Problem of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africa

World Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 783-792

  Ladep, Nimzing G ^a   Lesi, Olufunmilayo A ^b   Mark, Pantong ^c   Lemoine, Maud ^a   Onyekwere, Charles ^d   Afihene, Mary ^e   Crossey, Mary M E ^a   Taylor Robinson, Simon D ^a  

^a ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS   (Nigeria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF JOS   (Nigeria)

^d LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

^e KOMFO ANOKYE TEACHING HOSPITAL   (Ghana)

Author keywords

Aflatoxin; Hepatitis B; Liver cancer; Surveillance; West Africa

Indexed keywords

EID: 84912027631     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19485182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i11.783     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. ShariffMI, Cox IJ, Gomaa AI, Khan SA, Gedroyc W, Taylor-Robinson SD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: current trends in worldwide epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and therapeutics. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 3: 353-367 [PMID: 19673623 DOI: 10.1586/egh.09.35]
2. Flores A, Marrero JA. Emerging trends in hepatocellular carcinoma: focus on diagnosis and therapeutics. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2014; 8: 71-76 [PMID: 24899827 DOI: 10.4137/CMO.S9926]
3. Kew MC. Hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. World J Hepatol 2012; 4: 99-104 [PMID: 22489262 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.99]
4. Nordenstedt H, White DL, El-Serag HB. The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42 Suppl 3: S206-S214 [PMID: 20547305 DOI: 10.1016/S1590-8658(10)60507-5]
5. Umoh NJ, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Bah E, Akano A, Whittle H, Hainaut P, Kirk GD. Aetiological differences in demographical, clinical and pathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in The Gambia. Liver Int 2011; 31: 215-221 [PMID: 21143369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02418.x]
6. Echejoh GO, Tanko MN, Manasseh AN, Ogala-Echejoh S, Ugoya SO, Mandong BM. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Jos, Nigeria. Niger J Med 2008; 17: 210-213 [PMID: 18686842 DOI: 10.4314/njm.v17i2.37386]
7. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, Liang DC, Shau WY, Chen DS. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1855-1859 [PMID: 9197213 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199706263362602]
8. van der Sande MA, Waight P, Mendy M, Rayco-Solon P, Hutt P, Fulford T, Doherty C, McConkey SJ, Jeffries D, Hall AJ, Whittle HC. Long-term protection against carriage of hepatitis B virus after infant vaccination. J Infect Dis 2006; 193: 1528-1535 [PMID: 16652281]
9. Hino K, Katoh Y, Vardas E, Sim J, Okita K, Carman WF. The effect of introduction of universal childhood hepatitis B immunization in South Africa on the prevalence of serologically negative hepatitis B virus infection and the selection of immune escape variants. Vaccine 2001; 19: 3912-3918 [PMID: 11427265]
10. Coursaget P, Leboulleux D, Soumare M, le Cann P, Yvonnet B, Chiron JP, Coll-Seck AM, Diop-Mar I. Twelve-year followup study of hepatitis B immunization of Senegalese infants. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 250-254 [PMID: 7989718]
11. Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with hepatitis C infection (France: WHO, 2014). Available from: URL: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/111747/1/9789241548755_eng.pdf?ua=1
12. Ladep NG, Taylor-Robinson SD. Management of liver disease in Nigeria. Clin Med 2007; 7: 439-441 [PMID: 17990704]
13. Lemoine M, Thursz M, Njie R, Dusheiko G. Forgotten, not neglected: viral hepatitis in resource-limited settings, recall for action. Liver Int 2014; 34: 12-15 [PMID: 23998284 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12283]
14. Cooke GS, Lemoine M, Thursz M, Gore C, Swan T, Kamarulzaman A, DuCros P, Ford N. Viral hepatitis and the Global Burden of Disease: a need to regroup. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20: 600-601 [PMID: 23910643 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12123]
15. Seleye-Fubara D, Jebbin NJ. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: clinicopathologic study of 75 cases. Ann Afr Med 2007; 6: 54-57 [PMID: 18240703 DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.55716]
16. Barin F, Perrin J, Chotard J, Denis F, N'Doye R, Diop Mar I, Chiron JP, Coursaget P, Goudeau A, Maupas P. Crosssectional and longitudinal epidemiology of hepatitis B in Senegal. Prog Med Virol 1981; 27: 148-162 [PMID: 6972051]
17. Kew MC, Rossouw E, Hodkinson J, Paterson A, Dusheiko GM, Whitcutt JM. Hepatitis B virus status of southern African Blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison between rural and urban patients. Hepatology 1983; 3: 65-68 [PMID: 6295908 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840030110]
18. Forbi JC, Ben-Ayed Y, Xia GL, Vaughan G, Drobeniuc J, Switzer WM, Khudyakov YE. Disparate distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in four sub-Saharan African countries. J Clin Virol 2013; 58: 59-66 [PMID: 23871163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.028]
19. Di Bisceglie AM, Lyra AC, Schwartz M, Reddy RK, Martin P, Gores G, Lok AS, Hussain KB, Gish R, Van Thiel DH, Younossi Z, Tong M, Hassanein T, Balart L, Fleckenstein J, Flamm S, Blei A, Befeler AS. Hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: influence of ethnic status. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2060-2063 [PMID: 14499788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.t01-1-07641.x]
20. Tangkijvanich P, Mahachai V, Komolmit P, Fongsarun J, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 2238-2243 [PMID: 15818732]
21. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 554-559 [PMID: 10702206]
22. Fujie H, Moriya K, Shintani Y, Yotsuyanagi H, Iino S, Koike K. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1564-1565 [PMID: 11339239]
23. Fung SK, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: do they play a role in the outcome of HBV infection? Hepatology 2004; 40: 790-792 [PMID: 15382157 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20455]
24. Kew MC, Kramvis A, Yu MC, Arakawa K, Hodkinson J. Increased hepatocarcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus genotype A in Bantu-speaking sub-saharan Africans. J Med Virol 2005; 75: 513-521 [PMID: 15714494 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20311)]
25. Sell S, Hunt JM, Dunsford HA, Chisari FV. Synergy between hepatitis B virus expression and chemical hepatocarcinogens in transgenic mice. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 1278-1285 [PMID: 1847661]
26. Kuniholm MH, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Akano AO, Sam O, Hall AJ, Whittle H, Bah E, Goedert JJ, Hainaut P, Kirk GD. Aflatoxin exposure and viral hepatitis in the etiology of liver cirrhosis in the Gambia, West Africa. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116: 1553-1557 [PMID: 19057710 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11661]
27. Gordeuk VR, Boyd RD, Brittenham GM. Dietary iron overload persists in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 1986; 1: 1310-1313 [PMID: 2872439 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91230-4]
28. Gordeuk VR. Hereditary and nutritional iron overload. Baillieres Clin Haematol 1992; 5: 169-186 [PMID: 1596591 DOI: 10.1016/S0950-3536(11)80040-5]
29. Mandishona E, MacPhail AP, Gordeuk VR, Kedda MA, Paterson AC, Rouault TA, Kew MC. Dietary iron overload as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Black Africans. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1563-1566 [PMID: 9620327 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270614]
30. Gordeuk VR, CaleffiA, Corradini E, Ferrara F, Jones RA, Castro O, Onyekwere O, Kittles R, Pignatti E, Montosi G, Garuti C, Gangaidzo IT, Gomo ZA, Moyo VM, Rouault TA, MacPhail P, Pietrangelo A. Iron overload in Africans and African-Americans and a common mutation in the SCL40A1 (ferroportin 1) gene. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 31: 299-304 [PMID: 14636642]
31. Fargion S, Piperno A, Fracanzani AL, Cappellini MD, Romano R, Fiorelli G. Iron in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 23: 584-588 [PMID: 1662094]
32. Colombo M, de Franchis R, Del Ninno E, Sangiovanni A, De Fazio C, Tommasini M, Donato MF, Piva A, Di Carlo V, Dioguardi N. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 675-680 [PMID: 1651452 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199109053251002]
33. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Phair J, Visscher B, Muñoz A, Thomas DL. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liverrelated mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 2002; 360: 1921-1926 [PMID: 12493258]
34. Hoffmann CJ, Charalambous S, Thio CL, Martin DJ, Pemba L, Fielding KL, Churchyard GJ, Chaisson RE, Grant AD. Hepatotoxicity in an African antiretroviral therapy cohort: the effect of tuberculosis and hepatitis B. AIDS 2007; 21: 1301-1308 [PMID: 17545706 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32814e6b08]
35. Idoko JA, Agbaji O, Agaba P, Akolo C, Inuwa B, Hassan Z, Akintunde L, Badung B, Muazu M, Danang M, Imade G, Sankale JL, Kanki P. Direct observation therapy-highly active antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting: the use of community treatment support can be effective. Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18: 760-763 [PMID: 18005510 DOI: 10.1258/095646207782212252]
36. Burnett RJ, François G, Kew MC, Leroux-Roels G, Meheus A, Hoosen AA, Mphahlele MJ. Hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a call for further investigation. Liver Int 2005; 25: 201-213 [PMID: 15780040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01054.x]
37. Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329-338 [PMID: 10518312 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1007122]
38. Kudo M. International comparison of treatment outcomes based on staging systems. Hepatol Res 2007; 37 Suppl 2: S216-S222 [PMID: 17877486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00188.x]
39. Lesi OA, Kehinde MO, Anomneze EE. Chronic liver disease in Lagos: a clinicopathological study. Niger Postgrad Med J 2004; 11: 91-96 [PMID: 15300268]
40. Kew MC, Dos Santos HA, Sherlock S. Diagnosis of primary cancer of the liver. Br Med J 1971; 4: 408-411 [PMID: 5124443 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5784.408]
41. Otegbayo JA, Oluwasola OA, Akere A, Ogunbiyi JO. Temporal and biological trends in liver cancers at a University hospital in Southwest Nigeria. Trop Doct 2006; 36: 28-30 [PMID: 16483427 DOI: 10.1258/004947506775598941]
42. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1020-1022 [PMID: 21374666 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24199]
43. O'Brien M, Mwangi-Powell F, Adewole IF, Soyannwo O, Amandua J, Ogaja E, Okpeseyi M, Ali Z, Kiwanuka R, Merriman A. Improving access to analgesic drugs for patients with cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: e176-e182 [PMID: 23561749 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70343-1]
44. Ogboli-Nwasor E, Makama J, Yusufu L. Evaluation of knowledge of cancer pain management among medical practitioners in a low-resource setting. J Pain Res 2013; 6: 71-77 [PMID: 23404435 DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S38588]
45. Okeke EN, Ladep NG, Davwar P, Duguru M, Banwat E, Crossey ME, Garside D, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thursz M. Factors in the mortality of newly diagnosed HCC patients in Nigeria (European Association for the Study of the Liver). London: International Liver Congress, 2014
46. Sankaranarayanan R, Swaminathan R, Brenner H, Chen K, Chia KS, Chen JG, Law SC, Ahn YO, Xiang YB, Yeole BB, Shin HR, Shanta V, Woo ZH, Martin N, Sumitsawan Y, Sriplung H, Barboza AO, Eser S, Nene BM, Suwanrungruang K, Jayalekshmi P, Dikshit R, Wabinga H, Esteban DB, Laudico A, Bhurgri Y, Bah E, Al-Hamdan N. Cancer survival in Africa, Asia, and Central America: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 165-173 [PMID: 20005175 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70335-3]
47. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 417-422 [PMID: 15042359 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0552-0]
48. Ferenci P, Fried M, Labrecque D, Bruix J, Sherman M, Omata M, Heathcote J, Piratsivuth T, Kew M, Otegbayo JA, Zheng SS, Sarin S, Hamid S, Modawi SB, Fleig W, Fedail S, Thomson A, Khan A, Malfertheiner P, Lau G, Carillo FJ, Krabshuis J, Le Mair A. World Gastroenterology Organisation Guideline. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a global perspective. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2010; 19: 311-317 [PMID: 20922197]
49. Zapata E, Zubiaurre L, Castiella A, Salvador P, García-Bengoechea M, Esandi P, Arriola A, Beguiristain A, Ruiz I, Garmendia G, Orcolaga R, Alustiza JM. Are hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs effective at improving the therapeutic options. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2010; 102: 484-488 [PMID: 20670069]
50. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 3030-3044 [PMID: 16404738 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21731]
51. Turner PC, Sylla A, Gong YY, Diallo MS, Sutcliffe AE, Hall AJ, Wild CP. Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: a community-based intervention study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1950-1956 [PMID: 15936422]
52. Hainaut P, Boyle P. Curbing the liver cancer epidemic in Africa. Lancet 2008; 371: 367-368 [PMID: 18242399 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60181-6]
53. Ladep NG, Dona AC, Lewis MR, Crossey MM, Lemoine M, Okeke E, Shimakawa Y, Duguru M, Njai HF, Fye HK, Taal M, Chetwood J, Kasstan B, Khan SA, Garside DA, Wijeyesekera A, Thillainayagam AV, Banwat E, Thursz MR, Nicholson JK, Njie R, Holmes E, Taylor-Robinson SD. Discovery and validation of urinary metabotypes for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africans. Hepatology 2014; 60: 1291-1301 [PMID: 24923488 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27264]
54. Ferly J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S., Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide. Available from: URL: http://globocan iarc fr 2012 [cited 2014 Jun 27];1.0(GLOBOCAN 2012)
55. Garba SM, Zaki HM, Arfaoui A, Hami H, Soulaymani A, Nouhou H, Quyou A. [Epidemiology of cancers in Niger, 1992 to 2009]. Bull Cancer 2013; 100: 127-133 [PMID: 23420007 DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1699)]
56. Bah E, Carrieri MP, Hainaut P, Bah Y, Nyan O, Taal M. 20-years of population-based cancer registration in hepatitis B and liver cancer prevention in the Gambia, West Africa. PLoS One 2013; 8: e75775 [PMID: 24098724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075775]
57. Wiredu EK, Armah HB. Cancer mortality patterns in Ghana: a 10-year review of autopsies and hospital mortality. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 159 [PMID: 16787544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-159]
58. Arodiwe EB, Ike SO, Nwokediuko SC, Ijoma CK, Ulasi II. Pattern of cancer deaths in the medical wards of a teaching hospital in South East Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2013; 16: 505-510 [PMID: 23974748 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.116901]
59. Abdulkareem FB, Faduyile FA, Daramola AO, Rotimi O, Banjo AA, Elesha SO, Anunobi CC, Akinde OR, Abudu EK. Malignant gastrointestinal tumours in south western Nigeria: a histopathologic analysis of 713 cases. West Afr J Med 2009; 28: 173-176 [PMID: 20306734 DOI: 10.4314/wajm. v28i3.48478]
60. Echimane AK, Ahnoux AA, Adoubi I, Hien S, M'Bra K, D' Horpock A, Diomande M, Anongba D, Mensah-Adoh I, Parkin DM. Cancer incidence in Abidjan, Ivory Coast: first results from the cancer registry, 1995-1997. Cancer 2000; 89: 653-663 [PMID: 10931466]
61. Bayo S, Parkin DM, Koumaré AK, Diallo AN, Ba T, Soumaré S, Sangaré S. Cancer in Mali, 1987-1988. Int J Cancer 1990; 45: 679-684 [PMID: 2323845 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910450418]
62. Koulibaly M, Kabba IS, Cissé A, Diallo SB, Diallo MB, Keita N, Camara ND, Diallo MS, Sylla BS, Parkin DM. Cancer incidence in Conakry, Guinea: first results from the Cancer Registry 1992-1995. Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 39-45 [PMID: 8985088]
63. Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S35-S50 [PMID: 15508101 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.014]
64. Gouas DA, Villar S, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Legros P, Ferro G, Kirk GD, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Bah E, Friesen MD, Groopman J, Chemin I, Hainaut P. TP53 R249S mutation, genetic variations in HBX and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in The Gambia. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33: 1219-1224 [PMID: 22759751 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs068]
65. West J, Wood H, Logan RF, Quinn M, Aithal GP. Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971-2001. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 1751-1758 [PMID: 16736026 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603127]
66. Davila JA, Henderson L, Kramer JR, Kanwal F, Richardson PA, Duan Z, El-Serag HB. Utilization of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among hepatitis C virus-infected veterans in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 85-93 [PMID: 21242365 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-2-201101180-00006]
67. Aparo S, Goel S, Lin D, Ohri N, Schwartz JM, Lo Y, Kaubisch A. Survival analysis of Hispanics in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2014 Jul 31; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 25081065 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28867]
68. European Association For The Study Of The Liver, European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 908-943 [PMID: 22424438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.001]