Use of Biologic Agents in Combination with Other Therapies for the Treatment of Psoriasis

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 467-478

  Cather, Jennifer C ^a,b   Crowley, Jeffrey J ^c  

^a Modern Research Associates   (United States)

^b Modern Dermatology Aesthetics Center   (United States)

^c Bakersfield Dermatology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; CYCLOSPORIN; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; ETRETIN; INFLIXIMAB; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 17 ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 23; METHOTREXATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; USTEKINUMAB; BIOLOGICAL FACTOR; CYTOKINE; DERMATOLOGICAL AGENT;

BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; LIVER TOXICITY; MONOTHERAPY; MUCOSAL DRYNESS; NEPHROTOXICITY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PSORIASIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RHINOPHARYNGITIS; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG DESIGN; METABOLISM; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; QUALITY OF LIFE;

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CYTOKINES; DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PSORIASIS; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 84911984302     PISSN: 11750561     EISSN: 11791888     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-014-0097-1     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Rachakonda TD, Schupp CW, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:512–6.
2. Schön MP, Boehncke WH. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1899–912.
3. Kimball AB, Jacobson C, Weiss S, Vreeland MG, Wu Y. The psychosocial burden of psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6:383–92.
4. Kurd SK, Troxel AB, Crits-Christoph P, Gelfand JM. The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis: a population-based cohort study. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146:891–5.
5. Evers AW, Lu Y, Duller P, van der Valk PG, Kraaimaat FW, van de Kerkhof PC. Common burden of chronic skin diseases? Contributors to psychological distress in adults with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:1275–81.
6. Onumah N, Kircik LH. Psoriasis and its comorbidities. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:s5–10.
7. Mrowietz U, Kragballe K, Reich K, Spuls P, Griffiths CE, Nast A, et al. Definition of treatment goals for moderate to severe psoriasis: a European consensus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2011;303:1–10.
8. Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:826–50.
9. Pariser DM, Bagel J, Gelfand JM, Korman NJ, Ritchlin CT, Strober BE, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation clinical consensus on disease severity. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:239–42.
10. Finlay AY. Current severe psoriasis and the rule of tens. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:861–7.
11. Hsu S, Papp KA, Lebwohl MG, Bagel J, Blauvelt A, Duffin KC, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:95–102.
12. Krueger G, Koo J, Lebwohl M, Menter A, Stern RS, Rolstad T. The impact of psoriasis on quality of life: results of a 1998 National Psoriasis Foundation patient-membership survey. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:280–4.
13. Levy LL, Solomon SM, Emer JJ. Biologics in the treatment of psoriasis and emerging new therapies in the pipeline. Psoriasis Targets Ther. 2012;2:29–43.
14. Ladizinski B, Lee KC, Wilmer E, Alavi A, Mistry N, Sibbald RG. A review of the clinical variants and the management of psoriasis. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2013;26:271–84.
15. Nijsten T, Margolis DJ, Feldman SR, Rolstad T, Stern RS. Traditional systemic treatments have not fully met the needs of psoriasis patients: results from a national survey. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52:434–44.
16. Callis Duffin K, Yeung H, Takeshita J, Krueger GG, Robertson AD, Troxel AB, et al. Patient satisfaction with treatments for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in clinical practice. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:672–80.
17. Renzi C, Picardi A, Abeni D, Agostini E, Baliva G, Pasquini P, et al. Association of dissatisfaction with care and psychiatric morbidity with poor treatment compliance. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:337–42.
18. Parrish L. Psoriasis: symptoms, treatments and its impact on quality of life. Br J Community Nurs. 2012;17:524–8.
19. Girolomoni G, Mrowietz U, Paul C. Psoriasis: rationale for targeting interleukin-17. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:717–24.
20. Chiricozzi A, Krueger JG. IL-17 targeted therapies for psoriasis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013;22:993–1005.
21. Sivamani RK, Goodarzi H, Garcia MS, Raychaudhuri SP, Wehrli LN, Ono Y, et al. Biologic therapies in the treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive evidence-based basic science and clinical review and a practical guide to tuberculosis monitoring. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;44:121–40.
22. Reich K, Nestle FO, Papp K, Ortonne JP, Evans R, Guzzo C, et al. Infliximab induction and maintenance therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a phase III, multicentre, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1367–74.
23. Menter A, Feldman SR, Weinstein GD, Papp K, Evans R, Guzzo C, et al. A randomized comparison of continuous vs. intermittent infliximab maintenance regimens over 1 year in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:31.e1–15.
24. Gottlieb AB, Evans R, Li S, Dooley LT, Guzzo CA, Baker D, et al. Infliximab induction therapy for patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:534–42.
25. Leonardi CL, Powers JL, Matheson RT, Goffe BS, Zitnik R, Wang A, et al. Etanercept as monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2014–22.
26. Papp KA, Tyring S, Lahfa M, Prinz J, Griffiths CE, Nakanishi AM, et al. A global phase III randomized controlled trial of etanercept in psoriasis: safety, efficacy, and effect of dose reduction. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152:1304–12.
27. Leonardi CL, Kimball AB, Papp KA, Yeilding N, Guzzo C, Wang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1). Lancet. 2008;371:1665–74.
28. Papp KA, Langley RG, Lebwohl M, Krueger GG, Szapary P, Yeilding N, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 52-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 2). Lancet. 2008;371:1675–84.
29. Menter A, Tyring SK, Gordon K, Kimball AB, Leonardi CL, Langley RG, et al. Adalimumab therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis: a randomized, controlled phase III trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:106–15.
30. Humira (adalimumab) injection [prescribing information]. North Chicago: AbbVie Inc.; 2013.
31. Jensen P, Skov L, Zachariae C. Systemic combination treatment for psoriasis: a review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90:341–9.
32. Warren RB, Brown BC, Carmichael AJ, Griffiths CE. Long-term control of recalcitrant psoriasis with combination infliximab and methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:415–6.
33. Driessen RJ, Boezeman JB, van de Kerkhof PC, de Jong EM. Three-year registry data on biological treatment for psoriasis: the influence of patient characteristics on treatment outcome. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:670–5.
34. Gustafson CJ, Watkins C, Hix E, Feldman SR. Combination therapy in psoriasis: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14:9–25.
35. Daly M, Alikhan A, Armstrong AW. Combination systemic therapies in psoriatic arthritis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22:276–84.
36. Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Ritchlin CT, Ruderman EM, Steinfeld SD, Choy EH, et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderately to severely active psoriatic arthritis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:3279–89.
37. Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Keystone EC. Alefacept in Psoriatic Arthritis Study Group. Alefacept in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:1638–45.
38. McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB, Puig L, Rahman P, Ritchlin C, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT 1 trial. Lancet. 2013;382:780–9.
39. Mease PJ, Reich K. Alefacept in Psoriatic Arthritis Study Group. Alefacept with methotrexate for treatment of psoriatic arthritis: open-label extension of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:402–11.
40. Gottlieb A, Korman NJ, Gordon KB, Feldman SR, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 2. Psoriatic arthritis: overview and guidelines of care for treatment with an emphasis on the biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:851–64.
41. Ritchlin CT, Kavanaugh A, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, Helliwell P, Boehncke WH, et al. Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1387–94.
42. Gossec L, Smolen JS, Gaujoux-Viala C, Ash Z, Marzo-Ortega H, van der Heijde D, et al. European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:4–12.
43. Lebwohl M. Combining the new biologic agents with our current psoriasis armamentarium. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:S118–24.
44. Hugh J, Van Voorhees AS, Nijhawan RI, Bagel J, Lebwohl M, Blauvelt A, et al. From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: The risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with psoriasis and the potential impact of current therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:168–77.
45. Heinecke GM, Luber AJ, Levitt JO, Lebwohl MG. Combination use of ustekinumab with other systemic therapies: a retrospective study in a tertiary referral center. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:1098–102.
46. Daudén E, Castañeda S, Suárez C, García-Campayo J, Blasco AJ, Aguilar MD, et al. Clinical practice guideline for an integrated approach to comorbidity in patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:1387–404.
47. Stebbins WG, Lebwohl MG. Biologics in combination with nonbiologics: efficacy and safety. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17:432–40.
48. Foley PA, Quirk C, Sullivan JR, Dolianitis C, Hack SP, Thirunavukkarasu K, et al. Combining etanercept with traditional agents in the treatment of psoriasis: a review of the clinical evidence. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1135–43.
49. Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, Feldman SR, Gelfand JM, Gordon KB, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 4. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with traditional systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61:451–85.
50. Mrowietz U, de Jong EM, Kragballe K, Langley R, Nast A, Puig L, et al. A consensus report on appropriate treatment optimization and transitioning in the management of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:438–53.
51. Otley CC, Stasko T, Tope WD, Lebwohl M. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with systemic retinoids: practical dosing and management of adverse effects. Dermatol Surg. 2006;32:562–8.
52. Oh CJ, Das KM, Gottlieb AB. Treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody dramatically decreases the clinical activity of psoriasis lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:829–30.
53. Gisondi P, Del Giglio M, Cotena C, Girolomoni G. Combining etanercept and acitretin in the therapy of chronic plaque psoriasis: a 24-week, randomized, controlled, investigator-blinded pilot trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:1345–9.
54. Famenini S, Wu JJ. Combination therapy with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in psoriasis treatment. Cutis. 2013;92:140–7.
55. Bailey EE, Ference EH, Alikhan A, Hession MT, Armstrong AW. Combination treatments for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:511–22.
56. Zachariae C, Mork NJ, Reunala T, Lorentzen H, Falk E, Karvonen SL, et al. The combination of etanercept and methotrexate increases the effectiveness of treatment in active psoriasis despite inadequate effect of methotrexate therapy. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88:495–501.
57. Gottlieb AB, Langley RG, Strober BE, Papp KA, Klekotka P, Creamer K, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the addition of methotrexate to etanercept in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:649–57.
58. Baranauskaite A, Raffayová H, Kungurov NV, Kubanova A, Venalis A, Helmle L, et al. Infliximab plus methotrexate is superior to methotrexate alone in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis in methotrexate-naive patients: the RESPOND study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:541–8.
59. Hørslev-Petersen K, Hetland ML, Junker P, Pødenphant J, Ellingsen T, Ahlquist P, et al. Adalimumab added to a treat-to-target strategy with methotrexate and intra-articular triamcinolone in early rheumatoid arthritis increased remission rates, function and quality of life. The OPERA study: an investigator-initiated, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:654–61.
60. Burmester GR, Kivitz AJ, Kupper H, Arulmani U, Florentinus S, Goss SL, et al. Efficacy and safety of ascending methotrexate dose in combination with adalimumab: the randomised CONCERTO trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204769. [Epub ahead of print].
61. Driessen RJ, van de Kerkhof PC, de Jong EM. Etanercept combined with methotrexate for high-need psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:460–3.
62. Yamauchi PS, Lowe NJ. Etanercept therapy allows the tapering of methotrexate and sustained clinical responses in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47:202–4.
63. Strober BE. Successful treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis with etanercept and methotrexate in a patient newly unresponsive to infliximab. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:366.
64. Strober BE, Clarke S. Etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis: combination therapy with other modalities. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:270–2.
65. Iyer S, Yamauchi P, Lowe NJ. Etanercept for severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: observations on combination therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:118–21.
66. Langewouters AM, van Erp PE, de Jong EM, van de Kerkhof PC. The added therapeutic efficacy and safety of alefacept in combination with other (systemic) anti-psoriatics in refractory psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17:362–9.
67. Krueger GG, Gottlieb AB, Sterry W, Korman N, Van De Kerkhof P. A multicenter, open-label study of repeat courses of intramuscular alefacept in combination with other psoriasis therapies in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2008;19:146–55.
68. Kirby B, Marsland AM, Carmichael AJ, Griffiths CE. Successful treatment of severe recalcitrant psoriasis with combination infliximab and methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001;26:27–9.
69. Heikkilä H, Ranki A, Cajanus S, Karvonen SL. Infliximab combined with methotrexate as long-term treatment for erythrodermic psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1607–10.
70. Takahashi MD, Castro LG, Romiti R. Infliximab, as sole or combined therapy, induces rapid clearing of erythrodermic psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:828–31.
71. Warren RB, Brown BC, Lavery D, Ashcroft DM, Griffiths CE. Biologic therapies for psoriasis: practical experience in a U.K. tertiary referral centre. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:162–9.
72. Wee JS, Petrof G, Jackson K, Barker JN, Smith CH. Infliximab for the treatment of psoriasis in the U.K.: 9 years’ experience of infusion reactions at a single centre. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:411–6.
73. Kamili QU, Miner A, Hapa A, Menter A. Infliximab treatment for psoriasis in 120 patients on therapy for a minimum of one year: a review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:539–44.
74. van den Reek JM, van Lümig PP, Kievit W, Zweegers J, van de Kerkhof PC, Seyger MM, et al. Effectiveness of adalimumab dose escalation, combination therapy of adalimumab with methotrexate, or both in patients with psoriasis in daily practice. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24:361–8.
75. Barland C, Kerdel FA. Addition of low-dose methotrexate to infliximab in the treatment of a patient with severe, recalcitrant pustular psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:949–50.
76. Dalaker M, Bonesrønning JH. Long-term maintenance treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis with infliximab in combination with methotrexate or azathioprine in a retrospective cohort. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:277–82.
77. Karanikolas GN, Koukli EM, Katsalira A, Arida A, Petrou D, Komninou E, et al. Adalimumab or cyclosporine as monotherapy and in combination in severe psoriatic arthritis: results from a prospective 12-month nonrandomized unblinded clinical trial. J Rheumatol. 2011;38:2466–74.
78. Lee EJ, Shin MK, Kim NI. A clinical trial of combination therapy with etanercept and low dose cyclosporine for the treatment of refractory psoriasis. Ann Dermatol. 2010;22:138–42.
79. Yamauchi PS, Lowe NJ. Cessation of cyclosporine therapy by treatment with etanercept in patients with severe psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:S135–8.
80. Costanzo A, Talamonti M, Spallone G, Botti E, Chimenti MS, Papoutsaki M, et al. Efficacy of short-term cyclosporine treatment to control psoriasis-related events during efalizumab therapy. Dermatology. 2009;218:146–50.
81. Owen CM, Harrison PV. Successful treatment of severe psoriasis with basiliximab, an interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:195–7.
82. Rallis E, Verros CD. Ustekinumab treats psoriasis refractory to seven conventional and biologic therapies. Dermatol Online J. 2011;17:14.
83. Pouplard C, Brenaut E, Horreau C, Barnetche T, Misery L, Richard MA, et al. Risk of cancer in psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(Suppl 3):36–46.
84. Nijsten TE, Stern RS. The increased risk of skin cancer is persistent after discontinuation of psoralen + ultraviolet A: a cohort study. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:252–8.
85. Conley J, Nanton J, Dhawan S, Pearce DJ, Feldman SR. Novel combination regimens: biologics and acitretin for the treatment of psoriasis—a case series. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17:86–9.
86. Adisen E, Karaca F, Gürer MA. When there is no single best biological agent: psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in the same patient responding to two different biological agents. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33:164–6.
87. Smith EC, Riddle C, Menter MA, Lebwohl M. Combining systemic retinoids with biologic agents for moderate to severe psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47:514–8.
88. Gisondi P, Girolomoni G. Combination of efalizumab and acitretin in chronic plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22:247–8.
89. Ingram JR, Anstey AV, Piguet V. Combination treatment with a tumour necrosis factor antagonist and an oral retinoid: efficacy in severe acral psoriasis? Br J Dermatol. 2012;167:949–51.
90. Gallo E, Llamas-Velasco M, Daudén E, García-Diez A. Refractory generalized pustular psoriasis responsive to a combination of adalimumab and acitretin. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52:1610–1.
91. Lynde CW, Gupta AK, Guenther L, Poulin Y, Levesque A, Bissonnette R. A randomized study comparing the combination of nbUVB and etanercept to etanercept monotherapy in patients with psoriasis who do not exhibit an excellent response after 12 weeks of etanercept. J Dermatolog Treat. 2012;23:261–7.
92. Park KK, Wu JJ, Koo J. A randomized, ‘head-to-head’ pilot study comparing the effects of etanercept monotherapy vs. etanercept and narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy in obese psoriasis patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:899–906.
93. Kircik L, Bagel J, Korman N, Menter A, Elmets CA, Koo J, et al. Utilization of narrow-band ultraviolet light B therapy and etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis (UNITE): efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:245–53.
94. Bagel J. Adalimumab plus narrowband ultraviolet B light phototherapy for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:366–71.
95. De Simone C, D’Agostino M, Capizzi R, Capponi A, Venier A, Caldarola G. Combined treatment with etanercept 50 mg once weekly and narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in chronic plaque psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol. 2011;21:568–72.
96. Gambichler T, Tigges C, Scola N, Weber J, Skrygan M, Bechara FG, et al. Etanercept plus narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy of psoriasis is more effective than etanercept monotherapy at 6 weeks. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1383–6.
97. Wolf P, Hofer A, Legat FJ, Bretterklieber A, Weger W, Salmhofer W, et al. Treatment with 311-nm ultraviolet B accelerates and improves the clearance of psoriatic lesions in patients treated with etanercept. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:186–9.
98. Wolf P, Hofer A, Weger W, Posch-Fabian T, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Legat FJ. 311 nm ultraviolet B-accelerated response of psoriatic lesions in adalimumab-treated patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2011;27:186–9.
99. Wolf P, Weger W, Legat FJ, Posch-Fabian T, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Inzinger M, et al. Treatment with 311-nm ultraviolet B enhanced response of psoriatic lesions in ustekinumab-treated patients: a randomized intraindividual trial. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:147–53.
100. Blauvelt A, Brown M, Gordon KB, Kavanaugh A, Leonardi CT, Stockfleth E, et al. Updates on psoriasis and cutaneous oncology: proceedings from the 2013 MauiDerm meeting. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2013;6(9 Suppl):S2–20.
101. Tausend W, Downing C, Tyring S. Systematic review of interleukin-12, interleukin-17, and interleukin-23 pathway inhibitors for the treatment of moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: ustekinumab, briakinumab, tildrakizumab, guselkumab, secukinumab, ixekizumab, and brodalumab. J Cutan Med Surg. 2014;18:156–69.
102. Deal watch: Boosting TRegs to target autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011;10:566.
103. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of multiple doses of BT061 in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01072383?term=nct01072383&rank=1. Accessed 22 May 2014.