Gaseous chemistry and aerosol mechanism developments for version 3.5.1 of the online regional model, WRF-Chem

Geoscientific Model Development

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 2557-2579

  Archer Nicholls, S ^a   Lowe, D ^a   Utembe, S ^b   Allan, J ^a,c   Zaveri, R A ^d   Fast, J D ^d   Hodnebrog, O ^e,g   Denier Van Der Gon, H ^f   McFiggans, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c National Centre of Atmospheric Science University of Manchester ^*  (United Kingdom)

^d PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^f TNO   (Netherlands)

^g CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OSLO CICERO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BOUNDARY CONDITION; GAS PHASE REACTION; NITRATE; RADICAL; SIMULATION; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EUROPE;

EID: 84911918427     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-2557-2014     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Memmesheimer, M., Ebel, A., Binkowski, F. S., and Shankar, U.: Modal aerosol dynamics model for Europe: development and first applications, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2981-2999, 1998.
2. Allan, B. J., McFiggans, G., and Plane, J. M. C., Coe, H., and McFadyen, G. G.: The nitrate radical in the remote marine boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24191-24204, doi:10.1029/2000JD900314, 2000.
3. Allan, J. D., Williams, P. I., Morgan, W. T., Martin, C. L., Flynn, M. J., Lee, J., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G. J., Gallagher, M.W., and Coe, H.: Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647-668, doi:10.5194/acp-10-647-2010, 2010.
4. Asaf, D., Tas, E., Pedersen, D., Peleg, M., and Luria, M.: Longterm measurements of NO3 radical at a semiarid urban site: 2. Seasonal trends and loss mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5901-5907, doi:10.1021/es100967z, 2010.
5. Atkinson, R.: Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2063-2101, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00460-4, 2000.
6. Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I - gas phase reactions of Ox, HOx, NOx and SOx species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461-1738, doi:10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004, 2004.
7. Baklanov, A., Mahura, A., and Sokhi, R. S. (Eds.): Integrated Systems of Meso-Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13980-2, 2011.
8. Beck, V., Gerbig, C., Koch, T., Bela, M. M., Longo, K. M., Freitas, S. R., Kaplan, J. O., Prigent, C., Bergamaschi, P., and Heimann, M.: WRF-Chem simulations in the Amazon region during wet and dry season transitions: evaluation of methane models and wetland inundation maps, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7961-7982, doi:10.5194/acp-13-7961-2013, 2013.
9. Benedetti, A., Morcrette, J.-J., Boucher, O., Dethof, A., Engelen, R. J., Fisher, M., Flentje, H., Huneeus, N., Jones, L., Kaiser, J. W., Kinne, S., Mangold, A., Razinger, M., Simmons, A. J., and Suttie, M.: Aerosol analysis and forecast in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System: 2. Data assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13205, doi:10.1029/2008JD011115, 2009.
10. Bertram, T. H. and Thornton, J. A.: Toward a general parameterization of N2O5 reactivity on aqueous particles: the competing effects of particle liquid water, nitrate and chloride, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8351-8363, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8351-2009, 2009.
11. Brown, S. S. and Stutz, J.: Nighttime radical observations and chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6405-6447, doi:10.1039/c2cs35181a, 2012.
12. Carter, W. P. L.: Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic-compounds, J. Air Waste Manage., 44, 881-899, 1994.
13. Carter, W. P. L.: Implementation of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism into the models-3 framework, US EPA report, available at: http://www.engr.ucr.edu/~carter/pubs/s99mod3.pdf (last access: 17 January 2014), 2000
14. Chang, W. L., Bhave, P. V., Brown, S. B., Riemer, N., Stutz, J., and Dabdub, D.: Heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry, ambient measurements, and model calculations of N2O5: a review, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 665-695, 2011.
15. Chin, M., Rood, R. B., Lin, S.-J., Müller, J.-F., and Thompson, A. M.: Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: model description and global properties, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24671-24687, doi:10.1029/2000JD900384, 2000.
16. Clyne, J., Mininni, P., Norton, A., and Rast, M.: Interactive desktop analysis of high resolution simulations: application to turbulent plume dynamics and current sheet formation, New J. Phys., 9, 301, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/9/8/301, 2007.
17. Damian, V., Sandu, A., Damian, M., Potra, F., and Carmichael, G. R.: The Kinetic PreProcessor KPP - a software environment for solving chemical kinetics, Comput. Chem. Eng., 26, 1567-1579, 2002.
18. Díaz, A. M., Díaz, J. P., Expósito, F. J., Hernández-Leal, P. A., Savoie, D., and Querol, X.: Air masses and aerosols chemical components in the free troposphere at the subtropical northeast Atlantic region, J. Atmos. Chem., 53, 63-90, 2006.
19. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.- K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828, 2011.
20. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).: Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the UK, Air Quality Expert Group, pb13837, available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/fine-particulate-matter-pm2-5-in-the-uk (last access: 17 January 2014), 2012.
21. de Leeuw, G., Andreas, E. L., Anguelova, M. D., Fairall, C. W., Lewis, E. R., O'Dowd, C., Schulz, M., and Schwartz, S. E.: Production flux of sea spray aerosol, Rev. Geophys., 49, 1-39, doi:10.1029/2010RG000349, 2011.
22. Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Visschedijk, A., van der Brugh, H., and Dröge, R.: A high resolution European emission data base for the year 2005, a contribution to UBA - Projekt PAREST: Particle Reduction Strategies, TNO report TNO-034-UT-2010-01895-RPT-ML, Utrecht, 2010.
23. Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J.: Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols - impact on the global distribution of NOx, O3, and OH, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7149-7163, 1993.
24. DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., Molina, M. J.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Eval. 12. NASA Jet Propul. Lab., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1997.
25. Derwent, R. G.: The long range transport of ozone within Europe and its control, Environ. Pollut., 63, 299-318, 1990.
26. Dore, C. J., Goodwin, J. W. L., Watterson, J. D., Murrells, T. P., Passant, N. R., Hobson, M. M., Haigh, K. E., Baggott, G., Thistlethwaite, G., Pye, S. T., Coleman, P. J., and King, K. R.: UK emissions of air pollutants 1970-2001, National atmospheric emissions inventory report, AEAT/ENV/R/1593, 1-85580-033-0, 2003.
27. EMEP: Transboundary Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Level Ozone in Europe, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Report 1/2003, 2003.
28. Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43-67, doi:10.5194/gmd- 3-43-2010, 2010.
29. Fast, J. D., Gustafson, W. I., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R. A., Barnard, J. C., Chapman, E. G., Grell, G. A., and Peckham, S. E.: Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1-29, doi:10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006.
30. Forkel, R., Werhahn, J., Hansen, A. B., McKeen, S., Peckham, S., Grell, G., and Suppan, P.: Effect of aerosol-radiation feedback on regional air quality - a case study with WRF-Chem, Atmos. Environ., 53, 202-211, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.009, 2012.
31. Fuchs, N. A. and Sutugin, A. G.: High-dispersed aerosols, in: Topics in Current Aerosol Research (Part 2), edited by: Hidy, G. M. and Brock, J. R., Elsevier, New York, 1-200, 1971.
32. Fuentes, E., Coe, H., Green, D., de Leeuw, G., and McFiggans, G.: On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol - Part 1: Source fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9295-9317, doi:10.5194/acp-10-9295-2010, 2010.
33. Fuentes, E., Coe, H., Green, D., and McFiggans, G.: On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol - Part 2: Composition, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2585-2602, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2585-2011, 2011.
34. Giorgi, F.: Regional climate modeling: status and perspectives, J. Phys. IV, 139, 101-118, doi:10.1051/jp4:2006139008, 2006.
35. Goldstein, A. H., and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514-1521, 2007.
36. Gong, S. L.: A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1097, doi:10.1029/2003GB002079, 2003.
37. Gong, S. L., Bartie, L. A., and Blanchet, J.-P.: Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere 1. Model development, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3805-3818, 1997.
38. Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957-6975, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.
39. Grell, G. A., Freitas, S. R., Stuefer, M., and Fast, J.: Inclusion of biomass burning in WRF-Chem: impact of wildfires on weather forecasts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5289-5303, doi:10.5194/acp- 11-5289-2011, 2011.
40. Grosjean, D. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1733-1747, 1989.
41. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892, doi:10.1029/94JD02950, 1995.
42. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
43. Hodnebrog, Ø., Stordal, F., and Berntsen, T. K.: Does the resolution of megacity emissions impact large scale ozone?, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6852-6862, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.012, 2011.
44. Hodnebrog, Ø., Solberg, S., Stordal, F., Svendby, T. M., Simpson, D., Gauss, M., Hilboll, A., Pfister, G. G., Turquety, S., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., and Denier van der Gon, H. A. C.: Impact of forest fires, biogenic emissions and high temperatures on the elevated Eastern Mediterranean ozone levels during the hot summer of 2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8727-8750, doi:10.5194/acp-12-8727-2012, 2012.
45. Inness, A., Baier, F., Benedetti, A., Bouarar, I., Chabrillat, S., Clark, H., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P., Engelen, R. J., Errera, Q., Flemming, J., George, M., Granier, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Huijnen, V., Hurtmans, D., Jones, L., Kaiser, J.W., Kapsomenakis, J., Lefever, K., Leitão, J., Razinger, M., Richter, A., Schultz, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Suttie, M., Stein, O., Thépaut, J.-N., Thouret, V., Vrekoussis, M., Zerefos, C., and the MACC team: The MACC reanalysis: an 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4073-4109, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4073-2013, 2013.
46. Jacobson, M. Z. and Ginnebaugh, D. L.: Global-through-urban nested three-dimensional simulation of air pollution with a 13,600-reaction photochemical mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14304, doi:10.1029/2009JD013289, 2010
47. Jenkin, M. E, Saunders, S. M., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Development of a reduced speciated VOC degradation mechanism for use in ozone models, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4725-4734, 2002.
48. Jenkin, M. E., Saunders, S. M., Wagner, V., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part B): tropospheric degradation of aromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 181-193, doi:10.5194/acp-3-181-2003, 2003.
49. Jenkin, M.,Watson, L., Utembe, S., and Shallcross, D.: A Common Representative Intermediates (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part 1: Gas phase mechanism development, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7185-7195, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.028, 2008.
50. Kettle, A. J., Andreae, M. O., Amouroux, D., Andreae, T. W., Bates, T. S., Berresheim, H., Bingemer, H., Boniforti, R., Curran, M. A. J., DiTullio, G. R., Helas, G., Jones, G. B., Keller, M. D., Kiene, R. P., Leck, C., Levasseur, M., Malin, G., Maspero, M., Matrai, P., McTaggart, A. R., Mihalopoulos, N., Nguyen, B. C., Novo, A., Putaud, J. P., Rapsomanikis, S., Roberts, G., Schebeske, G., Sharma, S., Simó, R., Staubes, R., Turner, S., and Uher, G.: A global database of sea surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) measurements and a procedure to predict sea surface DMS as a function of latitude, longitude, and month, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 399-444, 1999.
51. Kulmala, M., Asmi, A., Lappalainen, H. K., Baltensperger, U., Brenguier, J.-L., Facchini, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Hov, Ø., O'Dowd, C. D., Pöschl, U., Wiedensohler, A., Boers, R., Boucher, O., de Leeuw, G., Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Feichter, J., Krejci, R., Laj, P., Lihavainen, H., Lohmann, U., Mc- Figgans, G., Mentel, T., Pilinis, C., Riipinen, I., Schulz, M., Stohl, A., Swietlicki, E., Vignati, E., Alves, C., Amann, M., Ammann, M., Arabas, S., Artaxo, P., Baars, H., Beddows, D. C. S., Bergström, R., Beukes, J. P., Bilde, M., Burkhart, J. F., Canonaco, F., Clegg, S. L., Coe, H., Crumeyrolle, S., D'Anna, B., Decesari, S., Gilardoni, S., Fischer, M., Fjaeraa, A. M., Fountoukis, C., George, C., Gomes, L., Halloran, P., Hamburger, T., Harrison, R. M., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Hoose, C., Hu, M., Hyvärinen, A., Hõrrak, U., Iinuma, Y., Iversen, T., Josipovic, M., Kanakidou, M., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kirkevag, A., Kiss, G., Klimont, Z., Kolmonen, P., Komppula, M., Kristjánsson, J.-E., Laakso, L., Laaksonen, A., Labonnote, L., Lanz, V. A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Rizzo, L. V., Makkonen, R., Manninen, H. E., McMeeking, G., Merikanto, J., Minikin, A., Mirme, S., Morgan, W. T., Nemitz, E., O'Donnell, D., Panwar, T. S., Pawlowska, H., Petzold, A., Pienaar, J. J., Pio, C., Plass-Duelmer, C., Prévôt, A. S. H., Pryor, S., Reddington, C. L., Roberts, G., Rosenfeld, D., Schwarz, J., Seland, Ø., Sellegri, K., Shen, X. J., Shiraiwa, M., Siebert, H., Sierau, B., Simpson, D., Sun, J. Y., Topping, D., Tunved, P., Vaattovaara, P., Vakkari, V., Veefkind, J. P., Visschedijk, A., Vuollekoski, H., Vuolo, R., Wehner, B., Wildt, J., Woodward, S., Worsnop, D. R., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., Zardini, A. A., Zhang, K., van Zyl, P. G., Kerminen, V.-M., Carslaw, K., and Pandis, S. N.: General overview: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) - integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 13061-13143, doi:10.5194/acp- 11-13061-2011, 2011.
52. Lee, J. D., McFiggans, G., Allan, J. D., Baker, A. R., Ball, S. M., Benton, A. K., Carpenter, L. J., Commane, R., Finley, B. D., Evans, M., Fuentes, E., Furneaux, K., Goddard, A., Good, N., Hamilton, J. F., Heard, D. E., Herrmann, H., Hollingsworth, A., Hopkins, J. R., Ingham, T., Irwin, M., Jones, C. E., Jones, R. L., Keene, W. C., Lawler, M. J., Lehmann, S., Lewis, A. C., Long, M. S., Mahajan, A., Methven, J., Moller, S. J., Müller, K., Müller, T., Niedermeier, N., O'Doherty, S., Oetjen, H., Plane, J. M. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., Read, K. A., Saiz-Lopez, A., Saltzman, E. S., Sander, R., von Glasow, R., Whalley, L., Wiedensohler, A., and Young, D.: Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe): the tropical North Atlantic experiments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1031-1055, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1031-2010, 2010.
53. Liu, D., Allan, J., Corris, B., Flynn, M., Andrews, E., Ogren, J., Beswick, K., Bower, K., Burgess, R., Choularton, T., Dorsey, J., Morgan,W.,Williams, P. I., and Coe, H.: Carbonaceous aerosols contributed by traffic and solid fuel burning at a polluted rural site in Northwestern England, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1603-1619, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1603-2011, 2011.
54. Liu, X., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Zaveri, R., Rasch, P., Shi, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Gettelman, A., Morrison, H., Vitt, F., Conley, A., Park, S., Neale, R., Hannay, C., Ekman, A. M. L., Hess, P., Mahowald, N., Collins, W., Iacono, M. J., Bretherton, C. S., Flanner, M. G., and Mitchell, D.: Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: description and evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 709-739, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012, 2012.
55. Lowe, D., Archer-Nicholls, S., Morgan, W., Allan, J., Utembe, S., Ouyang, B., Aruffo, E., Le Breton, M., Zaveri, R. A., Di Carlo, P., Percival, C., Coe, H., Jones, R., and McFiggans, G.: WRF-chem model predictions of the regional impacts of N2O5 heterogeneous processes on nighttime chemistry over north-western Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 20883-20943, doi:10.5194/acpd-14-20883-2014, 2014.
56. Monks, P. S.: Gas-phase radical chemistry in the troposphere. Chem. Soc. Rev., 34, 376-395, doi:10.1039/b307982c, 2005.
57. Morcrette, J.-J., Boucher, O., Jones, L., Salmond, D., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A., Benedetti, A. Bonet, A., Kaiser, J.W., Razinger, M., Schulz, M., Serrar, S., Simmons, A. J., Sofiev, M., Suttie, M., Tompkins, A. M., and Untch, A.: Aerosol analysis and forecast in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System: forward modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06206, doi:10.1029/2008JD011235, 2009.
58. Morgan,W. T., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Highwood, E. J., Liu, D., McMeeking, G. R., Northway, M. J., Williams, P. I., Krejci, R., and Coe, H.: Airborne measurements of the spatial distribution of aerosol chemical composition across Europe and evolution of the organic fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4065-4083, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4065-2010, 2010.
59. Ntelekos, A., Smith, J. A., Donner, L., Fast, L. D., Chapman, E. G., Gustafson Jr, W. I., and Krajewski, W. F.: Effect of aerosols on intense convective precipitation in the northeastern US, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1367-1391, 2009.
60. O'Dowd, C. D., Smith, M. H., Consterdine, I. E., and Lowe, J. A.: Marine aerosol, sea salt, and the marine sulpher cycle: a short review, Atmos. Environ., 31, 73-80, 1997.
61. O'Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y. J., and Putaud, J.- P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676-680, doi:10.1038/nature02959, 2004.
62. Osthoff, H. D., Pilling, M. J., Ravishankara, A. R., and Brown, S. S.: Temperature dependence of the NO3 absorption cross-section above 298K and determination of the equilibrium constant for NO3 +NO2 N2O5 at atmospherically relevant conditions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 5785-5793, doi:10.1039/b709193a, 2007.
63. Qian, Y., Gustafson Jr, W. I., Leung, L. R., and Ghan, S. J.: Effects of soot-induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in western United States based on Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry and regional climate simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03108, doi:10.1029/2008JD011039, 2009.
64. Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Schell, B., Ackermann, I., Kessler, C., and Hass, H.: Impact of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on chemistry and nitrate aerosol formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D04144, doi:10.1029/2002JD002436, 2003.
65. Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Anttila, T., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T. F.: Relative importance of organic coatings for the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 during summer in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17307, doi:10.1029/2008JD011369, 2009.
66. Ritter, M., Müller, M. D., Tsai, M.-Y., and Parlow, E.: Air pollution modeling over very complex terrain: an evaluation of WRFChem over Switzerland for two 1-year periods, Atmos. Res., 132-133, 209-222, 2013.
67. Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T.,Wiedinmyer, C., Helmig, D., Matsunaga, S., Potosnak, M., Milford, J., and Guenther, A.: Monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission estimates for the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1623-1629, doi:10.1021/es702274e, 2008.
68. Sarwar, G., Simon, H., Bhave, P., and Yarwood, G.: Examining the impact of heterogeneous nitryl chloride production on air quality across the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6455-6473, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6455-2012, 2012.
69. Saunders, S. M., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Pilling, M. J.: Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM v3 (Part A): tropospheric degradation of nonaromatic volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 161-180, doi:10.5194/acp-3-161-2003, 2003.
70. Schell, B., Ackermann, I. J., Hass, H., Binkowski, F. S., and Ebel, A.: Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality modeling system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28275-28293, 2001.
71. Sillman, S.: The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmos. Environ., 33, 1821-1845, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00345-8, 1999.
72. Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Jonson, J. E., Tsyro, S., Wind, P., and Tuovinen, J.-P.: Transboundary acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone in Europe. Part I: Unified EMEP model description, EMEP Rep. 1/2003, 104 pp., Norw. Meteorol. Inst., Oslo, 2003.
73. Sheehy, P. M., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Oxidative capacity of the Mexico City atmosphere - Part 2: A ROx radical cycling perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6993-7008, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6993-2010, 2010.
74. Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2, NCAR Tech Notes- 468+STR, 2005.
75. Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Pirovano, G., Matthias, V., Vautard, R., Moran, M. D., Wyat Appel, K., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J. R., Christensen, J. H., Chemel, C., Coll, I., Ferreira, J., Forkel, R., Francis, X. V., Grell, G., Grossi, P., Hansen, A. B., Miranda, A. I., Nopmongcol, U., Prank, M., Sartelet, K. N., Schaap, M., Silver, J. D., Sokhi, R. S., Vira, J., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Yarwood, G., Zhang, J., Rao, S. T., and Galmarini, S.: Operational model evaluation for particulate matter in Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII, Atmos. Environ., 53, 75-92, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.045, 2012a.
76. Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Vautard, R., Appel, K.W., Moran, M. D., Hogrefe, C., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J. R., Christensen, J. H., Chemel, C., Coll, I., Denier van der Gon, H., Ferreira, J., Forkel, R., Francis, X. V., Grell, G., Grossi, P., Hansen, A. B., Jericević, A., Kraljević, L., Miranda, A. I., Nopmongcol, U., Pirovano, G., Prank, M., Riccio, A., Sartelet, K. N., Schaap, M., Silver, J. D., Sokhi, R. S., Vira, J., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Yarwood, G., Zhang, J., Rao, S., and Galmarini, S.: Model evaluation and ensemble modelling of surface-level ozone in Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII, Atmos. Environ., 53, 60-74, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.003, 2012b.
77. Stein, O., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Kaiser, J. W., Schultz, M. G.: Global reactive gases forecasts and reanalysis in the MACC project, Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 9, 57-70, doi:10.1080/1943815X.2012.696545, 2012.
78. Stockwell, W. R., Middleton, P., Chang, J. S., and Tang, X.: The second-generation regional acid deposition model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16343-16367, 1990.
79. Stockwell, W. R., Kirchner, F., Kuhn, M., and Seefeld, S.: A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25847-25879, doi:10.1029/97JD00849, 1997.
80. Stockwell, W. R., Lawson, C. V., Saunders, E., and Goliff, W. S.: A review of tropospheric atmospheric chemistry and gas-phase chemical mechanisms for air quality modeling, Atmosphere, 3, 1-32, doi:10.3390/atmos3010001, 2011.
81. Tavolato, C. and Isaksen, L.: Data Usage and Quality Control for ERA-40, ERA-Interim and the operational ECMWF data assimilation system, ERA report series, ECMWF, Reading, 2011
82. Thornton, J. A., Braban, C. F., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: N2O5 hydrolysis on sub-micron organic aerosols: the effects of relative humidity, particle phase, and particle size, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4593-4603, 2003.
83. Thornton, J. A, Kercher, J. P., Riedel, T. P.,Wagner, N. L., Cozic, J., Holloway, J. S., Dub, W. P., Wolfe, G. M., Quinn, P. K., Middlebrook, A. M., Alexander, B., and Brown, S. S.: A large atomic chlorine source inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry, Nature, 464, 271-274, doi:10.1038/nature08905, 2010.
84. Tuccella, P., Curci, G., Visconti, G., Bessagnet, B., Menut, L., and Park, R. J.: Modelling of gas and aerosol with WRF-Chem over Europe: evaluation and sensitivity study, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D03303, doi:10.1029/2011JD016302, 2012.
85. Utembe, S. R., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., Lewis, A. C., Hopkins, J. R., and Hamilton, J. F.: Modelling the ambient distribution of organic compounds during the August 2003 ozone episode in the southern UK, Faraday Discuss., 130, 311-326, doi:10.1039/b417403h, 2005.
86. Utembe, S. R., Cooke, M. C., Archibald, A. T., Jenkin, M. E., Derwent, R. G., and Shallcross, D. E.: Using a reduced Common Representative Intermediates (CRIv2-R5) mechanism to simulate tropospheric ozone in a 3-D Lagrangian chemistry transport model, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1609-1622, 2010.
87. von Glasow, R. and Crutzen, P. J.: Model study of multiphase DMS oxidation with a focus on halogens, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 589-608, doi:10.5194/acp-4-589-2004, 2004.
88. Watson, L. A., Shallcross, D. E., Utembe, S. R., and Jenkin, M. E.: Common Representative Intermediates (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part 2: Gas phase mechanism reduction, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7196-7204, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.034, 2008.
89. Ying, Q. and Li, J.: Implementation and initial application of the near-explicit Master Chemical Mechanism in the 3D Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3244-3256, 2011
90. Zaveri, R. A. and Peters, L. K.: A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30387-30415, 1999.
91. Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D., and Peters, L. K.: Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008782, 2008.