The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party

The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-218

  Ogushi, Atsushi ^a  

^a HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84911156785     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203937990     Document Type: Book

References (256)

1. XXVII s”ezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soyuza: Stenograficheskii otchet, Vol. 1, Moscow: Politizdat, 1986.
2. XIX Vsesoyuzhaya konferentsiya Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soyuza: Stenograficheskii otchet, Vols 1 and 2, Moscow: Politizdat, 1988.
3. Materialy XIX Vsesoyuznoi konferentsii Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soyuza, Moscow: Politizdat, 1988.
4. Materialy XXVIII s”ezda Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soyuza, Moscow: Politizdat, 1990.
5. Materialy Uchreditel’nogo s”ezda Kommunisticheskoi partii RSFSR, Vols 1 and 2, Moscow: Politizdat, 1990.
6. Vstrecha M. S. Gorbacheva s sekretarami pervichnykh partiinykh organizatsii: delegatami XXVIII s”ezda KPSS, 6 iyulya 1990 goda, Moscow, Politizdat, 1990.
7. XXVIII s”ezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskovo Soyuza: Stenograficheskii otchet, Vols 1 and 2, Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
8. Uchreditel’nyi s”ezd Kommunisticheskoi partii RSFSR: Stenograficheskii otchet, Vols 1 and 2, Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
9. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 27–28 yanvarya 1987 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1987.
10. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 25–26 iyunya 1987 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1987.
11. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 29 iyulya 1988 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1988.
12. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 19–20 sentyabrya 1989 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1989.
13. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 9 dekabrya 1989 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1989.
14. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 5–7 fevralya 1990 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1990.
15. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 11, 14, 16 marta 1990 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1990.
16. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 8–9 oktyabrya 1990 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1990.
17. Materialy Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, 10–11 dekabrya 1990 g., Moscow: Poltizdat, 1991.
18. Materialy ob”edinennogo Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta i Tsentral’noi Kontrol’noi Komissii KPSS, 31 yanvarya 1991 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
19. Materialy ob”edinennogo Plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta i Tsentral’noi Kontrol’noi Komissii KPSS, 24–25 aprelya 1991 g., Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
20. Boldin, Valery, Ten Years that Shook the World: The Gorbachev Era as Witnessed by his Chief of Staff, New York: Basic Books, 1994.
21. Boldin, Valerii I., Krushenie P’edestala: Shtrikhi k Portretu M. S. Gorbacheva, Moscow: Respublika, 1995.
22. Chernyaev, Anatolii, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, Moscow: Progress/Kul’tura, 1993.
23. Gorbachev, Mikhail, Zhizn’ i Reformy, Vols 1 and 2, Moscow: Novosti, 1995.
24. Gorbachev, Mikhail, Memoirs, London: Doubleday, 1996.
25. Gorubachofu, Mihairu, Gorubachofu Kaisoroku, Jo, Tokyo: Shinshosha, 1996.
26. Ligachev, Egor, Zagadka Gorbacheva, Novosibirsk: Interbuk, 1992.
27. Ligachev, Yegor, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin, Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
28. Prokof’ev, Yurii, Do i posle zapreta KPSS, Moscow: Algoritm, 2005.
29. Shakhnazarov, Georgii, Tsena svobody: Reformatsiya Gorbacheva glazani ego pomoshchbika, Moscow: Rossika, 1993
30. Yakovlev, Aleksadr, Sumerki, Moscow: Materik, 2003.
31. Brown, Archie (ed.), The Soviet Union: A Biographical Dictionary, London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1990.
32. Data Base of Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, available at: http://srchome.hokudai.ac.jp/politics/rawa/rul.html.
33. Goryachev, Yu. V. (ed.), Tsentral’nyi Komitet KPSS, VKP(b), RKP(b), RSDRP(b):Istoriko-biograficheskii spravochnik, Moscow: Parad, 2005.
34. Tsentr Politicheskoi Informatsii, Federal’naya i Regional’haya Elita Rossii: Kto est’ Kto v Politike i Ekonomike, Moscow: GNOM i D, 2001.
35. Vronskaya, Dzhin and Chuguev, Vladimir (eds), Kto est’ Kto v Rossii i Byvshem SSSR, Moscow: Terra, 1994.
36. Kawabata, Rikao, Sato, Tsuneaki, Nakamura, Yoshikazu and Wada, Haruki (eds), Roshia Soren wo Shiru Jiten [Cyclopaedia of Russia and the Soviet Union] revised edn, Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1994.
37. Kawabata, Rikao, Sato, Tsuneaki; Nakamura, Yoshikazu; Wada, Haruki; Shiokawa, Nobuaki; Suhara, Manabu, and Numano, Mitusyoshi (eds), Roshia wo Shiru Jiten [Cyclopaedia of Russia and Former Soviet Countries] new edn, Tokyo: Heibonsha, 2004.
38. Kudryavtsev, I. I. (ed.), Arkhivy Kremlya i Staroi Ploshchadi: Dokumenty po ‘Delu KPSS’, Novosibirsk: Sibirskii Khronograf, 1995.
39. Armstrong, John A., Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction, 4th edn, New York: Praeger, 1978.
40. Atta, Don Von, ‘The USSR as a “Weak State”: Agrarian Origins of Resistance to Perestroika’, World Politics, Vol. 42, No. 1, 1989, pp. 129–49.
41. Azrael, Jeremy R., Managerial Power and Soviet Politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966.
42. Batty, Susan E. Batty and Danilovic, Vesna, ‘Gorbachev’s Strategy of Political Centrism: A Game-Theoretic Interpretation’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1997, pp. 89–106.
43. Blackwell, Robert E., Jr, ‘Cadres Policy in the Brezhnev Era’, Problems of Communism, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1979, pp. 29–42.
44. Bova, Russell, ‘Political Dynamics of the Post-Communist Transitions: A Comparative Perspective’, World Politics, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1991, pp. 113–38.
45. Breslauer, George W., Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
46. Brown, Archie, Soviet Politics and Political Science, London: Macmillan, 1974.
47. Brown, Archie, ‘Pluralism, Power and the Soviet Political System: A Comparative Perspective’, in Susan Gross Solomon (ed.), Pluralism in the Soviet Union, London: Macmillan, 1983, pp. 61–107.
48. Brown, Archie, The Gorbachev Factor, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
49. Brown, Archie, ‘Transnational Influences in the Transition from Communism’, Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2000, pp. 177–200.
50. Bunce, Valerie, ‘Should Transitologists Be Grounded?’ Slavic Review, Vol. 54 No. 1, 1995, pp. 111–27.
51. Bunce, Valerie, ‘Paper Curtains and Paper Tigers’, Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1995, pp. 979–87.
52. Bunce, Valerie, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
53. Chida, Tetsuro, ‘Sorenpo Chuo-Kazafusutan Kankei no Hensen (1980–1991): To Erito Jinjidoko wo Sozai toshite [The Central–Republican Relationship and Party Elites in the Soviet Union: Kazakhsatan (1980–1991)]’, Suravu kenkyu [Slavic Studies], Vol. 50, 2004, pp. 29–61.
54. Chubais, Igor’, ‘The Democratic Opposition: An Insider’s View’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 18, 1991 (3 May), pp. 4–15
55. Colton, Timothy J., Commissars, Commanders, and Civilian Authority: The Structure of Soviet Military Politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.
56. Colton, Timothy J., ‘Perspectives on Civil–Military Relations in the Soviet Union’, in Timothy J. Colton and Thane Gustafson (eds), Soldiers and the Soviet State: Civil–Military Relations from Brezhnev to Gorbachev, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990, pp. 3–43.
57. DiMaggio, Paul J. and Powell, Walter W., ‘The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 48, No. 2, 1983, pp. 147–60.
58. Dunlop, John B., The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
59. Dunlop, John B., ‘The August Coup and its Impact on Soviet Politics’, Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 94–127.
60. Ekiert, Grzegorz, ‘Democratization Processes in East Central Europe: A Theoretical Reconsideration’, in Geoffrey Pridham (ed.), Transition to Democracy: Comparative Perspective from Southern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Europe, Brookfield, MA: Dartmouth, 1995, pp. 329–57.
61. Ellman, Michael and Kontorovich, Vladimir, ‘The Collapse of the Soviet System and the Memoir Literature’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 49, No. 2, 1997, pp. 259–79.
62. Ellman, Michael and Kontorovich, Vladimir (eds), The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System: An Insiders’ History, Armonk: M. E. Sharp, 1998.
63. Finifter, Ada W. Finifter and Mickiewicz, Ellen, ‘Redefining the Political System of the USSR: Mass Support for Political Change’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 86, No. 4, 1992, pp. 857–74.
64. Fish, M. Steven, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
65. Fish, M. Steven, ‘Postcommunist Subversion: Social Science and Democratization in East Europe and Eurasia’, Slavic Review, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1999, pp. 794–823.
66. Foye, Stephen, ‘Defense Issues at the Party Congress’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, No. 30, 1990 (27 July), pp. 1–5.
67. Foye, Stephen, ‘Soviet Army’s New Political Chief on Reform of Military-Political Organs’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, No. 31, 1990 (3 August), pp. 14–16.
68. Foye, Stephen, ‘Rhetoric from the Past: The First All-Army Party Conference’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 16, 1991 (19 April), pp. 6–9.
69. Foye, Stephen, ‘Maintaining the Union: The CPSU and the Soviet Armed Forces’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 23, 1991 (7 June), pp. 1–8.
70. Frank, Peter, ‘The CPSU Obkom First Secretary: A Profile’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1971, pp. 173–90.
71. Friedrich, Carl J. and Brzezinski, Zbigniew K., Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 2nd edn, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965.
72. Fujiwara, Kiichi, ‘Reisen no owarikata [How the Cold War Ended]’, in Tokyou Daigaku Shakaikagaku Kenkyujo (ed.), 20seiki Shisutemu [The Twentieth Century Global System], Vol. 6, Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1998, pp. 273–308.
73. Gill, Graeme, The Collapse of a Single Party System: The Disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
74. Gill, Graeme and Markwick, Roger D., Russia’s Stillborn Democracy? From Gorbachev to Yeltsin, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
75. Gill, Graeme and Pitty, Roderic, Power in the Party: The Organization of Power and Central–Republican Relations in the CPSU, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997.
76. Gooding, John, ‘The XXVIII Congress of the CPSU in Perspective’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 1991, pp. 237–53.
77. Hahn, Gordon M., ‘Gorbachev versus the CPSU CC Apparat: The Bureaucratic Politics of Reforming the Party Apparat, 1988–1991’, PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1995a.
78. Hahn, Gordon M., ‘The Politics of the XXVIII CPSU Congress and the Central Committee Open Letter’, Russian History, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1995b, pp. 375–405.
79. Hahn, Gordon M., ‘The First Reorganisation of the CPSU: Central Committee Apparat under Perestroika’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 49, No. 2, 1997, pp. 281–302.
80. Hahn, Gordon M., Russia’s Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002.
81. Hahn, Werner, Democracy in a Communist Party: Poland’s Experience since 1980, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
82. Hahn, Werner, ‘Electoral Choice in the Soviet Bloc’, Problems of Communism, Vol. 36, No. 2, 1987, pp. 29–39.
83. Hall, Peter A. and Taylor, Rosemary C. R., ‘Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms’, Political Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, 1996, pp. 936–57.
84. Hall, Peter A. and Taylor, Rosemary C. R., ‘The Potential of Historical Institutionalism: a Response to Hay and Wincott’, Political Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5, 1998, pp. 958–62.
85. Handelman, Stephen, Comrade Criminal, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
86. Hanson, Philip and Teague, Elizabeth, ‘Soviet Communist Party Loses Members’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, No. 20, 1990 (18 May), pp. 16–19.
87. Harasymiw, Bohdan, ‘Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist Party’s Leadership Recruitment System’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1969, pp. 493–512.
88. Harris, Jonathan, Subverting the System: Gorbachev’s Reform of the Party’s Apparat, 1986–1991, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
89. Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, ‘The Connection between Political and Economic Reform in Communist Regimes’, in Gilbert Rozman with Seizaburo Sato and Gerald Segal (eds), Dismantling Communism: Common Causes and Regional Variations, Washington/Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, pp. 59–117.
90. Hay, Colin and Winscott, Daniel, ‘Structure, Agency and Historical Institutionalism’, Political Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5, 1998, pp. 951–7.
91. Hazan, Baruch A., Gorbachev’s Gamble: The 19th All-Union Party Conference, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
92. Hegel, G. W. F., Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
93. Hill, Ronald J., ‘Party–State Relations and Soviet Political Development’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1980, pp. 149–65.
94. Hill, Ronald J., ‘The Apparatchiki and Soviet Political Development’, in Peter J. Potichnyj (ed.), The Soviet Union: Party and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 3–25.
95. Hill, Ronald J., ‘The CPSU: Decline and Collapse’, Irish Slavonic Studies, Vol. 12, 1991, pp. 97–119.
96. Hill, Ronald J., ‘The CPSU: From Monolith to Pluralist?’ Soviet Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 1991, pp. 217–35.
97. Hill, Ronald J., ‘The Communist Party and After’, in Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman (eds), Development in Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics, London: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 68–87.
98. Hill, Ronald J. and Frank, Peter, The Soviet Communist Party, 3rd edn, Winchester, MA: Allen and Unwin, 1986.
99. Hill, Ronald J. and Löwenhardt, John, ‘Nomenklatura and Perestroika’, Government and Opposition, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1991, pp. 229–43.
100. Hill, Ronald J. and Rahr, Alexander, ‘The General Secretary, the Central Party Secretariat and the Apparat’, in David Lane (ed.), Elites and Political Power in the USSR, Hants: Edward Elgar, 1988, pp. 49–73.
101. Hough, Jerry F., The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
102. Hough, Jerry F., Democratization and Revolution in the USSR 1985–1991, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997.
103. Hough, Jerry F. and Fainsod, Merle, How the Soviet Union is Governed, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.
104. Huntington, Samuel P., Political Order in Changing Society, New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1968.
105. Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
106. Immergut, Ellen M., ‘The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism’, Politics and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1998, pp. 5–34.
107. Ishiyama, John, ‘The Sickle or the Rose? Previous Regime Types and the Evolution of the Ex-Communist Parties in Post-Communist Politics’, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1997, pp. 299–330.
108. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Porando ni Okeru Nomenkuratura Ronso: Ichigenteki Shihai no Tasogare (Jo) [Controversy over Nomenklatura in Poland: The Twilight of Monopolistic Control (I)]’, Kyousanshugi to Kokusaiseiji [Communism and International Politics], Vol. 6, No. 4, 1982, pp. 53–79.
109. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Controversy over Nomenklatura in Poland: Twilight of a Monopolistic Instrument for Social Control’, Acta Slavica Iaponica, Vol. 1, 1983, pp. 57–103.
110. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Genzon Shakaishugi niokeru Shakaihendo to Seijitaisei: Porando niokeru Tonaisenkyo (1980–81) ni Sokushite [Social Change and Political System under Real Socialism: An Analysis of Party Elections in Poland, 1980–81]’, Suravu Kenkyu [Slavic Studies], Vol. 31, 1984, pp. 81–125.
111. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Shirarezaru Tonai Toso: Porando duiheiundo no kiseki 1980–81 nen [Anonymous Rebellion in the Party: Rise and Fall of the Horizontal Structures in Poland, 1980–81]’, Gendai no riron [Contemporary Theories], No. 204, 1984 (August), pp. 51–67 (part 1); No. 205, 1984 (September), pp. 65–77 (part 2)
112. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Porando “Rentai” Undo no Kobo [The Rise and Fall of the “Solidarity” Movement in Poland]’, in Shigeru Kido and Takayuki Ito (eds), Touou Gendaishi [Contemporary History of Eastern Europe], Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1987, pp. 243–65.
113. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Nomenklatura and Free Election: A Polish Experiment, 1980–81’, Acta Slavica Iaponica, Vol. 6, 1988, pp. 41–57.
114. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Eastern Europe: Achieving Legitimacy’, in Gilbert Rozman with Seizaburo Sato and Gerald Segal (eds), Dismantling Communism: Common Causes and Regional Variations, Washington/Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, pp. 277–314.
115. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Tagenteki Minshushugino Seidoka: Tooshokokuni okeru keiken, 1989–92 [The Institutionalisation of Pluralist Democracy: From Experiences in Eastern Europe, 1982–92]’ Roshiakenkyu [Russian Studies], Vol. 16, 1993, pp. 5–39.
116. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Minshuka to Koshokodo: Roshia Toou Shokoku no Seijihendo ni Sokushite [Democratization and Negotiation Behaviour: Based on the Political Changes in Russia and East European Countries]’, in Hiroshi Kimura (ed.), Kokusaikoshogaku, Tokyo: Keisoshobo, 1998, pp. 193–211.
117. Ito, Takayuki, ‘Shiokawa hokoku wo chushintosuru comento [Comments on Shiokawa’s Paper]’ in Surabu Yurashia no Hendo: Jutenryouikikenkyu Houkokushu [Proceedings of a Conference: the Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World], Sapporo: Hokkaido University, 1998, pp. 131–47.
118. Karl, Terry Lynn and Schmitter, Philippe C., ‘Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe’, International Social Science Journal, Vol. 43, No. 128, 1991, pp. 269–84.
119. Karl, Terry Lynn and Schmitter, Philippe C., ‘From an Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunist?’ Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1995, pp. 965–78.
120. Kawahara, Akira, Chutoouno Minshukano Kozo [Structure of Democratisation in Central Eastern Europe], Tokyo: Yushindo, 1993.
121. Knight, Amy, ‘The KGB, Perestroika, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union’, Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 67–93.
122. Kolkowicz, Roman, ‘The Military’, in H. Gordon Skilling and Franklyn Griffiths (eds), Interest Groups in Soviet Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971, pp. 131–69
123. Korzhikhina, T. P. and Figatner, Yu. Yu., ‘Sovetskaya nomenklatura: stanovlenie, mekhanizmy deistviya’, Voprosy Istorii, No. 7, 1993, pp. 25–38.
124. Kotz, David with Weir, Fred, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System, London: Routledge, 1997.
125. Kruszewski, Z. Anthony, ‘The Communist Party during the 1980–1981: Democratization of Poland’, in Jack Bielasiak and Maurice D. Simon (eds), Polish Politics: Edge of the Abyss, New York: Praeger, 1984, pp. 241–67.
126. Kryshtanovsaya, Olga and White, Stephen, ‘From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 48, No. 5, 1996, pp. 711–33.
127. Kubicek, Paul, ‘Post-Communist Political Studies: Ten Years Later, Twenty Years Behind?’ Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2000, pp. 295–309.
128. Lane, David and Ross, Cameron, The Transition from Communism to Capitalism: Ruling Elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999.
129. Lepingwell, John W. R., ‘Soviet Civil–Military Relations and the August Coup’, World Politics, Vol. 44, No. 4, 1992, pp. 539–72.
130. Lewis, Paul G., Political Authority and Party Secretaries in Poland 1975–1986, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
131. Linz, Juan, ‘Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes’, in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (eds), Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 3: Macropolitical Theory, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975, pp. 175–411.
132. Linz, Juan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
133. Linz, Juan, ‘Transitions to Democracy’, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1990, pp. 143–64.
134. Linz, Juan and Stepan, Alfred, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
135. Lipset, Seymour Martin, ‘Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy’, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 1, 1959, pp. 69–105.
136. Löwenhardt, John, Ozinga, James R. and van Ree, Erik, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Politburo, London: UCL Press, 1992.
137. Lowenthal, Richard, ‘Development vs Utopia in Communist Policy’, in Chalmers Johnson (ed.), Change in Communist Systems, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970, pp. 33–116.
138. Lowenthal, Richard, ‘On “Established” Communist Party Regime’, Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1974, pp. 335–58.
139. Lowenthal, Richard, ‘The Ruling Party in a Mature Society’, in Mark G. Field (ed.), Social Consequences of Modernization in Communist Societies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976, pp. 81–117.
140. McAuley, Mary, ‘Party Recruitment and the Nationalities in the USSR: A Study in Centre–Republican Relationships’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1980, pp. 461–87.
141. McAuley, Mary, ‘Politics, Economics, and Elite Realignment in Russia: A Regional Perspective’, Soviet Economy, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1992, pp. 46–88.
142. McFaul, Michael, ‘State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia’, World Politics, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1995, pp. 210–43.
143. McFaul, Michael, ‘Lessons from Russia’s Protracted Transition from Communist Rule’, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 114, No. 1, 1999, pp. 103–30.
144. McFaul, Michael, Russia’s Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
145. Mann, Dawn, ‘Results of the 1988 CPSU Report-and-Election Campaign’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1989 (24 February), pp. 4–7.
146. Mann, Dawn, ‘Authority of Regional Party Leaders Crumbling’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, No. 8, 1990 (23 February), pp. 1–6.
147. Mann, Dawn, ‘Divisions within the Communist Party Intensify’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 30, 1991 (26 July), pp. 1–9.
148. Mann, Michel, ‘The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanism and Results’, in John Hall (ed.), States in History, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp. 109–36.
149. Marukusu, Karu [Marx, Karl], Rui Bonaparuto no Buryumeru Juhachinichi [The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte], Tokyo: Iwanamishoten, 1954.
150. Marx, Karl, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, New York: International Publishers, 1998.
151. Mason, David S., ‘The Polish Party in Crisis, 1980–1982’, Slavic Review, Vol. 43, No. 1, 1984, pp. 30–45.
152. Matsuzato, Kimitaka, ‘Roshia Chiho Shidosha no Kyaria Patan: Toveri shu wo jireini shite [Career Patterns of Local Leaders in Russia: The Case of Tver’]’, in Akihiro Ishikawa, Nobuaki Shiokawa and Matsuzato Kimitaka (eds), Surabu no shakai [Slavic Society], Tokyo: Kobundo, 1994, pp. 299–332.
153. Matsuzato, Kimitaka, ‘Gyoseifuto toha Nanika [What is the Administrative Party?]’, Surabu kenkyu senta hokoku shirizu [Slavic Research Center Occasional Paper], No. 56, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 1995, pp. 10–42.
154. Matsuzato, Kimitaka, ‘Aparato Demokurashi: Roshia no Chusho Toshigun niokeru Seijito Gyousei [Apparatus Democracy: Politics and Administrations in Russian Counties and Small Cities]’, Suravu Kenkyu [Slavic Studies], Vol. 43, 1996, pp. 93–128.
155. Matsuzato, Kimitaka, ‘Roshiano Chihoseido: Daikaikaku kara 1995-nen Chihojichihoshiko made, [Local Government in Russia: From the Great Reform to the Federal Law on Local Self-Government in 1995]’, in Osamu Ieda (ed.), Roshia Touou ni okeru Chihoseido to Shakaibunka [Local Government and Socio-Political Culture in Russia and Eastern Europe], Occasional Paper on Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World, No. 25, 1996, pp. 167–92.
156. Mawdsley, Evan and White, Stephen, The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and its Members, 1917–1991, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
157. Miller, John, ‘Nomenklatura: Check on Localism?’ in T. H. Rigby and Bohdan Harasymiw (eds), Leadership Selection and Patron–Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1983, pp. 62–97.
158. Moore, Barrington, Jr, Social Origin of Dictatorship and Democracy, Middlesex: Penguin University Books, 1973.
159. Morita, Tsuneo, Hangari Haikakushi [History of Reforms in Hungary], Tokyo: Nihon Hyoronsha, 1990.
160. Moses, Joel C., ‘The Impact of Nomenklatura in Soviet Regional Elite Recruitment’, Soviet Union, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1981, pp. 62–102.
161. Moses, Joel C., ‘Saratov and Volgograd, 1990–1992: A Tale of Two Russian Provinces’, in Theodore H. Friedgut and Jeffrey W. Hahn (eds), Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1994, pp. 96–137.
162. Mule, Rosa, ‘New Institutionalism: Distilling some “Hard Core” Propositions in the Works of Williamson and March and Olsen’, Politics, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1999, pp. 145–51.
163. Nakamura, Itsuro, Soren no Seijiteki Tagenka no Katei [The Process of Political Pluralisation in the USSR], Tokyo: Seikeido, 1997.
164. North, Douglass C., ‘Institutions and a Transaction-cost Theory of Exchange’, James E. Alt and Kenneth A. Shepsle (eds), Perspectives on Positive Political Economy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 182–94, 242.
165. North, Douglass C., Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
166. Nove, Alec, ‘Is there a Ruling Class in the USSR?’ Soviet Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1975, pp. 615–38.
167. Nove, Alec, ‘The Class Nature of the Soviet Union Revisited’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1983, pp. 298–312.
168. Odom, William E., ‘Soviet Politics and After: Old and New Concepts’, World Politics, Vol. 45, No. 1, 1992, pp. 66–98.
169. Odom, William E., The Collapse of the Soviet Military, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.
170. O’Donnell, Guillermo A., Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics, Berkeley, CA.: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1973.
171. O’Donnell, Guillermo and Schmitter, Philippe C., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
172. Ogushi, Atsushi, ‘Sorenkyosanto Hokaikateito Yoinno Bunseki [The Analysis of the Process and Cause of the CPSU Disintegration]’, Roshiakenkyu [Russian Studies], Vol. 31, 2000, pp. 114–29.
173. Ogushi, Atsushi, ‘Party–State Relations during Perestroika’, paper presented to the annual conference of the British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies (BASEES), 3 April 2004.
174. Ogushi, Atsushi, ‘The Disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union’, PhD dissertation, University of Glasgow, 2005.
175. Ogushi, Atsushi, ‘Money, Property and the Demise of the CPSU’, The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2005, pp. 268–95.
176. Ogushi, Atsushi, ‘Removing the Core of Power: The Reorganizations of the Party Apparat under Gorbachev’, Roshia Touou Kenkyu [Russian and East European Studies: Annuals of the Japanese Association for Russian and East European Studies] Vol. 34, 2005, ed./published in 2006, pp. 62–76.
177. Ogushi, Atsushi, ‘Why Did the CPSU Reform Fail? The XXVII Party Congress Reconsidered’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 59, No. 5 (2007), pp. 709–33.
178. O’Neil, Patrick H., ‘Revolution from Within: Institutional Analysis, Transition From Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary’, World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 4, 1996, pp. 579–603.
179. O’Neil, Patrick H., Revolution from Within: The Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party and the Collapse of Communism, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998.
180. Onikov, Leon, KPSS: anatomiya raspada, Moscow: Respublika, 1996.
181. Orttung, Robert W., ‘The Russian Right and the Dilemmas of Party Organization’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3, 1992, pp. 445–78.
182. Pakulski, Jan, ‘Bureaucracy and the Soviet System’, Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1986, pp. 3–24.
183. Parsons, Talcott, ‘Evolutionary Universals in Society’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 1964, pp. 339–57.
184. Pipes, Richard, ‘Misinterpreting the Cold War: The Hard-Liners had it Right’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 1, 1995, pp. 154–60.
185. Przeworski, Adam, ‘Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy’, in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, pp. 47–63, 168–70.
186. Przeworski, Adam, ‘Democracy as a Contingent Outcome of Conflicts’, in John Elster and Rune Slagstad (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 59–80.
187. Przeworski, Adam, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
188. Rahr, Alexander, ‘The CPSU after the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, No. 45, 1990 (9 November), pp. 1–4.
189. Rahr, Alexander, ‘The CPSU in the 1980s: Changes in the Party Apparatus’, Journal of Communist Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1991, pp. 161–9.
190. Rees, E. A., ‘Party Relations with the Military and the KGB’, in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Soviet Communist Party in Disarray: The XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, London: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 157–83, 212–17.
191. Remington, Thomas F., ‘Regime Transition in Communist Systems: The Soviet Case’, Soviet Economy, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1990, pp. 160–90.
192. Renin, V. I. [Vladimir Il’ich Lenin], Kokka to Kakumei [State and Revolution], Tokyo: Chikumashobo, 2001.
193. Rice, Condoleezza, ‘The Party, the Military, and Decision Authority in the Soviet Union’, World Politics, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1987, pp. 55–81.
194. Rigby, T. H., ‘Politics in the Mono-Organizational Society’, in Andrew C. Janos (ed.) Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity and Diversity in One-Party States, Berkeley, CA.: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1976, pp. 31–81.
195. Rigby, T. H., ‘The Origins of the Nomenklatura System’, in T. H. Rigby, Political Elites in the USSR: Central Leaders and Local Cadres from Lenin to Gorbachev, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990, pp. 73–93.
196. Rigby, T. H., ‘The Soviet Regional Leadership: The Brezhnev Generation’, in T. H. Rigby, Political Elites in the USSR: Central Leaders and Local Cadres from Lenin to Gorbachev, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990, pp. 220–52.
197. Rigby, T. H., ‘Stalinism and the Mono-organisational Society’, in T. H. Rigby, The Changing Soviet System: Mono-organisational Socialism from its Origins to Gorbachev’s Restructuring, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990, pp. 82–112.
198. Rigby, T. H., ‘Reconceptualising the Soviet System’, in Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman (eds), Developments in Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics, London: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 300–19.
199. Robinson, Neil, “The Party is Sacred to Me”: Gorbachev and the Place of the Party in Soviet Reform, 1985–1990, Discussion Paper Series No. 10, Essex: Russian and Soviet Studies Centre, University of Essex, June 1991.
200. Robinson, Neil, ‘Gorbachev and the Place of the Party in Soviet Reform, 1985–1991’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 44, No. 3, 1992, pp. 423–43.
201. Roeder, Philip G., Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992.
202. Ross, Cameron, ‘Party–State Relations’, in Eugene Huskey (ed.), Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet Politics, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1992, pp. 49–82.
203. Rustow, Dankwart A., ‘Transitions to Democracy’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1970 (April), pp. 337–63.
204. Rutland, Peter, The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
205. Sartori, Giovanni, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
206. Sasaki, Takuya, ‘Amerika to Reisen [the United States and the Cold War]’, in Chihiro Hosoya and Naoki Maruyama (eds), Posuto Reisenkino Kokusaiseiji [International Politics in the Post-Cold War Era], Tokyo: Yushindo, 1993, pp. 25–42.
207. Schapiro, Leonard, Totalitarianism, London: Macmillan, 1972.
208. Schmitter, Philippe C., with Karl, Terry Lynn, ‘The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East Should They Attempt to Go?’ Slavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 1, 1994, pp. 173–85.
209. Schumpeter, Joseph A., ‘The Crisis of the Tax State’, in Richard Swedberg (ed.), Joseph A. Schumpeter: The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991, pp. 99–140.
210. Shimotomai, Nobuo, ‘Peresutoroika’ wo Koete [Beyond Perestroika], Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1991.
211. Shimotomai, Nobuo, Dokuritsu Kokka Kyodotai heno Michi [The Road to the CIS], Tokyo: Jiji Tsushinsha, 1992.
212. Shimotomai, Nobuo, ‘Sorenpo Houkai no Nakano Kyosanto [The CPSU in the Collapse of the USSR]’, Kokusaiseiji [International Relations] Vol. 99, 1992, pp. 22–36.
213. Shiokawa, Nobuaki, ‘“Kimyona Kudeta” kara “Roshia saigono Kakumeihe” [From a “Strange Coup” to the “Last Russian Revolution”]’, Sekai [The World], No. 11, 1991, pp. 55–68.
214. Shiokawa, Nobuaki, Shuen no Naka no Sorenshi [Soviet History in Perspective], Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1993.
215. Shiokawa, Nobuaki, Soren toha Nandattaka [What was the USSR?], Tokyo: Keisoshobo, 1994.
216. Shiokawa, Nobuaki, ‘“Shakaishugi to Zentaishugi” Sairon [“Socialism and Totalitarianism” Revisited]’, Juten Ryouiki Kenkyu Hokoku Shu, ‘Surabu Yurashia no Hendo’ [Occasional Papers on ‘The Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World’] No. 14, 1996.
217. Shiokawa, Nobuaki, ‘“Taiseitenkan” no mokuteki ha “Seiouka” ka? [Is the Aim of “Regime Change” “Westernisation”?]’ in Surabu Yurashia no Hendo: Jutenryouikikenkyu Houkokushu [Proceedings of a Conference: The Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World], Sapporo: Hokkaido University, 1998, pp. 101–24.
218. Shiokawa, Nobuaki, Genzonshita Shakaishugi [Socialism that Really Existed], Tokyo: Keisoshobo, 1999.
219. Shostakovskii, Vyacheslav, ‘Obnovlyaya kontseptsiyu partii’, Politicheskoe Obrazovanie, No. 18, 1989, pp. 5–12.
220. Shumitto, Karu [Schmitt, Carl], Seijiteki na Mono no Gainen [Der Begriff des Politischen], Tokyo: Miraisha, 1970.
221. Skilling, H. Gordon and Griffiths, Franklyn (eds), Interest Groups in Soviet Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
222. Skocpol, Theda, ‘Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research’, in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueshemeyer and Theda Skocpol (eds), Bringing the State Back In, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 3–43.
223. Solnick, Steven L., ‘The Breakdown of Hierarchies in the Soviet Union and China’, World Politics, Vol. 48, No. 2, 1996, pp. 209–38
224. Solnick, Steven L., Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
225. Taylor, Brian D., ‘The Soviet Military and the Disintegration of the USSR’, Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 17–66.
226. Teague, Elizabeth and Tolz, Vera, ‘CPSU R.I.P.’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 47, 1991 (22 November), pp. 1–8.
227. Teague, Elizabeth and Wihsnevsky, Julia, ‘El’tsin Bans Organized Political Activity in State Sector’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 33, 1991 (16 August), pp. 21–5.
228. Thelen, Kathleen and Steimo, Sven, ‘Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics’, in Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen and Frank Longstreth (eds), Structuring Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 1–32.
229. de Tocqueville, Alexis, Recollections, trans. J. P. Mayer, London: Macdonald, 1970.
230. de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, London: Everyman’s Library, 1994.
231. Tokés, Rudolf L., Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change, and Political Succession, 1957–1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
232. Ueno, Toshihiko, ‘Gorubachofu Seikenka niokeru Sorenpokyosanto no Henka [Changes of the CPSU under Gorbachev]’, Hogaku Kenkyu [Studies of Law], Vol. 63, No. 2, 1990, pp. 147–90.
233. Ueno, Toshihiko, ‘Sorenpokyosanto Kaitaikatei no Bunseki [The Analysis of Processes of the Disintegration of the CPSU]’, Kokusaiseiji [International Politics], Vol. 104, 1993, pp. 16–34.
234. Ueno, Toshihiko, ‘Sorenpokyosanto Dai28kai Taikai wo meguru Shomondai [Problems around the 28th Congress of the CPSU]’, Hogaku Kenkyu [Studies of Law] Vol. 68, No. 2, 1995, pp. 329–57.
235. Ueno, Toshihiko, ‘Roshia no Senkyo Minshushugi: Peresutoroikaki ni okeru Kyososenkyo no Donyu [Electoral Democracy in Russia: Competitive Elections during the Perestroika Period]’, in Shugo Minagawa (ed.), Ikoki no Roshia Seiji [Russian Politics in Transition], Hiroshima: Keisuisha, 1999, pp. 339–81.
236. Unger, Aryeh L., ‘The Travails of Intra-Party Democracy in the Soviet Union: The Election to the 19th Conference of the CPSU’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 1991, pp. 329–54.
237. Volgin, E. I. ‘Politicheskaya transformatsiya KPSS (1990–1991 gg.)’, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta seriya 12: Politicheskie nauki, No. 6, 2006 (November–December), pp. 26–36.
238. Voslensky, Michael, Nomenklatura: Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class, London: Bodley Head, 1984.
239. Voz’mitel’, Andrei, ‘Krizis v partii’, Svobodnaya mysl’, No. 13, 1991 (August), pp. 15–21.
240. Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London: Routledge, 1992.
241. White, Stephen, ‘Communist Systems and the “Iron Law of Pluralism”’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1978 (January), pp. 101–17.
242. White, Stephen, ‘What is a Communist System?’ Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1983, pp. 247–63.
243. White, Stephen, ‘Rethinking the CPSU’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 43, No. 3, 1991, pp. 405–28.
244. White, Stephen, ‘Background to the XXVIII Congress’, in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Soviet Communist Party in Disarray: The XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, London: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 6–28, 191–4.
245. White, Stephen ‘The Politics of the XXVII Congress’, in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Soviet Communist Party in Disarray: The XXVIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, London: Macmillan, 1992, pp. 29–61, 194–201.
246. White, Stephen, After Gorbachev, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
247. White, Stephen, ‘Communists and their Party in the Late Soviet Period’, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 72, No. 4, 1994, pp. 644–63.
248. White, Stephen, Russia Goes Dry: Alcohol, State and Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
249. White, Stephen, ‘The Failure of CPSU Democratization’, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 75, No. 4, 1997, pp. 681–97.
250. White, Stephen and McAllister, Ian, ‘The CPSU and its Members: Between Communism and Postcommunism’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1996, pp. 105–22.
251. White, Stephen, Gill, Graeme and Slider, Darrell, The Politics of Transition: Shaping a Post-Soviet Future, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
252. Whitefield, Stephen, Industrial Power and the Soviet State, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
253. Wiatr, Jerzy J., ‘Poland’s Party Politics: The Extraordinary Congress of 1981’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1981, pp, 813–26.
254. Wishnevsky, Julia and Teague, Elizabeth, ‘“Democratic Platform” Created in CPSU’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, NO. 5, 1990(2 February), pp. 7–9
255. Yasmann, Viktor, ‘TheKGB and the Party Congress’, RL/Report on the USSR, Vol. 2, NO. 31, 1990(3 August), pp. 12–14.
256. Yuasa, Takeshi, ‘“Nomenkuratura” Shintoshihyo niyoru Roshiatochi Eritono Bunseki [An Analysis of Cabinets and Russian Governing Elites through the Nomenklatura Saturation Index]’, Roshia Toou Gakkai Nenpo [Annals of the Japanese Association for Russian and East European Studies], No. 28, 199, ed./published in 2000, pp. 136–44.