Economy, The Economist (Jan. 23, 2012), http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/01/supply-chains [hereinafter Supply Chains].
57. see also Dong-Sook S. Gills, Globalization of Production and Women in Asia, 581 Annals of the Am. Acad. of Pol. & Soc. Sci. 106, 108 (2002).
58. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
59. Hal R. Varian, Who Really Makes the iPod?, N.Y. Times (June 28, 2007), http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/technology/28iht-ipod.1.6378095.html.
60. R.A., Supply Chains: Apple and the American Economy, The Economist (Jan. 23, 2012), http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/01/supply-chains [hereinafter Supply Chains].
61. Miguel Korzeniewicz, Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry, in Commodity Chains & Global Capitalism 247, 252 (Gary Gereffi & Miguel Korzeniewicz eds., 1994).
62. Timothy J. Sturgeon, Modular Production Networks: A New American Model of Industrial Organization, 11 Ind. &Corp. Change 451, 456-58 (2002).
63. Gary Gereffi & Joonkoo Lee, Why the World Suddenly Cares About Global Supply Chains, 48 J. Supply Chain Mgmt. 24, 25 (2012) (describing modular, relational, and captive governance strategies in global supply chains).
64. Jason Dedrick et al., Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Conference, Who Profits From Innovation in Global Value Chains?: A Study of the iPod and Notebook PCs 1, 6 (2008), available at http://web.mit.edu/is08/pdf/Dedrick_Kraemer_Linden.pdf.
65. see also Gary Gereffi, Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia, 12 J. Asian Bus. 75, 83 (1996).
66. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
67. Jason Dedrick et al., Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Conference, Who Profits From Innovation in Global Value Chains?: A Study of the iPod and Notebook PCs 1, 6 (2008), available at http://web.mit.edu/is08/pdf/Dedrick_Kraemer_Linden.pdf.
68. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
69. see also Apple's China Supply Chain Exposed: Interview by Kai Ryssdal with Charles Duhigg, Marketplace (Jan. 26, 2012), http://www.marketplace.org/topics/tech/apple-economy/ apples-china-supply-chain-exposed ("Ryssdal: If change is going to come, where is change going to come from? Duhigg:… We live in a time when there's a brand-new device, it seems like, every couple of months. And they're amazing and wonderful - but there's a price to that.").
70. Cam Simpson, An iPhone Tester Caught in Apple's Supply Chain, Bloomberg Businessweek (Nov. 7, 2013), http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-11-07/an-iphone-tester-caught-in-apples-supply-chain.
71. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
72. M.B., Apple and Foxconn: iAudit, The Economist (Mar. 30, 2012), http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/03/apple-and-foxconn.
73. Cam Simpson, An iPhone Tester Caught in Apple's Supply Chain, Bloomberg Businessweek (Nov. 7, 2013), http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-11-07/an-iphone-tester-caught-in-apples-supply-chain.
74. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
75. Kathrin Hille, Suicides Put Foxconn Model Under Scrutiny, Fin. Times (May 23, 2010), http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a4d15856-66ca-11df-aeb1-00144feab49a.html#axzz2jsMkzDbI.
76. Jason Dean & Ting-I Tsai, Suicides Spark Inquiries, Wall Street J. (May 27, 2010), http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704026204575267603576594936.
77. Kathrin Hille, Suicides Put Foxconn Model Under Scrutiny, Fin. Times (May 23, 2010), http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a4d15856-66ca-11df-aeb1-00144feab49a.html#axzz2jsMkzDbI.
78. Richard Appelbaum & Nelson Lichtenstein, A New World of Retail Supremacy: Supply Chains and Workers' Chains in the Age of Wal-Mart, 70 Int'l Lab. &Working-Class Hist. 106, 110 (2006).
79. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
80. Apple Joins FLA, Fair Lab. Ass'n (Jan. 13, 2012), http://www.fairlabor.org/blog/entry/ apple-joins-fla.
81. Final Foxconn Verification Status Report, Fair Lab. Ass'n (Dec. 12, 2013), http://www.fairlabor.org/ report/final-foxconn-verification-status-report.
82. Connie Guglielmo, Apple's Supplier Labor Practices in China Scrutinized After Foxconn, Pegatron Reviews, Forbes (Dec. 12, 2013, 7:15 PM), http://www.forbes.com/sites/ connieguglielmo/2013/12/12/apples-labor-practices-in-china-scrutinized-after-foxconn-pegatron-reviewed/.
83. Eva Dou, Apple Shifts Supply Chain Away from Foxconn to Pegatron, WallStreet J. (May 29, 2013), http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323855804578511122734340726.
84. Michael Coffey, Foxconn May Soon Rely on Robots Over Humans for Apple's iPhone 6, Market Watch (July 7, 2014, 12:37 PM), http://blogs.marketwatch.com/thetell/2014/07/07/ foxconn-may-soon-rely-on-robots-over-humans-for-apples-iphone-6/.
85. European Commission, Environmental OREP, Commission to Propose Mandatory Company Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance (Aug. 8, 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/resource_efficiency/news/up-to-date_news/08032013_en.htm.
86. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
87. HP Supplier Social and Environmental Responsibility Agreement, Hewlet-Packard (Oct. 22, 2008), http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/environment/pdf/supagree.pdf.
88. In a study of 246 codes, only ten percent had a formal complaint body and less than fifty percent had any type of penalty or consequence for violation. Mark B. Baker, Promises and Platitudes: Towards a New 21st Century Paradigm for Corporate Codes of Conduct?, 23 Conn. J. Int'l L. 123, 133 (2007).
89. Press Release, U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, SEC Adopts Rule for Disclosing Use of Conflict Minerals (Aug. 22, 2012), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2012/2012-163.htm [hereinafter SEC Press Release].
90. Fact Sheet: Disclosing the Use of Conflict Minerals, U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm'n, http://www.sec.gov/News/Article/Detail/Article/1365171562058#.VAd7PGMVM4g.
91. Exec. Order No. 13627, 77 Fed. Reg. 60029 (Sept. 25, 2012).
92. Fact Sheet: Executive Order Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts, The White House, Office of the Press Sec'y (Sept. 25, 2012), http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/09/25/fact-sheet-executive-order-strengthening-protections-against-trafficking.
93. Cal. Civ. Code § 1714.43(a)(1) (West 2012).
94. U.N. Secretary-General's Special Representative for Business and Human Rights, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises: Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect, and Remedy" Framework, U.N. Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011) (by John Ruggie).
95. Marcia Narine, From Kansas to the Congo: Why Naming and Shaming Corporations Through the Dodd-Frank Act's Corporate Governance Disclosure Won't Solve a Human Rights Crisis, 25 Regent U. L. Rev. 351, 371 (2012).
96. Anita Chan & Kaxton Siu, Wal-Mart's CSR and Labor Standards in China 20 (The Int'l Research Network on Bus., Dev. & Soc'y, Working Paper No. 4, 2009), available at http://bdsnetwork.cbs.dk/publications/Working%20Papers/bsd_working_paper_(paper4).pdf.
97. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
98. Sasha Courville, Social Accountability Audits: Challenging or Defending Democratic Governance?, 25 L. &Pol'y 269, 273 (2003).
99. In a study of 246 codes, only ten percent had a formal complaint body and less than fifty percent had any type of penalty or consequence for violation. Mark B. Baker, Promises and Platitudes: Towards a New 21st Century Paradigm for Corporate Codes of Conduct?, 23 Conn. J. Int'l L. 123, 133 (2007).
100. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
101. Peter Lund-Thomsen, The Global Sourcing and Codes of Conduct Debate: Five Myths and Five Recommendations, 39 Dev. &Change 1005, 1013 (2008).
102. Sasha Courville, Social Accountability Audits: Challenging or Defending Democratic Governance?, 25 L. &Pol'y 269, 273 (2003).
103. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
104. Anita Chan & Kaxton Siu, Wal-Mart's CSR and Labor Standards in China 20 (The Int'l Research Network on Bus., Dev. & Soc'y, Working Paper No. 4, 2009), available at http://bdsnetwork.cbs.dk/publications/Working%20Papers/bsd_working_paper_(paper4).pdf.
105. Ngai-Ling Sum & Pun Ngai, Globalization and Paradoxes of Ethical Transnational Production: Code of Conduct in a Chinese Workplace, 9 Competition & Change 181, 194 (2005).
106. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
107. see also Timothy Bartley, Standards for Sweatshops: The Power and Limits of Club Theory for Explaining Voluntary Labor Standards Programs, in 110 Voluntary Programs: A Club Theory Approach 128 (Matthew Potoski & Aseem Prakash eds., 2009).
108. Stephanie Barrientos & Sally Smith, Do Workers Benefit from Ethical Trade? Assessing Codes of Labour Practice in Global Production Systems, 28 Third World Q. 713, 720 (2007).
109. Sasha Courville, Social Accountability Audits: Challenging or Defending Democratic Governance?, 25 L. &Pol'y 269, 273 (2003).
110. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
111. Michael E. Blowfield & Catherine S. Dolan, Stewards of Virtue? The Ethical Dilemma of CSR in African Agriculture, 39 Dev. & Change 1, 13-14 (2008).
112. Bin Jiang, Implementing Supplier Codes of Conduct in Global Supply Chains: Process Explanations from Theoretic and Empirical Perspectives, 85 J. Bus. Ethics 77, 88 (2008).
113. Dexter Roberts et al., Secrets, Lies, and Sweatshops, Bloomberg Businessweek (Nov. 26, 2006), available at http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-11-26/secrets-lies-and-sweatshops (according to one compliance manager, "the percentage of Chinese suppliers caught submitting false payroll records has risen from 46% to 75% in the past four years" and "estimates that only 20% of Chinese suppliers comply with wage rules, while just 5% obey hour limitations").
114. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
115. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
116. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
117. Dexter Roberts et al., Secrets, Lies, and Sweatshops, Bloomberg Businessweek (Nov. 26, 2006), available at http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-11-26/secrets-lies-and-sweatshops (according to one compliance manager, "the percentage of Chinese suppliers caught submitting false payroll records has risen from 46% to 75% in the past four years" and "estimates that only 20% of Chinese suppliers comply with wage rules, while just 5% obey hour limitations").
118. Michael E. Blowfield & Catherine S. Dolan, Stewards of Virtue? The Ethical Dilemma of CSR in African Agriculture, 39 Dev. & Change 1, 13-14 (2008).
119. Sasha Courville, Social Accountability Audits: Challenging or Defending Democratic Governance?, 25 L. &Pol'y 269, 273 (2003).
120. Ngai-Ling Sum & Pun Ngai, Globalization and Paradoxes of Ethical Transnational Production: Code of Conduct in a Chinese Workplace, 9 Competition & Change 181, 194 (2005).
121. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
122. Stephanie Barrientos & Andrienetta Kritzinger, Squaring the Circle: Global Production and the Informalization of Work in South African Fruit Exports, 16 J. Int'l Dev. 81, 85 (2004).
123. Stephanie Barrientos & Sally Smith, Do Workers Benefit from Ethical Trade? Assessing Codes of Labour Practice in Global Production Systems, 28 Third World Q. 713, 720 (2007).
124. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
125. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
126. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
127. Michael E. Blowfield & Catherine S. Dolan, Stewards of Virtue? The Ethical Dilemma of CSR in African Agriculture, 39 Dev. & Change 1, 13-14 (2008).
128. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
129. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
130. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
131. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
132. Lance Whitney, Apple's Chinese Suppliers Still Exploiting Workers, Says Report, CBSNews.com (Feb. 27, 2013, 11:48 AM), http://www.cbsnews.com/news/apples-chinese-suppliers-still-exploiting-workers-says-report/.
133. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
134. Galit A. Sarfaty, Regulating Through Numbers: A Case Study of Corporate Sustainability Reporting, 53 Va. J. Int'l L. 575, 611 (2013).
135. Business: Core and Periphery; Supply Chains in China, Economist, Mar. 6, 2010, at 83.
136. Workers Urged Not to Kill Themselves; Asked to Sign Contracts with Promise, Windsor Star (May 27, 2010), http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html? id=19fffdd5-40ee-4b51-9dfb-04fe8d083ab4.
137. Stephen Foley, Apple Admits It Has a Human Rights Problem, Independent (Feb. 14, 2012), http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/apple-admits-it-has-a-human-rights-problem-6898617.html.
138. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
139. see also Timothy Bartley, Standards for Sweatshops: The Power and Limits of Club Theory for Explaining Voluntary Labor Standards Programs, in 110 Voluntary Programs: A Club Theory Approach 128 (Matthew Potoski & Aseem Prakash eds., 2009).
140. Xiaomin Yu, Impacts of Corporate Code of Conduct on Labor Standards: A Case Study of Reebok's Athletic Footwear Supplier Factory in China, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 513, 523 (2007) (discussing similar issues with Reebok's procurement practices).
141. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
142. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
143. Stephanie Barrientos & Andrienetta Kritzinger, Squaring the Circle: Global Production and the Informalization of Work in South African Fruit Exports, 16 J. Int'l Dev. 81, 85 (2004).
144. Suk-Jun Lim & Joe Phillips, Embedding CSR Values: The Global Footwear Industry's Evolving Governance Structure, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 143, 144 (2008).
145. See Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times, Jan. 21, 2012, at A1.
146. P.K., Slicing an Apple, The Economist (Aug. 10, 2011), http://www.economist.com/blogs/ dailychart/2011/08/apple-and-samsungs-symbiotic-relationship [hereinafter Slicing an Apple].
147. Jason Dedrick et al., Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Conference, Who Profits From Innovation in Global Value Chains?: A Study of the iPod and Notebook PCs 1, 6 (2008), available at http://web.mit.edu/is08/pdf/Dedrick_Kraemer_Linden.pdf.
148. Richard Appelbaum & Nelson Lichtenstein, A New World of Retail Supremacy: Supply Chains and Workers' Chains in the Age of Wal-Mart, 70 Int'l Lab. &Working-Class Hist. 106, 110 (2006).
149. Vikas Bajaj, Doing Business in Bangladesh, N.Y. Times (Sept. 14, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/doing-business-in-bangladesh.html.
150. Suk-Jun Lim & Joe Phillips, Embedding CSR Values: The Global Footwear Industry's Evolving Governance Structure, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 143, 144 (2008).
151. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
152. See Meredith R. Miller, Corporate Codes of Conduct and Working Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: Accountability Through Transparency in Private Ordering (October 20, 2013) (forthcoming), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342756.
153. Ngai-Ling Sum & Pun Ngai, Globalization and Paradoxes of Ethical Transnational Production: Code of Conduct in a Chinese Workplace, 9 Competition & Change 181, 194 (2005).
154. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
155. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
156. Xiaomin Yu, Impacts of Corporate Code of Conduct on Labor Standards: A Case Study of Reebok's Athletic Footwear Supplier Factory in China, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 513, 523 (2007) (discussing similar issues with Reebok's procurement practices).
157. Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh 6 (May 13, 2013), http://bangladeshaccord.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/the_accord.pdf [hereinafter Bangladesh Accord].
158. Walmart/Gap Bangladesh Safety Plan: Pale Imitation of Accord, Indus. Global Union (Jul. 10, 2013), http://www.industriall-union.org/walmart-gap-bangladesh-safety-plan-pale-imitation-of-accord.
159. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
160. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
161. George S. Geis, An Empirical Examination of Business Outsourcing Transactions, 96 Va. L. Rev. 241, 267 (2010) (examining the problem of aligning incentives in outsourced relationships).
162. Marcia Narine, From Kansas to the Congo: Why Naming and Shaming Corporations Through the Dodd-Frank Act's Corporate Governance Disclosure Won't Solve a Human Rights Crisis, 25 Regent U. L. Rev. 351, 371 (2012).
163. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
164. Richard Appelbaum & Nelson Lichtenstein, A New World of Retail Supremacy: Supply Chains and Workers' Chains in the Age of Wal-Mart, 70 Int'l Lab. &Working-Class Hist. 106, 110 (2006).
165. Richard Appelbaum & Nelson Lichtenstein, A New World of Retail Supremacy: Supply Chains and Workers' Chains in the Age of Wal-Mart, 70 Int'l Lab. &Working-Class Hist. 106, 110 (2006).
166. Helle Bank Jørgenson et al., The World Bank, Strengthening Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Supply Chains (2003), available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/12/19/ 000090341_20051219093957/Rendered/PDF/346640Strengthening1Implementation.pdf [hereinafter Strengthening Implementation].
167. Stephanie Barrientos & Sally Smith, Do Workers Benefit from Ethical Trade? Assessing Codes of Labour Practice in Global Production Systems, 28 Third World Q. 713, 720 (2007).
168. Peter Lund-Thomsen & Khalid Nadvi, Clusters, Chains and Compliance: Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance in Football Manufacturing in South Asia, 93 J. Bus. Ethics 201, 204 (2010) (explaining that in the literature on global value chains, "the specific governance outcome in a given value chain is determined by the capability of suppliers, the nature and complexity of the transaction involved, and the ability to which information can be codified").
169. Anita Chan & Kaxton Siu, Wal-Mart's CSR and Labor Standards in China 20 (The Int'l Research Network on Bus., Dev. & Soc'y, Working Paper No. 4, 2009), available at http://bdsnetwork.cbs.dk/publications/Working%20Papers/bsd_working_paper_(paper4).pdf.
170. See Margaret M. Blair & Lynn A. Stout, Trust, Trustworthiness, and the Behavioral Foundations of Corporate Law, 149 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1735, 1809 (2000).
171. Ngai-Ling Sum & Pun Ngai, Globalization and Paradoxes of Ethical Transnational Production: Code of Conduct in a Chinese Workplace, 9 Competition & Change 181, 194 (2005).
172. Vikas Bajaj, Doing Business in Bangladesh, N.Y. Times (Sept. 14, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/doing-business-in-bangladesh.html.
173. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
174. Peter Lund-Thomsen, The Global Sourcing and Codes of Conduct Debate: Five Myths and Five Recommendations, 39 Dev. &Change 1005, 1013 (2008).
175. Li-Wen Lin, Corporate Social Accountability Standards in the Global Supply Chain: Resistance, Reconsideration, and Resolution in China, 15 Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L. 321, 335-36 (2007).
176. Dexter Roberts et al., Secrets, Lies, and Sweatshops, Bloomberg Businessweek (Nov. 26, 2006), available at http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-11-26/secrets-lies-and-sweatshops (according to one compliance manager, "the percentage of Chinese suppliers caught submitting false payroll records has risen from 46% to 75% in the past four years" and "estimates that only 20% of Chinese suppliers comply with wage rules, while just 5% obey hour limitations").
177. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
178. Amrutha Gayathri, Bangladesh's Garment Exports Surge in July; U.S., Canadian Retailers Due to Meet to Implement Factory Safety Plan, Int'l Bus. Times (Aug. 20, 2013, 6:22 AM), http://www.ibtimes.com/bangladeshs-garment-exports-surge-july-us-canadian-retailers-due-meet-implement-factory-safety-plan.
179. U.N. Secretary-General's Special Representative for Business and Human Rights, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises: Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect, and Remedy" Framework, U.N. Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011) (by John Ruggie).
180. See Kenneth W. Abbott & Duncan Snidal, Strengthening International Regulation Through Transnational New Governance: Overcoming the Orchestration Deficit, 42 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 501 (2009).
181. Natasha A. Affolder, The Private Life of Environmental Treaties, 103 Am. J. Int'l L. 510, 513-14 (2009).
182. Brittany T. Cragg, Home Is Where the Halt Is: Mandating Corporate Social Responsibility Through Home State Regulation and Social Disclosure, 24 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 735, 752 (2010).
183. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
184. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
185. Richard M. Locke et al., Complements or Substitutes? Private Codes, State Regulation and the Enforcement of Labour Standards in Global Supply Chains, 51 Brit. J. Indus. Rel. 519 (2012).
186. See Kenneth W. Abbott & Duncan Snidal, Strengthening International Regulation Through Transnational New Governance: Overcoming the Orchestration Deficit, 42 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 501 (2009).
187. Arun Devnath, Bangladesh Raises Minimum Wage for Garment Workers After Unrest, Bloomberg (Nov. 14, 2013, 11:59 PM), http://www.bloomberg.com/ news/print/2013-11-13/ bangladesh-garment-factories-to-stay-shut-amid-worker-protests.html.
188. Amrutha Gayathri, Bangladesh's Garment Exports Surge in July; U.S., Canadian Retailers Due to Meet to Implement Factory Safety Plan, Int'l Bus. Times (Aug. 20, 2013, 6:22 AM), http://www.ibtimes.com/bangladeshs-garment-exports-surge-july-us-canadian-retailers-due-meet-implement-factory-safety-plan.
189. Richard Appelbaum & Nelson Lichtenstein, A New World of Retail Supremacy: Supply Chains and Workers' Chains in the Age of Wal-Mart, 70 Int'l Lab. &Working-Class Hist. 106, 110 (2006).
190. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
191. Pierre-Hugues Verdier, Transnational Regulatory Networks and Their Limits, 34 Yale J. Int'l L. 113, 118 (2009).
192. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Global Government Networks, Global Information Agencies, and Disaggregated Democracy, 24 Mich. J. Int'l L. 1041, 1053 (2003) [hereinafter Slaughter, Global Government Networks].
193. see also Kal Raustiala, The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, 43 Va. J. Int'l L. 1, 12 (2002).
194. see also David Zaring, International Law by Other Means: The Twilight Existence of International Financial Regulatory Organizations, 33 Tex. Int'l L.J. 281, 284-85 (1998).
195. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
196. Pun Ngai & Jenny Chan, Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience, 38 Modern China 383, 385-86 (2012).
197. Li-Wen Lin, Corporate Social Accountability Standards in the Global Supply Chain: Resistance, Reconsideration, and Resolution in China, 15 Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L. 321, 335-36 (2007).
198. The Business Transparency on Trafficking and Slavery Act (H.R. 2759) was introduced by Representative Carolyn Maloney to the 112th Congress on August 1, 2011 and was meant to achieve the following objective: "To require companies to include in their annual reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission a disclosure describing any measures the company has taken during the year to identify and address conditions of forced labor, slavery, human trafficking, and the worst forms of child labor within the company's supply chains." Business Transparency on Trafficking and Slavery Act, H.R. 2759, 112th Cong. (2011). Congress failed to enact H.R. 2759. H.R. 2759 (112th), Govtrack.us, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2759 (last visited June 4, 2013).
199. See Joel P. Trachtman, International Regulatory Competition, Externalization, and Jurisdiction, 34 Harv. Int'l L.J. 47, 51-52 (1993) (discussing horizontal regulatory competition and the risk of "race for the bottom" scenarios).
200. Pierre-Hugues Verdier, Transnational Regulatory Networks and Their Limits, 34 Yale J. Int'l L. 113, 118 (2009).
201. Chris Brummer, How International Financial Law Works (and How It Doesn't), 99 Geo. L.J. 257, 290-91 (2011).
202. Chris Brummer, How International Financial Law Works (and How It Doesn't), 99 Geo. L.J. 257, 290-91 (2011).
203. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
204. Pierre-Hugues Verdier, Transnational Regulatory Networks and Their Limits, 34 Yale J. Int'l L. 113, 118 (2009).
205. see also Kal Raustiala, The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, 43 Va. J. Int'l L. 1, 12 (2002).
206. Pierre-Hugues Verdier, Transnational Regulatory Networks and Their Limits, 34 Yale J. Int'l L. 113, 118 (2009).
207. see also Kal Raustiala, The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, 43 Va. J. Int'l L. 1, 12 (2002).
208. see also David Zaring, International Law by Other Means: The Twilight Existence of International Financial Regulatory Organizations, 33 Tex. Int'l L.J. 281, 284-85 (1998).
209. see also Kal Raustiala, The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, 43 Va. J. Int'l L. 1, 12 (2002).
210. see also David Zaring, International Law by Other Means: The Twilight Existence of International Financial Regulatory Organizations, 33 Tex. Int'l L.J. 281, 284-85 (1998).
211. U.N. Secretary-General's Special Representative for Business and Human Rights, Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises: Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect, and Remedy" Framework, U.N. Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011) (by John Ruggie).
212. Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary-General, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework, U.N. Doc. HR/PUB/11/04 (Jun. 16, 2011), available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf.
213. Human Rights Council Res. 17/4, ch. 1, 17th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/17/4 (Jul. 6, 2011).
214. Surya Deva, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implications for Companies, 9 Eur. Company L. 101, 103 (2012).
215. Jenna Martin Amerson, "The End of the Beginning?": A Comprehensive Look at the U.N.'s Business and Human Rights Agenda from a Bystander Perspective, 17 Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L. 871, 914-15 (2012).
216. See, e.g., Joint Civil Society Statement on the Draft Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, Int'l Fed'n for Hum. Rts. (Jan. 2011), http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/ Joint_CSO_Statement_on_GPs.pdf.
217. Jenna Martin Amerson, "The End of the Beginning?": A Comprehensive Look at the U.N.'s Business and Human Rights Agenda from a Bystander Perspective, 17 Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L. 871, 914-15 (2012).
218. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
219. Eric W. Orts, Reflexive Environmental Law, 89 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1227, 1264 (1995).
220. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
221. See Kenneth W. Abbott & Duncan Snidal, Strengthening International Regulation Through Transnational New Governance: Overcoming the Orchestration Deficit, 42 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 501 (2009).
222. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
223. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
224. See Kenneth W. Abbott & Duncan Snidal, Strengthening International Regulation Through Transnational New Governance: Overcoming the Orchestration Deficit, 42 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 501 (2009).
225. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
226. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
227. Eric W. Orts, Reflexive Environmental Law, 89 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1227, 1264 (1995).
228. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
229. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
230. Ralf Rogowski & Ton Wilthagen, Reflexive Labour Law: An Introduction, in Reflexive Labour Law 1, 7 (Ralf Rogowski & Ton Wilthagen, eds., 1994).
231. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
232. Eric W. Orts, Reflexive Environmental Law, 89 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1227, 1264 (1995).
233. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
234. Marcia Narine, From Kansas to the Congo: Why Naming and Shaming Corporations Through the Dodd-Frank Act's Corporate Governance Disclosure Won't Solve a Human Rights Crisis, 25 Regent U. L. Rev. 351, 371 (2012).
235. David Hess, The Three Pillars of Corporate Social Reporting as New Governance Regulation: Disclosure, Dialogue and Development, 18 Bus. Ethics Q. 447, 450 (2008).
236. See Meredith R. Miller, Corporate Codes of Conduct and Working Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: Accountability Through Transparency in Private Ordering (October 20, 2013) (forthcoming), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342756.
237. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
238. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Global Government Networks, Global Information Agencies, and Disaggregated Democracy, 24 Mich. J. Int'l L. 1041, 1053 (2003) [hereinafter Slaughter, Global Government Networks].
239. Charles Duhigg & Keith Bradsher, How the U.S. Lost Out on iPhone Work, N.Y. Times (Jan. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/business/apple-america-and-a-squeezed-middle-class.html?pagewanted=all.
240. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
241. Stephanie Barrientos, Contract Labour: The 'Achilles Heel' of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains, 39 Dev. &Change 977, 982 (2008).
242. Cal. Civ. Code § 1714.43 (West 2012).
243. Marcia Narine, From Kansas to the Congo: Why Naming and Shaming Corporations Through the Dodd-Frank Act's Corporate Governance Disclosure Won't Solve a Human Rights Crisis, 25 Regent U. L. Rev. 351, 371 (2012).
244. Cal. Civ. Code § 1714.43.
245. Requiring firms to disclose whether the audit was announced or not is a step in the right direction so that suppliers cannot use advance warning to hide their infractions. However, even an unannounced visit is vulnerable to other forms of evasion, such as maintaining double-books, using uninspected factories, manager-bias, etc.
246. Cal. Civ. Code § 1714.43(c)(2). This section of the California Civil Code requires that firms "specify if the verification was not an independent, unannounced audit." This requirement ensures that suppliers do not use advance warning to hide their infractions. However, even an unannounced visit is vulnerable to other forms of evasion, such as maintaining double-books, using uninspected factories, manager-bias, etc.
247. Bin Jiang, Implementing Supplier Codes of Conduct in Global Supply Chains: Process Explanations from Theoretic and Empirical Perspectives, 85 J. Bus. Ethics 77, 88 (2008).
248. Suk-Jun Lim & Joe Phillips, Embedding CSR Values: The Global Footwear Industry's Evolving Governance Structure, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 143, 144 (2008).
249. Xiaomin Yu, Impacts of Corporate Code of Conduct on Labor Standards: A Case Study of Reebok's Athletic Footwear Supplier Factory in China, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 513, 523 (2007) (discussing similar issues with Reebok's procurement practices).
250. Suk-Jun Lim & Joe Phillips, Embedding CSR Values: The Global Footwear Industry's Evolving Governance Structure, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 143, 144 (2008).
251. Cal. Civ. Code § 1714.43 (West 2012).
252. Vikas Bajaj, Doing Business in Bangladesh, N.Y. Times (Sept. 14, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/opinion/sunday/doing-business-in-bangladesh.html.
253. See Meredith R. Miller, Corporate Codes of Conduct and Working Conditions in the Global Supply Chain: Accountability Through Transparency in Private Ordering (October 20, 2013) (forthcoming), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2342756.
254. Xiaomin Yu, Impacts of Corporate Code of Conduct on Labor Standards: A Case Study of Reebok's Athletic Footwear Supplier Factory in China, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 513, 523 (2007) (discussing similar issues with Reebok's procurement practices).
255. What is Fair Trade?, Fair Trade USA, http://fairtradeusa.org/what-is-fair-trade (last visited Sep. 8, 2014).
256. Helle Bank Jørgenson et al., The World Bank, Strengthening Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Supply Chains (2003), available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/12/19/ 000090341_20051219093957/Rendered/PDF/346640Strengthening1Implementation.pdf [hereinafter Strengthening Implementation].
257. Bin Jiang, Implementing Supplier Codes of Conduct in Global Supply Chains: Process Explanations from Theoretic and Empirical Perspectives, 85 J. Bus. Ethics 77, 88 (2008).
258. Helle Bank Jørgenson et al., The World Bank, Strengthening Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Supply Chains (2003), available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/12/19/ 000090341_20051219093957/Rendered/PDF/346640Strengthening1Implementation.pdf [hereinafter Strengthening Implementation].
259. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
260. Bin Jiang, Implementing Supplier Codes of Conduct in Global Supply Chains: Process Explanations from Theoretic and Empirical Perspectives, 85 J. Bus. Ethics 77, 88 (2008).
261. Erica L. Plambeck & Terry A. Taylor, Supplier Evasion of a Buyer's Audit: Implications for Auditing and Compliance with Labor and Environmental Standards 3 (Draft Working Paper, 2014).
262. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
263. Joonkoo Lee et al., Global Value Chains and Agrifood Standards: Challenges and Possibilities for Smallholders in Developing Countries, 109 Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 12,326, 12,327 (2012).
264. Bin Jiang, Implementing Supplier Codes of Conduct in Global Supply Chains: Process Explanations from Theoretic and Empirical Perspectives, 85 J. Bus. Ethics 77, 88 (2008).
265. Xiaomin Yu, Impacts of Corporate Code of Conduct on Labor Standards: A Case Study of Reebok's Athletic Footwear Supplier Factory in China, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 513, 523 (2007) (discussing similar issues with Reebok's procurement practices).
266. Daniella Gould, The Problem with Supplier Audits: Understanding How and Why Chinese Factories Circumvent Codes of Conduct, 2 Corp. Resp.Mgmt. 24, 25-26 (2005).
267. Helle Bank Jørgenson et al., The World Bank, Strengthening Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Supply Chains (2003), available at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/12/19/ 000090341_20051219093957/Rendered/PDF/346640Strengthening1Implementation.pdf [hereinafter Strengthening Implementation].
268. About CIW, Coalition of Immokalee Workers, http://ciw-online.org/about/ (last visited Aug. 26, 2014).
269. Greg Asbed, UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights 'Impressed' with Fair Food Program, Huffington Post (May 16, 2013, 5:12 AM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ greg-asbed/un-working-group-on-busin_b_3222906.html.
270. Fair Food Program, Coalition of Immokalee Workers, http://ciw-online.org/fair-food-program/ (last visited Aug. 26, 2014).
271. Greg Asbed & Sean Sellers, The Fair Food Program: Comprehensive, Verifiable and Sustainable Change for Farmworkers, 16 U. Pa. J.L. &Soc. Change 39, 43 (2013).
272. Our Brands, Yum!, http://www.yum.com/brands/ (last visited Aug. 26, 2014).
273. see also Fair Food Standards Council, Fair Food Program: Report 2011-2013, at 7 (2013), available at http://www.fairfoodstandards.org/reports/FFP_2011-13_web_v1.0.pdf.
274. Greg Asbed & Sean Sellers, The Fair Food Program: Comprehensive, Verifiable and Sustainable Change for Farmworkers, 16 U. Pa. J.L. &Soc. Change 39, 43 (2013).
275. see also Highlights: Selected National and International Recognition of the CIW and Its Members, Coalition of Immokalee Workers, http://ciw-online.org/highlights/ (last visited Aug. 26, 2014).
276. Greg Asbed & Sean Sellers, The Fair Food Program: Comprehensive, Verifiable and Sustainable Change for Farmworkers, 16 U. Pa. J.L. &Soc. Change 39, 43 (2013).
277. see also Fair Food Standards Council, Fair Food Program: Report 2011-2013, at 7 (2013), available at http://www.fairfoodstandards.org/reports/FFP_2011-13_web_v1.0.pdf.
278. Greg Asbed, Worker-Driven Social Responsibility (WSR): A New Idea for a New Century, Huffington Post (June 17, 2014, 3:25 PM), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/greg-asbed/ workerdriven-social-respo_b_5500104.html.
279. Greg Asbed & Sean Sellers, The Fair Food Program: Comprehensive, Verifiable and Sustainable Change for Farmworkers, 16 U. Pa. J.L. &Soc. Change 39, 43 (2013).
280. Editorial, One Penny More a Pound, N.Y. Times, Dec. 4, 2010, at A22 [hereinafter One Penny More a Pound].
281. see also Fair Food Standards Council, Fair Food Program: Report 2011-2013, at 7 (2013), available at http://www.fairfoodstandards.org/reports/FFP_2011-13_web_v1.0.pdf.
282. Editorial, One Penny More a Pound, N.Y. Times, Dec. 4, 2010, at A22 [hereinafter One Penny More a Pound].
283. see also Fair Food Standards Council, Fair Food Program: Report 2011-2013, at 7 (2013), available at http://www.fairfoodstandards.org/reports/FFP_2011-13_web_v1.0.pdf.
284. About CIW, Coalition of Immokalee Workers, http://ciw-online.org/about/ (last visited Aug. 26, 2014).
285. Peter Lund-Thomsen & Khalid Nadvi, Global Value Chains, Local Collective Action and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Empirical Evidence, 19 Bus. Strategy & Env't. 1, 7 (2010).
286. David J. Doorey, Who Made That?: Influencing Foreign Labor Practices Through Reflexive Domestic Disclosure Regulation, 43 Osgoode Hall L.J. 353, 360-61 (2005) (discussing the risk of race to the bottom regulations).
287. Hal R. Varian, Who Really Makes the iPod?, N.Y. Times (June 28, 2007), http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/technology/28iht-ipod.1.6378095.html.
288. R.A., Supply Chains: Apple and the American Economy, The Economist (Jan. 23, 2012), http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/01/supply-chains [hereinafter Supply Chains].
289. Jason Dedrick et al., Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Industry Studies Conference, Who Profits From Innovation in Global Value Chains?: A Study of the iPod and Notebook PCs 1, 6 (2008), available at http://web.mit.edu/is08/pdf/Dedrick_Kraemer_Linden.pdf.
290. Suk-Jun Lim & Joe Phillips, Embedding CSR Values: The Global Footwear Industry's Evolving Governance Structure, 81 J. Bus. Ethics 143, 144 (2008).
291. Charles Sabel et al., Ratcheting Labor Standards: Regulation for Continuous Improvement in the Global Workplace (Columbia Law Sch. Pub. Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Grp., Paper No. 21, 2000), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id= 262178.
292. Peter Lund-Thomsen & Khalid Nadvi, Clusters, Chains and Compliance: Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance in Football Manufacturing in South Asia, 93 J. Bus. Ethics 201, 204 (2010) (explaining that in the literature on global value chains, "the specific governance outcome in a given value chain is determined by the capability of suppliers, the nature and complexity of the transaction involved, and the ability to which information can be codified").
293. Khalid Nadvi, Global Standards, Global Governance and the Organization of Global Value Chains, 8 J. Econ. Geography 323, 335-36 (2008).
294. Marcia Narine, From Kansas to the Congo: Why Naming and Shaming Corporations Through the Dodd-Frank Act's Corporate Governance Disclosure Won't Solve a Human Rights Crisis, 25 Regent U. L. Rev. 351, 371 (2012).