The theoretical core of the new institutionalism

Politics and Society

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 5-34

  Immergut, Ellen M ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0032221712     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329298026001002     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
2. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
3. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
4. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
5. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
6. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
7. For important reviews, see James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: Free Press, 1989); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also Robert H. Bates, "Contra Contractarianism: Some Reflections on the New Institutionalism," Politics and Society 16, no. 2-3 (June-September 1988): 387-401; G. John Ikenberry, "Conclusion: An Institutional Approach to American Foreign Economic Policy," International Organization 42, no. 1 (winter 1988): 219-43; David Brian Robertson, "The Return to History and the New Institutionalism in American Political Science," Social Science History 17, no. 1 (spring 1993): 1-36; W. Richard Scott, "The Adolescence of Institutional Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly 32 (December 1987): 59-89;
8. R. Kent Weaver and Bert A. Rockman, "Assessing the Effects of Institutions," in R. Kent Weaver and Bert A. Rockman, eds., Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1993), 1-41.
9. thank Kathy Thelen for bringing to my attention the more recent discussions in Peter A. Hall and Rosemary C. R. Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," Political Studies 44, no. 5 (1996): 936-57;
10. Barry R. Weingast, "Rational Choice Perspectives on Institutions," in Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds., A New Handbook of Political Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming);
11. Robert H. Bates and Barry R. Weingast, "Rationality and Interpretation: The Politics of Transition," working paper, Hoover Institution, Stanford University (1995).
12. For a critical view, see Gunnar Grendstad and Per Selle, "Cultural Theory and the New Institutionalism," Journal of Theoretical Politics 7, no. 1 (1995): 5-27.
13. David Truman's paradigmatic work, The Governmental Process, for example, certainly discusses the impact of institutions on group processes and political outcomes at length. The institutionalists' disagreement with his argument concerns his conclusion -despite this lengthy discussion - that all acts of government may then be interpreted as a "protean complex of crisscrossing relationships that change in strength and direction with alterations in the power and standing of interests, organized and unorganized." The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion, 2d ed. (New York: Knopf, 1971), 508.
14. See Carl Böhret, Werner Jann, and Eva Kronenwett's contrast of Harold Laski and Ernst Fraenkel's acknowledgment of the role of the state with Truman's insistence that an interest group balance is superior to autonomous governmental decision making, Innen-politik und politische Theorie, 3d ed. (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1988), 173-4.
15. Robert A. Dahl, "The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest," American Political Science Review 55, no. 4 (December 1961): 766-7. This characterization is strikingly similar to Robertson's comment that the new institutionalism is "more a persuasion or an emphasis than a fixed blueprint for political analysis." "The Return to History," 2.
16. Robert A. Dahl, "The Behavioral Approach in Political Science: Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest," American Political Science Review 55, no. 4 (December 1961): 766-7. This characterization is strikingly similar to Robertson's comment that the new institutionalism is "more a persuasion or an emphasis than a fixed blueprint for political analysis." "The Return to History," 2.
17. David Truman, "The Implications of Political Behavior Research," Social Science Research Council, Items (December 1951): 37-9, cited in Dahl, "Behavioral Approach," 767.
18. David Truman, "The Implications of Political Behavior Research," Social Science Research Council, Items (December 1951): 37-9, cited in Dahl, "Behavioral Approach," 767.
19. Ibid., 767, Dahl's emphasis.
20. This basic point is implicit in all new institutionalist writings. For one discussion, see Jon Elster, "The Market and the Forum," in Elster and Aanund Hylland, eds., Foundations of Social Choice Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 106-7.
21. Dahl, "Behavioral Approach," 770.
22. For critiques of behavioral assumptions of the efficient transmission of political demands, see Suzanne Berger, "Introduction," in Berger, ed., Organizing Interests in Western Europe: Pluralism, Corporatism, and the Transformation of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 1-23; and Terry M. Moe, "Interests, Institutions and Positive Theory: The Politics of the NLRB," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 236-99.
23. For critiques of behavioral assumptions of the efficient transmission of political demands, see Suzanne Berger, "Introduction," in Berger, ed., Organizing Interests in Western Europe: Pluralism, Corporatism, and the Transformation of Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 1-23; and Terry M. Moe, "Interests, Institutions and Positive Theory: The Politics of the NLRB," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 236-99.
24. See discussion in Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Institutional Equilibrium and Equilibrium Institutions," in Herbert F. Weisberg, ed., The Science of Politics (New York: Agathon, 1986), 51-81;
25. and Anthony Downs, "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy," in Tom Ferguson and Joel Rogers, eds., The Political Economy (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1984), 12-26.
26. "The philosophers, who have inquired into the foundations of society, have all felt the necessity of going back to a state of nature; but not one of them has got there. . . . Every one of them, in short, constantly dwelling on wants, avidity, oppression, desires, and pride, has transferred to the state of nature ideas which were acquired in society; so that, in speaking of the savage, they described the social man." Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," in The Social Contract and Discourses, trans. G.D.H. Cole (London: Everyman, 1993 [1755]), 50.
27. Ibid., 97, 99.
28. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "The Social Contract" in The Social Contract and Discourses, trans. G.D.H. Cole (London: Everyman, 1993 [1762]), 191.
29. Ibid., 203.
30. Ibid., 203, 204.
31. "[T]he agreement of all interests is formed by opposition to that of each. If there were no different interests, the common interest would be barely felt, as it would encounter no obstacle; all would go on of its own accord, and politics would cease to be an art." Ibid., 203.
32. See James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "Popular Sovereignty and the Search for Appropriate Institutions," Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 4 (October-December 1986): 341-70; and Elster, "The Market and the Forum."
33. See James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "Popular Sovereignty and the Search for Appropriate Institutions," Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 4 (October-December 1986): 341-70; and Elster, "The Market and the Forum."
34. Truman's concept of interest group balance as being not only empirically but normatively the best possible determinant of government policy - as long as multiple memberships and potential interests protect the rules of the game - is a paradigmatic example of this approach. See The Governmental Process, particularly chap. 16.
35. For a discussion of subjective and objective interests that has influenced the point of view presented here, see Isaac D. Balbus, "The Concept of Interest in Pluralist and Marxian Analysis," Politics and Society 1 (1971): 151-77.
36. The essence of the Poulantzas-Miliband debate was an argument about whether the capitalist state should be analyzed by looking at the class origins of politicians and bureaucrats or at the impact of their decisions on the various classes that make up the capitalist system. Both theorists were united, however, in their criticism of liberal and pluralist approaches that (a) accept preferences as subjective givens without analyzing these preferences in terms of objective class interests and (b) accept the results of the political process as engendering a just equilibrium of these individual, subjective preferences rather than scrutinizing political outcomes for class bias. Nicos Poulantzas and Ralph Miliband, "The Problem of the Capitalist State," in Robin Blackburn, ed., Ideology in Social Science (New York: Pantheon, 1972), 238-62.
37. For a discussion, see Ernst Fraenkel, Deutschland und die westlichen Demokratien, 3d ed. (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1964), 165-89. Normative principles, rather than objective theories of interests, can also, of course, serve as the basis for a priori theories. Here, however, I concentrate on the divisions that have been most relevant for empirical work (as opposed to normative theory) in the past thirty years.
38. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1955 [1856]), 97-98, 204-5. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 5th ed., ed. Johannes Winckelmann (Tübingen: JCB Mohr Paul Siebeck, 1980 [1922]), 851-68.
39. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1955 [1856]), 97-98, 204-5. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 5th ed., ed. Johannes Winckelmann (Tübingen: JCB Mohr Paul Siebeck, 1980 [1922]), 851-68.
40. English translation: Economy and Society, 2 vols., ed. and trans. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 1381-1462.
41. Of Jürgen Habermas's works, Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit: Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft (Darmstadt: Luchterhand, 1962) is perhaps most easily linked to this institutionalist debate.
42. John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971) is unusual in this regard because he provides not only a procedural approach but makes claims about the substantive content of the rules of justice that would emerge from the original position. Granted, the "equal basic rights" and "difference" principles are still in a sense procedural, but Rawls goes further than most institutionalists in specifying outcomes. Now that I have mentioned Rawls, I should clarify that, although there is an obvious overlap between these institutionalist themes and the debate between "liberals" and "communitarians," the correspondence is not exact.
43. The development of theory through empirical research has brought the institutionalists along a different trajectory since individuals viewed empirically cannot be separated from their communities, and existing political results produced by various procedures can be evaluated using substantive standards. On the "communitarians" see, for example, Michael Walzer, "The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism," Political Theory 18, no. 1 (1990): 6-23.
44. On juridical democracy, see Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1979).
45. William H. Riker, "Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions," American Political Science Review 74, no. 2 (June 1980): 432-47.
46. Shepsle, "Institutional Equilibrium and Equilibrium Institutions."
47. Exceptions that include societal interests in rational choice analyses are John Mark Hansen, "Choosing Sides: The Creation of an Agricultural Policy Network in Congress, 1919-1932," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 183-229; Daniel Verdier, "The Politics of Trade Preference Formation: The United States from the Civil War to the New Deal," Politics and Society 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 365-92; Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
48. Exceptions that include societal interests in rational choice analyses are John Mark Hansen, "Choosing Sides: The Creation of an Agricultural Policy Network in Congress, 1919-1932," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 183-229; Daniel Verdier, "The Politics of Trade Preference Formation: The United States from the Civil War to the New Deal," Politics and Society 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 365-92; Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
49. Exceptions that include societal interests in rational choice analyses are John Mark Hansen, "Choosing Sides: The Creation of an Agricultural Policy Network in Congress, 1919-1932," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 183-229; Daniel Verdier, "The Politics of Trade Preference Formation: The United States from the Civil War to the New Deal," Politics and Society 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 365-92; Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
50. Elster, "Introduction," 22.
51. James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962). For a critique of rational choice theory along these lines, see Rogers Smith, "Political Jurisprudence, the 'New Institutionalism,' and the Future of Public Law," American Political Science Review 82, no. 1 (March 1988): 89-108.
52. James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962). For a critique of rational choice theory along these lines, see Rogers Smith, "Political Jurisprudence, the 'New Institutionalism,' and the Future of Public Law," American Political Science Review 82, no. 1 (March 1988): 89-108.
53. William H. Riker, Liberalism against Populism: A Confrontation between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice (San Francisco: Freeman, 1982), 233-53.
54. Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1957 [1945]); James G. March and Herbert A. Simon, Organizations (New York: John Wiley, 1958).
55. Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1957 [1945]); James G. March and Herbert A. Simon, Organizations (New York: John Wiley, 1958).
56. Michael P. Cohen, James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen, "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice," in James G. March, ed., Decisions and Organizations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988 [1972]), 294-334.
57. Michael D. Cohen and James G. March, Leadership and Ambiguity: The American College President, 2d ed. (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1974), 81.
58. March and Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions; Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 1-38; Roger Friedland and Robert R. Alford, "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 232-63.
59. March and Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions; Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 1-38; Roger Friedland and Robert R. Alford, "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 232-63.
60. March and Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions; Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, "Introduction," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 1-38; Roger Friedland and Robert R. Alford, "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 232-63.
61. Lynne G. Zucker, "The Role of Institutionalism in Cultural Persistence," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 83-107.
62. Neil Fligstein, "The Structural Transformation of American Industry: An Institutional Account of the Causes of Diversification in the Largest Firms, 1919-1979," in Powell and DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, 311-36.
63. Charles Perrow, Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay, 3d ed. (New York: Random House, 1986), esp. chap. 8.
64. DiMaggio and Powell, "Introduction."
65. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. J. W. Swain (New York: Free Press), 13-33.
66. For more extended discussions, see Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 1-32; and Robertson, "The Return to History."
67. For more extended discussions, see Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 1-32; and Robertson, "The Return to History."
68. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
69. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
70. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
71. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
72. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
73. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
74. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
75. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
76. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
77. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
78. This literature is too well known (and too extensive) to be adequately handled in a footnote, but some important works are Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon, 1966); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso Editions, 1974); Robert R. Alford and Roger Friedland, "Political Participation and Public Policy," Annual Review of Sociology 1 (1975): 429-79; Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lehmbruch, eds., Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe; Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics 16, no. 2 (January 1984): 223-46; Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zollberg, eds., Working -Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986). The States and Social Structures Newsletter, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council, was an effort to provide a forum for scholars working along these lines .
79. Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism. In Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), Steven Skowronek develops this argument further by focusing more deeply on the historical roots of America's constitutional dilemma regarding the expansion of executive power.
80. This is also one of the key emphases of Renate Mayntz and Fritz W. Scharpf's research program for the Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung in Cologne. See their essay, "Der Ansatz des akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus," in Mayntz and Scharpf, eds., Gesellschaftliche Selbstregulierung und politische Steuerung (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1995), 39-72.
81. Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik: Eine Aufsatzsammlung, ed. J. Winckelmann (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1965 [1920]). Anthropological approaches have been very influential in encouraging this relativistic approach to rationality. See, in particular, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). For criticisms, see Elster, "Introduction," 23-24, and Samuel Popkin, "The Political Economy of Peasant Society," 197-247, in Elster, Rational Choice.
82. Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik: Eine Aufsatzsammlung, ed. J. Winckelmann (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1965 [1920]). Anthropological approaches have been very influential in encouraging this relativistic approach to rationality. See, in particular, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). For criticisms, see Elster, "Introduction," 23-24, and Samuel Popkin, "The Political Economy of Peasant Society," 197-247, in Elster, Rational Choice.
83. Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik: Eine Aufsatzsammlung, ed. J. Winckelmann (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1965 [1920]). Anthropological approaches have been very influential in encouraging this relativistic approach to rationality. See, in particular, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). For criticisms, see Elster, "Introduction," 23-24, and Samuel Popkin, "The Political Economy of Peasant Society," 197-247, in Elster, Rational Choice.
84. Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik: Eine Aufsatzsammlung, ed. J. Winckelmann (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1965 [1920]). Anthropological approaches have been very influential in encouraging this relativistic approach to rationality. See, in particular, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). For criticisms, see Elster, "Introduction," 23-24, and Samuel Popkin, "The Political Economy of Peasant Society," 197-247, in Elster, Rational Choice.
85. Max Weber, Die protestantische Ethik: Eine Aufsatzsammlung, ed. J. Winckelmann (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1965 [1920]). Anthropological approaches have been very influential in encouraging this relativistic approach to rationality. See, in particular, Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); James C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the Peasant (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). For criticisms, see Elster, "Introduction," 23-24, and Samuel Popkin, "The Political Economy of Peasant Society," 197-247, in Elster, Rational Choice.
86. Weber's economic analyses are good examples of such contextual models. See Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, ed. M. Weber (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1988 [1924]). For efforts to develop research methods that treat these problems, see Charles Ragin, The Comparative Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Andrew Abbott, "Conceptions of Time and Events in Social Science Methods: Causal and Narrative Approaches," Historical Methods 23, no. 4 (fall 1990): 140-50; and Abbott, "From Causes to Events: Notes on Narrative Positivism," Sociological Methods and Research 20, no. 4 (May 1992): 428-55.
87. Weber's economic analyses are good examples of such contextual models. See Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, ed. M. Weber (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1988 [1924]). For efforts to develop research methods that treat these problems, see Charles Ragin, The Comparative Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Andrew Abbott, "Conceptions of Time and Events in Social Science Methods: Causal and Narrative Approaches," Historical Methods 23, no. 4 (fall 1990): 140-50; and Abbott, "From Causes to Events: Notes on Narrative Positivism," Sociological Methods and Research 20, no. 4 (May 1992): 428-55.
88. Weber's economic analyses are good examples of such contextual models. See Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, ed. M. Weber (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1988 [1924]). For efforts to develop research methods that treat these problems, see Charles Ragin, The Comparative Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Andrew Abbott, "Conceptions of Time and Events in Social Science Methods: Causal and Narrative Approaches," Historical Methods 23, no. 4 (fall 1990): 140-50; and Abbott, "From Causes to Events: Notes on Narrative Positivism," Sociological Methods and Research 20, no. 4 (May 1992): 428-55.
89. Weber's economic analyses are good examples of such contextual models. See Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, ed. M. Weber (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr/Paul Siebeck, 1988 [1924]). For efforts to develop research methods that treat these problems, see Charles Ragin, The Comparative Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Andrew Abbott, "Conceptions of Time and Events in Social Science Methods: Causal and Narrative Approaches," Historical Methods 23, no. 4 (fall 1990): 140-50; and Abbott, "From Causes to Events: Notes on Narrative Positivism," Sociological Methods and Research 20, no. 4 (May 1992): 428-55.
90. Günther Roth argues that Weber's typologies were always meant as concepts to be used in an active analysis of a particular case. If one accepts his reading, the continuity of the historical institutionalists with Weber is even stronger. "Introduction," in Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, 2 vols., ed. Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978 [1968]), xxxviii.
91. On the efficiency of history, March and Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions, 7-8. On past possibilities and alternatives for the future, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Perrow, Complex Organizations, 273-78.
92. On the efficiency of history, March and Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions, 7-8. On past possibilities and alternatives for the future, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Perrow, Complex Organizations, 273-78.
93. On the efficiency of history, March and Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions, 7-8. On past possibilities and alternatives for the future, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Perrow, Complex Organizations, 273-78.
94. R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History, rev. ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993 [1946]).
95. The concept of "identity" was first coined by Alessandro Pizzorno, "Political Exchange and Collective Identity in Industrial Conflict," in Colin Crouch and Pizzorno, eds., The Resurgence of Class Conflict in Western Europe Since 1968 (London: Macmillan, 1978), 277-98.
96. See also Craig Calhoun, "The Problem of Identity in Collective Action," in Joan Huber, ed., Macro-Micro Linkages in Sociology (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991), 51-75;
97. Margaret R. Somers and Gloria D. Gibson, "Reclaiming the Epistemological 'Other': Narrative and the Social Constitution of Identity," in Craig Calhoun, ed., Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 37-99.
98. Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1966); Lowi, End of Liberalism; Schmitter and Lehmbruch, Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation; Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe.
99. Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1966); Lowi, End of Liberalism; Schmitter and Lehmbruch, Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation; Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe.
100. Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1966); Lowi, End of Liberalism; Schmitter and Lehmbruch, Trends towards Corporatist Intermediation; Berger, Organizing Interests in Western Europe.
101. Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, 144-47.
102. Ibid., 147.
103. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 109.
104. Sven Steinmo, Taxation and Democracy: Swedish, British and American Approaches to Financing the Modern State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993),
105. I make a similar argument in Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
106. Victoria C. Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). See also Victoria C. Hattam, "Institutions and Political Change: Working-Class Formation in England and the United States, 1820-1896," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 155-87.
107. Victoria C. Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). See also Victoria C. Hattam, "Institutions and Political Change: Working-Class Formation in England and the United States, 1820-1896," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 155-87.
108. Gerhard Lehmbruch, "Sektorale Variationen in der Transformationsdynamik der politischen Ökonomie Ostdeutschlands und ihre situativen und institutionellen Bedingungen," in Wolfgang Seibel and Arthur Benz, eds., Regierungssystem und Verwaltungspolitik: Beiträge zu Ehren von Thomas Ellwein (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1995), 180-215.
109. Bo Rothstein uses a similar argument with regard to Swedish corporatism. Trust between business and labor associations was built up over time through mutual cooperation in the system of employment exchanges. Den korporativa staten: Interesseorganisationer och statsförvaltning i svensk politik (Stockholm: Norstedts, 1992). The English translation (The Corporatist State) is forthcoming from Pittsburgh University Press.
110. See also his article, "Labor Market Institutions and Working-Class Strength," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 33-56.
111. Douglas E. Ashford, "The British and French Social Security Systems: Welfare State by Intent and by Default," in Ashford and E. W. Kelley, eds., Nationalizing Social Security (Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1986), 96-122.
112. Richard M. Locke and Kathleen Thelen, "Apples and Oranges Revisited: Contextualized Comparisons and the Study of Comparative Labor Politics," Politics and Society 23, no. 3 (September 1995): 337-67.
113. Terry Moe, "Institutions, Interests and Positive Theory: The Politics of the NLRB," Studies in American Political Development 2 (1987): 236-99.
114. Peter A. Hall, "The Movement from Keynesianism to Monetarism: Institutional Analysis and British Economic Policy in the 1970s," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 90-113.
115. Ira Katznelson, City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
116. Ann Shola Orloff and Theda Skocpol, "Why Not Equal Protection? Explaining the Politics of Public Social Spending in Britain, 1900-1911, and the United States, 1880s-1920," American Sociological Review 49, no. 6 (December 1984): 726-50.
117. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1992).
118. Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity and the Bourgeois Origins of the European Welfare State, 1875-1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
119. Frank Nullmeier and Friedbert W. Rüb, Die Transformation der Sozialpolitik: Vom Sozialstaat zum Sicherungsstaat (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1993).
120. Margaret Weir, Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
121. See also her "Ideas and the Politics of Bounded Innovation," in Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, 188-216.
122. Susan Pedersen, Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State: Britain and France, 1914-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
123. Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, "Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization," Past and Present 108 (August 1985): 134, 139. See also their "Stories, Strategies, Structures: Rethinking Historical Alternatives to Mass Production," in Sabel and Zeitlin, eds., Worlds of Possibility: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, forthcoming).
124. Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, "Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization," Past and Present 108 (August 1985): 134, 139. See also their "Stories, Strategies, Structures: Rethinking Historical Alternatives to Mass Production," in Sabel and Zeitlin, eds., Worlds of Possibility: Flexibility and Mass Production in Western Industrialization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, forthcoming).
125. Gary B. Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). For a similar constructivist view on political economy, see Colleen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
126. Gary B. Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). For a similar constructivist view on political economy, see Colleen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States and Prussia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
127. Collingwood, The Idea of History, 9-10, 215.
128. Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1978).
129. Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions.
130. Suzanne Berger, Peasants against Politics: Rural Organization in Brittany, 1911-1967 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972).
131. Hall and Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," 955-56. See also Bates and Weingast, "Rationality and Interpretation"; Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Atul Kohli, "Introduction," World Politics 48 (October 1995): 1-2.
132. Hall and Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," 955-56. See also Bates and Weingast, "Rationality and Interpretation"; Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Atul Kohli, "Introduction," World Politics 48 (October 1995): 1-2.
133. Hall and Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," 955-56. See also Bates and Weingast, "Rationality and Interpretation"; Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Atul Kohli, "Introduction," World Politics 48 (October 1995): 1-2.
134. Hall and Taylor, "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms," 955-56. See also Bates and Weingast, "Rationality and Interpretation"; Ira Katznelson, "Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics," in Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Atul Kohli, "Introduction," World Politics 48 (October 1995): 1-2.