Global biodiversity, stoichiometry and ecosystem function responses to human-induced C-N-P imbalances

Journal of Plant Physiology

Volumn 172, Issue , 2015, Pages 82-91

  Carnicer, Jofre ^a,c,d   Sardans, Jordi ^b,c   Stefanescu, Constantí ^b,c,e   Ubach, Andreu ^d   Bartrons, Mireia ^b,c   Asensio, Dolores ^b,c   Peñuelas, Josep ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b CREAF   (Spain)

^c CSIC   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^e Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers   (Spain)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Ecosystem function; Species richness; Stoichiometry

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHORUS;

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CARBON CYCLE; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD CHAIN; METABOLISM; NITROGEN CYCLE; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY;

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; CARBON CYCLE; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD CHAIN; NITROGEN CYCLE; PHOSPHORUS; PLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 84911407440     PISSN: 01761617     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.022     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Abbas M., Ebeling A., Oelmann Y., Ptacnik R., Roscher C., Weigelt A., et al. Biodiversity effects on plant stoichiometry. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e58179.
2. Adler P.B., Fajardo A., Kleinhesselink A.R., Kraft N.J.B. Trait-based tests of coexistence mechanisms. Ecol Lett 2013, 16:1294-1306.
3. Alves J.M., Caliman A., Guariento R.D., Figueiredo-Barros M.P., Carneiro L.S., Farjalla V.F., et al. Stoichiometry of benthic invertebrate nutrient recycling: inter-specific variation and the role of body mass. Aquat Ecol 2010, 44:421-430.
4. Ågren G.I., Wetterstedt JÅM, Billberger M.F.K. Nutrient limitation on terrestrial plant growth - modeling the interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus. New Phytol 2012, 194:953-960.
5. Acquisti C., Elser J.J., Kumar S. Ecological nitrogen-limitation shapes the DNA composition of plant genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2009, 25:953-956.
6. Barton A.D., Pershing A.J., Litchman E., Record N.R., Edwards K.F., Finkel Z.V., et al. The biogeography of marine plankton traits. Ecol Lett 2013, 16:522-534.
7. Bertram S.M., Bowen M., Kyle M., Schade J.D. Extensive natural intraspecific variation in stoichiometric (C:N:P) composition in two terrestrial insect species. J Insect Sci 2008, 8:1-7.
8. Bishop J.G., O'Hara N.B., Titus J.H., Apple J.L., Gill R.A., Wynn L. NP co-limitation of primary production and response of arthropods to N and P in early primary succession on Mount St. Helens volcano. PLoS ONE 2010, 5(10):e13598.
9. Bobbink R., Hicks K., Galloway J., Spranger T., Alkemade R., Ashmore M., et al. Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis. Ecol Appl 2010, 20:30-59.
10. Butchart S.H., Walpole M., Collen B., van Strien A., Scharlemann J.P., Almond R.E., et al. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 2010, 328:1164-1168.
11. Bielby J., Mace G.M., Bininda-Emonds O.R.P., Cardillo M., Gittleman J.L., Jones K.E., et al. The fast-slow continuum in mammalian life-history: an empirical reevaluation. Am Nat 2007, 169:748-757.
12. Caldeira K., Wickett M.E. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes: from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J Geophys Res 2005, 110:CO9S04.
13. Canfield D.E., Glazer A.N., Falkowski P.G. The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle. Science 2010, 330:192-196.
14. Cardinale B.J., Srivastava D.S., Duffy J.E., Wright J.P., Downing A.L., Sankaran M., et al. Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems. Nature 2006, 443:989-992.
15. Cardinale B.J., Duffy J.E., Gonzalez A., Hooper D.U., Perrings C., Venail P., et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 2012, 486:59-67.
16. Carnicer J., Díaz-Delgado R. Geographic differences between functional groups in patterns of bird species richness in North America. Acta Oecol 2008, 33:253-264.
17. Carnicer J., Brotons L., Sol D., de Cáceres M. Random sampling, abundance-extinction dynamics and niche-immigration constraints explain the generation of species richness gradients. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2008, 17:352-362.
18. Carnicer J., Brotons L., Stefanescu C., Peñuelas J. Biogeography of species richness gradients: linking adaptive traits, demography and diversification. Biol Rev 2012, 87:457-459.
19. Carnicer J., Penuelas J. The world at a crossroads: financial scenarios for sustainability. Energy Policy 2012, 48:611-617.
20. Carnicer J., Stefanescu C., Vila R., Dinca V., Font X., Peñuelas J. A unified framework for diversity gradients: the adaptive trait continuum. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2013, 22:6-18.
21. Carnicer J., Brotons L., Herrando S., Sol D. Improved tests of area-heterogeneity trade-offs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013, 110:E2858-E2860.
22. Carnicer J., Coll M., Pons X., Ninyerola M., Vayreda J., Peñuelas J. Large-scale recruitment limitation in Mediterranean pines: the role of Quercus ilex and forest successional advance as key regional drivers. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2014, 23:371-384.
23. Carnicer J., Barbeta A., Sperlich D., Coll M., Peñuelas J. Contrasting trait syndromes in angiosperms and conifers are associated with different responses of tree growth to temperature on a large scale. Front Plant Sci 2014, 4:409.
24. Carroll J.A., Caporn S.J.M., Johnson D., Morecroft M.D., Lee J.A. The interactions between plant growth, vegetation structure and soil processes in semi-natural acidic and calcareous grasslands receiving long-term inputs of simulated pollutant nitrogen deposition. Environ Pollut 2003, 121:363-376.
25. Ceulemans T., Merckx R., Hens M., Honnay O. Plant species loss from European semi-natural grasslands following nutrient enrichment-is it nitrogen or is it phosphorus?. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2013, 22(1):73-82.
26. Chave J., Coomes D., Jansen S., Lewis S.L., Swenson N.G., Zanne A.E. Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2009, 12:351-366.
27. Clark C.M., Tilman D. Loss of plant species after chronic low level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands. Nature 2008, 451:712-715.
28. Coll M., Peñuelas J., Ninyerola M., Pons X., Carnicer J. Multivariate effect gradients driving forest demographic responses in the Iberian Peninsula. For Ecol Manage 2013, 303:195-209.
29. Condon R.H., Graham W.M., Duarte C.M., Pitt C.A., Lucas C.H., Haddock S.H.D., et al. Questioning the rise of gelatinous zooplankton in the World's oceans. Bioscience 2012, 62:160-169.
30. Croll D.A., Maron J.L., Estes J.A., Danner E.M., Byrd G.V. Introduced predators transform subarctic islands from grassland to tundra. Science 2005, 307:1959-1961.
31. Crooks K.R., Soulé M.E. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 1999, 400:563-566.
32. Cross W.F., Benstead J.P., Rosemond A.D., Wallace J.B. Consumer-resource stoichiometry in detritus-based streams. Ecol Lett 2003, 6:721-732.
33. Daines S.J., Clark J.R., Lenton T.M. Multiple environmental controls on phytoplankton growth strategies determine adaptive responses of the N:P ratio. Ecol Lett 2014, 17:414-425.
34. Dapporto L., Dennis R.L.H. The generalist-specialist continuum: testing predictions for distribution and trends in British butterflies. Biol Conser 2013, 157:229-236.
35. Denno R.F., Fagan W.F. Might nitrogen limitation promote omnivory among carnivorous arthropods?. Ecology 2003, 84:2522-2531.
36. De Schrijver A., De Frenne P., Ampoorter E., Van Nevel L., Demey A., Wuyts K., et al. Cumulative nitrogen input drives species loss in terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2011, 20:803-816.
37. Diehl S. Paradoxes of enrichment: effects of increased light versus nutrient supply on pelagic producer-grazer systems. Am Nat 2007, 169:E173-E191.
38. Dobberfuhl D.R., Elser J.J. Elemental stoichiometry of lower food web components in arctic and temperate lakes. J Plankton Res 2000, 22:1341-1354.
39. Donovan L.A., Maherali H., Caruso C.M., Huber H., de Kroon H. The evolution of the worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Trends Ecol Evol 2011, 26:88-95.
40. Doughty C.E., Wolf A., Malhi Y. The legacy of the Pleistocene megafauna extinctions on nutrient availability in Amazonia. Nat Geosci 2013, 6:761-764.
41. Dupré C., Stevens C.J., Ranke T., Bleeker A., Peppler-Lisbach C., Gowing D.J.G., et al. Changes in species richness and composition in European acidic grasslands over the past 70 years: the contribution of cumulative atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Global Change Biol 2010, 16:344-357.
42. El-Sabaawi R.W., Zandonà E., Kohler T.J., Marshall M.C., Moslemi J.M., Travis J., et al. Widespread intraspecific organismal stoichiometry among populations of the Trinidadian guppy. Funct Ecol 2012, 26:666-676.
43. Elser J.J., Hassett R.P. A stoichiometric analysis of zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Nature 1994, 370:211-213.
44. Elser J.J., Dobberfuhl D., MacKay N.A., Schampel J.H. Organism size, life history, and N:P stoichiometry: towards a unified view of cellular and ecosystem processes. Bioscience 1996, 46:674-684.
45. Elser J.J., Urabe J. The stoichiometry of consumer-driven nutrient recycling: theory, observations and consequences. Ecology 1999, 80:735-751.
46. Elser J.J., Fagan W.F., Denno R.F., Dobberfuhl D.R., Folarin A., Huberty A., et al. Nutritional constraints in terrestrial and freshwater food webs. Nature 2000, 408:578-580.
47. Elser J.J., O'Brien W.J., Dobberfuhl D.R., Dowling T.E. The evolution of ecosystem processes: growth rate and elemental stoichiometry of a key herbivore in temperate and arctic habitatas. J Evol Biol 2000, 13:845-853.
48. Elser J.J., Fagan W.F., Subramanian S., Kumar S. Signatures of ecological resource availability in the animal and plant proteomes. Mol Biol Evol 2006, 23:1946-1951.
49. Elser J.J., Andersen T., Baron J.S., Bergstrom A.K., Jansson M., Kyle M., et al. Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric Nitrogen deposition. Science 2009, 326:835-837.
50. Erisman J.W., Galloway J.N., Seitzinger S., Bleeker A., Dise N.B., Petrescu A.R., et al. Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle. Philos Trans R Soc B 2013, 368:20130116.
51. Estes J.A., Terborgh J., Brashares J.S., Power M.E., Berger J., Bond W.J., et al. Trophic downgrading of planet earth. Science 2011, 333:301-306.
52. Fagan W.F., Siemann E., Mitter C., Denno R.F., Huberty A.F., Woods H.A., et al. Nitrogen in insects: implications for trophic complexity and species diversification. Am Nat 2002, 160:784-802.
53. Fagan W.F., Denno R.F. Stoichiometry of actual vs. potential predator-prey interactions: insights into nitrogen limitation for arthropod predators. Ecol Lett 2004, 7:876-883.
54. Frank D.A., Groffman P.M. Ungulate vs. landscape control of soil C and N processes in grasslands of Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 1998, 79:2229-2241.
55. Frost P.C., Ebert D., Larson J.H., Marcus M.A., Wagner N.D., Zalewski A. Transgenerational effects of poor elemental food quality on Daphnia magna. Oecologia 2010, 162:865-872.
56. Fujita Y., Venterink H.O., Van Bodegom P.M., Douma J.C., Heil G.W., Hölzel N., et al. Low investment in sexual reproduction threatens plants adapted to phosphorus limitation. Nature 2013, 505:82-86.
57. Gill J.L., Williams J.W., Jackson S.T., Lininger K.B., Robinson G.S. Pleistocene megafaunal collapse, novel plant communities, and enhanced fire regimes in North America. Science 2009, 326:1100-1103.
58. González A.L., Fariña J.M., Kay A.D., Pinto R., Marquet P.A. Exploring patterns and mechanisms of inter-specific and intraspecific variation in body elemental composition of desert consumers. Oikos 2011, 120:1247-1255.
59. Goss R., Lepetit B. Biodiversity of NPQ. J Plant Physiol 2015, 172:13-32.
60. Grime J.P. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am Nat 1977, 111:1169-1194.
61. Grime J.P., Thompson K., Hunt R., Hodgson J.G., Cornelissen J.H.C., Rorison I.H., et al. Integrated screening validates primary axes of specialisation in plants. Oikos 1997, 79:259-281.
62. Hall S.R., Leibold M.A., Lytle D.A., Smith V.H. Grazers, producer stoichiometry, and the light: nutrient hypothesis revisited. Ecology 2007, 88:1142-1152.
63. Hambäck P.A., Gilbert J., Schneider K., Martinson H.M., Kolb G., Fagan W.F. Effects of body size, trophic mode and larval habitat on Diptera stoichiometry: a regional comparison. Oikos 2009, 118:615-623.
64. Handoh I.C., Lenton T.M. Periodic mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events linked by oscillations of the phosphorus and oxygen biogeochemical cycles. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2003, 17:1-11.
65. Hector A., Schmid B., Beierkuhnlein C., Caldeira M.C., Diemer M., Dimitrakopoulos P.G., et al. Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 1999, 286:1123-1127.
66. Hector A., Bagchi R. Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 2007, 448:188-190.
67. Hessen D.O., Agren G.I., Anderson T.R., Elser J.J., De Ruiter P.C. Carbon sequestration in ecosystems: the role of stoichiometry. Ecology 2004, 85:1179-1192.
68. Hessen D.O., Jeyasingh P.D., Neiman M., Weider L.J. Genome streamlining and the elemental costs of growth. Trends Ecol Evol 2010, 25:75-80.
69. Hillebrand H., Kahlert M. Effect of grazing and nutrient supply on periphyton biomass and nutrient stoichiometry in habitats of different productivity. Limnol Oceanogr 2001, 46:1881-1898.
70. Holdo R.M., Sinclair A.R., Dobson A.P., Metzger K.L., Bolker B.M., Ritchie M.E., et al. A disease-mediated trophic cascade in the Serengeti and its implications for ecosystem C. PLoS Biol 2009, 7:e1000210.
71. Hood J.M., Sterner R.W. Diet mixing: do animals integrate growth or resources across temporal heterogeneity?. Am Nat 2010, 176:651-663.
72. Hooper D.U., Chapin F.S., Ewel J.J., Hector A., Inchausti P., Lavorel S., et al. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol Monogr 2005, 75:3-35.
73. Hooper D.U., Adair E.C., Cardinale B.J., Byrnes J.E.K., Hungate B.A., Matulich K.L., et al. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change. Nature 2012, 486:105-108.
74. Isbell F., Calcagno V., Hector A., Connolly J., Harpole W.S., Reich P.B., et al. High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature 2011, 477:199-202.
75. Isbell F., Tilman D., Polasky S., Binder S., Hawthorne P. Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of nutrient enrichment. Ecol Lett 2013, 16:454-460.
76. Jeschke J.M., Kokko H. The roles of body size and phylogeny in fast and slow life histories. Evol Ecol 2009, 23:867-878.
77. Johnson N.C. Can fertilization of soil select less mutualistic mycorrhizae?. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 1993, 3(4):749-757.
78. Jones M.L.M., Wallace H.L., Norris D., Brittain S.A., Haria S., Jones R.E., et al. Changes in vegetation and soil characteristics in coastal sand dunes along a gradient of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Plant Biol 2004, 6:598-605.
79. Jones L., Provins A., Harper-Simmonds L., Holland M., Mills G., Hayes F., et al. A review and application of the evidence for nitrogen impacts on ecosystem services. Ecosyst Serv 2014, 7:76-88.
80. Klaassen M., Nolet B.A. Stoichiometry of endothermy: shifting the quest from nitrogen to carbon. Ecol Lett 2008, 11:785-792.
81. Klausmeier C.A., Litchman E., Daufresne T., Levin S. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature 2004, 429:171-174.
82. Kozlowski J., Konarzewski M., Gawelczyk A.T. Cell size as a link between noncoding DNA and metabolic rate scaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:14080-14085.
83. Kroth P. The biodiversity of carbon assimilation. J Plant Physiol 2015, 172.
84. Kim T.W., Lee K., Najjar R.G., Jeong H.D., Jeong H.J. Increasing N abundance in the northwestern Pacific Ocean due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Science 2011, 334:505-509.
85. Kinzig A.P., Pacala S.W., Tilman D. The functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions 2001, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
86. Kissling W.D., Sekercioglu C.H., Jetz W. Bird dietary guild richness across latitudes, environments and biogeographic regions. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 2011, 21:328-340.
87. Kooijman A.M., Dopheide J.C.R., Sevink J., Takken I., Verstraten J.M. Nutrient limitations and their implications on the effects of atmospheric deposition in coastal dunes; lime-poor and lime-rich sites in the Netherlands. J Ecol 1998, 86:511-526.
88. Körner C. The nutritional status of plants from high altitudes. Oecologia 1989, 81:379-391.
89. Lauro F.M., McDougald D., Thomas T., Williams T.J., Egan S., Rice S., et al. The genomic basis of trophic strategy in marine bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:15527-15533.
90. Lambers H., Raven J.A., Shaver G.R., Smith S.E. Plant nutrient-acquisition strategies change with soil age. Trends Ecol Evol 2007, 23:95-103.
91. Lavery T.J., Roudnew B., Gill P., Seymour J., Seuront L., Johnson G., et al. Iron defecation by sperm whales stimulates carbon export in the Southern Ocean. Proc R Soc Lond B 2010, 277:3527-3531.
92. Legagneux P., Gauthier G., Lecomte N., Schmidt N.M., Reid D., Cadieux M.C., et al. Arctic ecosystem structure and functioning shaped by climate and herbivore body size. Nat Clim Change 2014, 4:379-383.
93. Lemoine N.P., Giery S.T., Burkepile D.E. Differing nutritional constraints of consumers across ecosystems. Oecologia 2014, 174:1367-1376.
94. Lenton T.M., Klausmeier C.A. Biotic stoichiometric controls on the deep ocean N:P ratio. Biogeosciences 2007, 4:353-367.
95. Lenton T.M., Watson A.J. Redfield revisited. 1. Regulation of nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen in the ocean. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2000, 14:225-248.
96. Litchman E., Klausmeier C.A. Trait-based community ecology of phytoplankton. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2008, 39:615-639.
97. Loladze I., Elser J.J. The origins of the Redfield nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio are in a homoeostatic protein-to-rRNA ratio. Ecology letters 2011, 14(3):244-250.
98. Loreau M., Naeem S., Inchausti P., Bengtsson J., Grime J.P., Hector A., et al. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 2001, 294:804-808.
99. Loreau M. From populations to ecosystems: theoretical foundations for a new ecological synthesis. 2010, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
100. Ludwig-Müller J. Bacteria and fungi controlling plant growth by manipulating auxin: balance between development and defense. J Plant Physiol 2015, 172.
101. Manzoni S., Jackson R.B., Trofymov J.A., Porporato A. The global stoichiometry of litter nitrogen mineralization. Science 2008, 321:684-686.
102. Manzoni S., Trofymow J.A., Jackson R.B., Porporato A. Stoichiometric controls on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing litter. Ecol Monogr 2010, 80:89-106.
103. Martiny A.C., Pham C.T., Primeau F.W., Vrugt J.A., Moore J.K., Levin S.A., et al. Strong latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter. Nat Geosci 2013, 6:279-283.
104. Martinson H.M., Schneider K., Gilbert J., Hines J.E., Hambäck P.A., Fagan W.F. Detritivory: stoichiometry of a neglected trophic level. Ecol Res 2008, 23:487-491.
105. Maskell L.C., Smart S.M., Bullock J.M., Thompson K., Stevens C.J. Nitrogen deposition causes widespread loss of species richness in British habitats. Glob Change Biol 2010, 16:671-679.
106. McJannet C.L., Keddy P.A., Pick F.R. Nitrogen and phosphorus tissue concentrations in 41 wetland plants: a comparison across habitats and functional groups. Functional Ecology 1995, 9:231-238.
107. McLaren B.E., Peterson R.O. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 1994, 266:1555-1558.
108. Moore C.M., Mills M.M., Arrigo K.R., Berman-Frank I., Bopp L., Boyd P.W., et al. Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nat Geosci 2013, 6:701-710.
109. Mulder C., Elser J.J. Soil acidity, ecological stoichiometry and allometric scaling in grassland food webs. Global Change Biol 2009, 15:2730-2738.
110. Naeem S., Thompson L.J., Lawler S.P., Lawton J.H., Woodfin R.M. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 1994, 368:734-737.
111. Naeem S., Thompson L.J., Lawler S.P., Lawton J.H., Woodfin R.M. Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 1995, 347:249-262.
112. Naeem S., Bunker D.E., Hector A., Loreau M., Perrings C. Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human wellbeing: an ecological and economic perspective 2009, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
113. Ochoa-Hueso R., Allen E.B., Branquinho C., Cruz C., Dias T., Fenn M.E., et al. Nitrogen deposition effects on Mediterranean-type ecosystems: an ecological assessment. Environ Pollut 2011, 159:2265-2279.
114. Olsson P.A., Tyler G. Occurrence of non-mycorrhizal plant species in south Swedish rocky habitats is related to exchangeable soil phosphate. J Ecol 2004, 92:808-815.
115. Orth J.D., Thiele I., Palsson B.Ø. What is flux balance analysis?. Nat Biotechnol 2010, 28:245-248.
116. Parker G.A., Maynard Smith J. Optimality theory in evolutionary biology. Nature 1990, 348:27-33.
117. Payne R.J., Dise N.B., Stevens C.J., Gowing D.J., BEGIN partners (2013) Impact of nitrogen deposition at the species level. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110:984-987.
118. Peñuelas J., Sardans J., Ogaya R., Estiarte M. Nutrient stoichiometric relations and biogeochemical niche in coexisting plant species: effect of simulated climate change. Polish J Ecol 2008, 56:613-622.
119. Peñuelas J., Sardans J., Alcañiz J.M., Poch J.M. Increased eutrophication and nutrient imbalances in the agricultural soil of NE Catalonia, Spain. J Environ Biol 2009, 30:841-846.
120. Peñuelas J., Sardans J., Llusià J., Owen S., Carnicer J., Giambelluca T.W., et al. Faster returns on "leaf economics" and different biogeochemical niche in invasive compared with native plant species. Global Change Biol 2010, 16:2171-2185.
121. Peñuelas J., Carnicer J. Climate change and peak oil: the urgent need for a transition to a non-carbon-emitting society. Ambio 2010, 39:85-90.
122. Peñuelas J., Sardans J., Rivas-Ubach A., Janssens I.A. The human-induced imbalance between C, N and P in Earth's life system. Global Change Biol 2012, 18:3-6.
123. Peñuelas J., Poulter B., Sardans J., Ciais P., van der Velde M., Bopp L., et al. Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe. Nat Commun 2013, 4:2934.
124. Penuelas J., Sardans J., Estiarte M., Ogaya R., Carnicer J., Coll M., et al. Evidence of current impact of climate change on life: a walk from genes to the biosphere. Glob Change Biol 2013, 19:2303-2338.
125. Pershing A.J., Christensen L.B., Record N.R., Sherwood G.D., Stetson P.B. The impact of whaling on the ocean carbon cycle: why bigger was better. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e12444.
126. Persson J., Fink P., Goto A., Hood J.M., Jonas J., Kato S. To be or not to be what you eat: regulation of stoichiometric homeostasis among autotrophs and heterotrophs. Oikos 2010, 119:741-751.
127. Peters R.H. The ecological implications of body size 1983, Cambridge University Press, New York.
128. Redfield A.C. On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton 1934, 176-192. University Press of Liverpool.
129. 2 and nitrogen deposition. Nature 2001, 410:809-812.
130. Reich P.B., Oleksyn J. Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:11001-11006.
131. Reich P.B., Tilman D., Isbell F., Mueller K., Hobbie S.E., Flynn D.F., et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss escalate through time as redundancy fades. Science 2012, 336:589-592.
132. Reich P.B. The world-wide 'fast-slow' plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. J Ecol 2014, 102:275-301.
133. Richardson A.J., Bakun A., Hays G.C., Gibbons M.J. The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future. Trends Ecol Evol 2009, 24:312-322.
134. Rockström J., Steffen W., Noone K., Persson Å., Chapin F.S., Lambin E.F., et al. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 2009, 461:472-475.
135. Roman J., McCarthy J.J. The whale pump: marine mammals enhance primary productivity in a coastal basin. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e13255.
136. Rule S., Brook B.W., Haberle S.G., Turney C.S., Kershaw A.P., Johnson C.N. The aftermath of megafaunal extinction: ecosystem transformation in Pleistocene Australia. Science 2012, 335:1483-1486.
137. Sage R.F., Stata M. Photosynthetic diversity meets biodiversity: the C4 plant example. J Plant Physiol 2015, 172:pp-pp.
138. Sapijanskas J., Paquette A., Potvin C., Kunert N., Loreau M. Tropical tree diversity enhances light capture through crown plasticity and spatial and temporal niche differences. Ecology 2014, [Epub ahead of print].
139. Sardans J., Rivas-Ubach A., Peñuelas J. The elemental stoichiometry of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and its relationships with organismic lifestyle and ecosystem structure and function: a review. Biogeochemistry 2012, 111:1-39.
140. Sardans J., Rivas-Ubach A., Peñuelas J. The C:N:P stoichiometry of organisms and ecosystems in a changing world: a review and perspectives. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 2012, 14:33-47.
141. Sardans J., Peñuelas J. The role of plants in the effects of global change on nutrient availability and stoichiometry in the plant-soil system. Plant Physiol 2012, 160:1741-1761.
142. Sarmiento J.L., Slater R., Barber R., Bopp L., Doney S.C., Hirst A.C., et al. Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2004, 18:GB3003.
143. Sæther B.-E., Grøtan V., Engen S., Noble D.G., Freckleton R.P. Rarity, life history and scaling of the dynamics in time and space of British birds. J Anim Ecol 2011, 80:215-224.
144. Schade J.D., Kyle M., Hobbie S.E., Fagan W.F., Elser J.J. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. Ecol Lett 2003, 6:96-101.
145. Schindler D.E., Carpenter S.R., Cole J.J., Kitchell J.F., Pace M.L. Influence of food web structure on carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere. Science 1997, 277:248-251.
146. Schulze E.-D., Mooney H.A. Biodiversity and ecosystem function 1993, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
147. Silvertown J., Poulton P., Johnston E., Edwards G., Heard M., Biss P.M. The Park Grass Experiment 1856-2006: its contribution to ecology. J Ecol 2006, 94:801-814.
148. Sinclair A.R.E., Mduma S., Brashares J.S. Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system. Nature 2003, 425:288-290.
149. Small G.E., Pringle C.M. Deviation from strict homeostasis across multiple trophic levels in an invertebrate consumer assemblage exposed to high chronic phosphorus enrichment in a Neotropical stream. Physiol Ecol 2010, 162:581-590.
150. Smith F.A., Elliott S.M., Lyons S.K. Methane emissions from extinct megafauna. Nat Geosci 2010, 3:374-375.
151. Stefanescu C., Carnicer J., Peñuelas J. Determinants of species richness in generalist and specialist Mediterranean butterflies: the negative synergistic forces of climate and habitat change. Ecography 2011, 34:353-363.
152. Sterner R.W., Elser J.J., Fee E.J., Guildford S.J., Chrzanowski T.H. The light:nutrient ratio in lakes: the balance of energy and materials affects ecosystem structure and process. Am Nat 1997, 150:663-684.
153. Sterner R.W., Clasen J., Lampert W., Weisse T. Carbon:phosphorus stoichiometry and food chain production. Ecol Lett 1998, 1:146-150.
154. Sterner R.W., Elser J.J. Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere 2002, Princeton University Press.
155. Stevens C.J., Dise N.B., Mountford J.O., Gowing D.J. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 2004, 303:1876-1879.
156. Stevens C.J., Dupré C., Dorland E., Gaudnik C., Gowing D.J.G., Bleeker A., et al. Nitrogen deposition threatens species richness of grasslands across Europe. Environ Pollut 2010, 158:2940-2945.
157. Sun X., Zhou X., Small G.E., Sterner R., Kang H., Liu C. Energy storage and C:N:P variation in a holometabolous insect (Circulio davidi Fairmaire) larva across a climate gradient. J Insect Physiol 2013, 59:408-415.
158. Sutton M.A., Nemitz E., Erisman J.W., Beier C., Butterbach B., Cellier P., et al. Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species. Environ Pollut 2007, 150:125-139.
159. Tao L., Hunter M.D. Does anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induce phosphorus limitation in herbivorous insects?. Global Change Biol 2012, 18:1843-1853.
160. Throop H.L., Lerdau M.T. Effects of nitrogen deposition on insect herbivory: implications for community and ecosystem processes. Ecosystems 2004, 7:109-133.
161. Tilman D., Downing J.A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 1994, 367:363-365.
162. Tilman D., Wedin D., Knops J. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 1996, 379:718-720.
163. Tilman D., Knops J., Wedin D., Reich P.B., Richie M., Seimann E. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 1997, 277:1300-1302.
164. Tilman D., Fargione J., Wolff B., D'Antonio C., Dobson A., Howarth R., et al. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 2001, 292:281-284.
165. Tilman D., Reich P.B., Knops J.M. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 2006, 441:629-632.
166. Tilman D., Reich P.B., Isbell F. Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:10394-10397.
167. Tyrrell T. The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production. Nature 1999, 400:525-531.
168. Urabe J., Sterner R.W. Regulation of herbivore growth by the balance of light and nutrients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:8465-8469.
169. Urabe J., Kyle M., Makino W., Yoshida T., Andersen T., Elser J.J. Reduced light increases herbivore production due to stoichiometric effects of light/nutrient balance. Ecology 2002, 83:619-627.
170. Vanni M.J., Flecker A.S., Hood J.M., Headworth J.L. Stoichiometry of nutrient recycling by vertebrates in a tropical stream: linking species identity and ecosystem processes. Ecol Lett 2002, 5:285-293.
171. Ventura M., Catalan J. Reproduction as one of the main causes of temporal variability in the elemental composition of zooplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 2005, 50:2043-2056.
172. Vitousek P.M., Mooney H.A., Lubchenco J., Melillo J.M. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 1997, 277:494-499.
173. Walker T.W., Syers J.K. The fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis. Geoderma 1976, 15:1-19.
174. Wang R., Balkanski Y., Boucher O., Ciais P., Peñuelas J., Tao S. Closure of the global atmospheric phosphorus budget. Nat Geosci 2014, (in press).
175. Weber T.S., Deutsch C. Ocean nutrient ratios governed by plankton biogeography. Nature 2010, 467:550-554.
176. Weber T., Deutsch C. Oceanic nitrogen reservoir regulated by plankton diversity and ocean circulation. Nature 2012, 489:419-422.
177. Wilkinson D.M., Ruxton G.D. High C/N ratio (not low-energy content) of vegetation may have driven gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs and perhaps omnivory and/or endothermy in their juveniles. Funct Ecol 2013, 27:131-135.
178. Willby N.J., Pulford I.D., Flowers T.H. Tissue nutrient signatures predict herbaceous-wetland community responses to nutrient availability. New Phytologist 2001, 152:463-481.
179. Wolf A., Doughty C.E., Malhi Y. Lateral diffusion of nutrients by mammalian herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e71352.
180. Woods H.A., Perkins M.C., Elser J.J., Harrison J.F. Absorption and storage of phosphorus by larval Manduca sexta. J Insect Physiol 2002, 48:555-564.
181. Woods H.A., Makino W., Cotner J.B., Hobbie S.E., Harrison J.F., Acharya K., et al. Temperature and the chemical composition of poikilothermic organisms. Funct Ecol 2003, 17:237-245.
182. Woods H.A., Fagan W.F., Elser J.J., Harrison J.F. Allometric and phylogenetic variation in insect phosphorus content. Funct Ecol 2004, 18:103-109.
183. Wright I.J., Reich P.B., Westoby M., Ackerly D.D., Baruch Z., Bongers F., et al. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 2004, 428:821-827.
184. Yuan Z.Y., Chen H.Y., Reich P.B. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of plant fine-root nitrogen and phosphorus. Nat Commun 2011, 2:344.
185. Zavaleta E.S., Pasari J.R., Hulvey K.B., Tilman G.D. Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:1443-1446.