Designation of Obesity as a Disease: Lessons Learned From Alcohol and Tobacco

Current Gastroenterology Reports

Volumn 16, Issue 11, 2014, Pages

  Hurt, Ryan T ^a,b   Edakkanambeth Varayil, Jithinraj ^a   Mundi, Manpreet S ^a   Martindale, Robert G ^c   Ebbert, Jon O ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

^c OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Alcohol; Disease; Obesity; Smoking; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

LORCASERIN; PHENTERMINE; TOPIRAMATE;

ALCOHOLISM; AWARENESS; BODY MASS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; DECISION MAKING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COUNSELING; REIMBURSEMENT; REVIEW; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION PROGRAM; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREATMENT PLANNING; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY;

ALCOHOLISM; CHRONIC DISEASE; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; HUMANS; OBESITY; TOBACCO USE DISORDER;

EID: 84910646282     PISSN: 15228037     EISSN: 1534312X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-014-0415-z     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999–2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):491–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.39. The most cited article examining trends in obesity.
2. Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H, Trogdon JG, Pan L, Sherry B, et al. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42(6):563–70. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.026.
3. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1625–38.
4. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):763–78. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055643.
5. Pischon T, Nothlings U, Boeing H. Obesity and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008;67(2):128–45. doi:10.1017/S0029665108006976.
6. Allison DB, Downey M, Atkinson RL, Billington CJ, Bray GA, Eckel RH, et al. Obesity as a disease: a white paper on evidence and arguments commissioned by the Council of the Obesity Society. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(6):1161–77.
7. Hurt RT, Frazier TH, McClave SA, Kaplan LM. Obesity epidemic: overview, pathophysiology, and the intensive care unit conundrum. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2011;35(5 Suppl):4S–13. doi:10.1177/0148607111415110. Recent paper examining the tarditional versus new viewpoints of obesity.
8. Hurt RT, Kulisek C, Buchanan LA, McClave SA. The obesity epidemic: challenges, health initiatives, and implications for gastroenterologists. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2010;6(12):780–92.
9. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1597–604. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1105816.
10. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4.
11. Olsen CM. Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions. Neuropharmacology. 2011;61(7):1109–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010.
12. Pitchers KK, Balfour ME, Lehman MN, Richtand NM, Yu L, Coolen LM. Neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic system induced by natural reward and subsequent reward abstinence. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):872–9. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.036.
13. O’Brien CP. Neuroplasticity in addictive disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(3):350–3. Outlines the clinical significance of brain changes in addiction, once established, potentially leading to chronic illness requiring chronic treatment with medications and behavioral therapies.
14. Armelagos GJ. The omnivore’s dilemma. The evolution of the brain and the determinants of food choice. J Anthropol Res. 2010;66:161–86.
15. Urban NB, Martinez D. Neurobiology of addiction: insight from neurochemical imaging. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2012;35(2):521–41. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.011.
16. Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Striatocortical pathway dysfunction in addiction and obesity: differences and similarities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;48(1):1–19. doi:10.3109/10409238.2012.735642. Good review of the overlaps between addiction and obesity.
17. Wang GJ, Geliebter A, Volkow ND, Telang FW, Logan J, Jayne MC, et al. Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(8):1601–8. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.27.
18. Colantuoni C, Rada P, McCarthy J, Patten C, Avena NM, Chadeayne A, et al. Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obes Res. 2002;10(6):478–88. doi:10.1038/oby.2002.66.
19. Gosnell BA. Sucrose intake enhances behavioral sensitization produced by cocaine. Brain Res. 2005;1031(2):194–201. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.037.
20. Avena NM, Carrillo CA, Needham L, Leibowitz SF, Hoebel BG. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol. Alcohol. 2004;34(2–3):203–9.
21. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. Amphetamine-sensitized rats show sugar-induced hyperactivity (cross-sensitization) and sugar hyperphagia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003;74(3):635–9.
22. Avena NM, Hoebel BG. A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Neuroscience. 2003;122(1):17–20.
23. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430–6. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003.
24. Association AP. Diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition. American Psychiatric Association. 1994.
25. Davis C, Curtis C, Levitan RD, Carter JC, Kaplan AS, Kennedy JL. Evidence that ‘food addiction’ is a valid phenotype of obesity. Appetite. 2011;57(3):711–7. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.017.
26. Imperatori C, Innamorati M, Contardi A, Continisio M, Tamburello S, Lamis DA, et al. The association among food addiction, binge eating severity and psychopathology in obese and overweight patients attending low-energy-diet therapy. Compr Psychiatry. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.023.
27. Morse RM, Flavin DK. The definition of alcoholism. The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism. JAMA: J Am Med Assoc. 1992;268(8):1012–4.
28. Albanese AP. Management of alcohol abuse. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;16(4):737–62. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006.
29. Anderson DJ, McGovern JP, DuPont RL. The origins of the Minnesota model of addiction treatment—a first person account. J Addict Dis. 1999;18(1):107–14. doi:10.1300/J069v18n01_10.
30. Hingson R, White A. New research findings since the 2007 Surgeon general’s call to action to prevent and reduce underage drinking: a review. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75(1):158–69.
31. Grant TM, Huggins JE, Sampson PD, Ernst CC, Barr HM, Streissguth AP. Alcohol use before and during pregnancy in western Washington, 1989–2004: implications for the prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):278 e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.871.
32. Quitting smoking among adults–United States, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(44):1513–9.
33. Alberg AJ, Shopland DR, Cummings KM. The 2014 surgeon general’s report: commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General and updating the evidence on the health consequences of cigarette smoking. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(4):403–12. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt335.
34. Benowitz NL. The biology of nicotine dependence: from the 1988 Surgeon General’s Report to the present and into the future. Nicotine Tob Res Off J Soc Res Nicotine Tob. 1999;1 Suppl 2:S159–63.
35. Services USDoHaH. The Health Consequences of Smoking: nicotine addiction. A Report of the Surgeon General, 1988. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health. 1988.
36. Hurt RD, Robertson CR. Prying open the door to the tobacco industry’s secrets about nicotine: the Minnesota Tobacco Trial. JAMA: J Am Med Assoc. 1998;280(13):1173–81.
37. Hurt RD, Lauger GG, Offord KP, Kottke TE, Dale LC. Nicotine-replacement therapy with use of a transdermal nicotine patch—a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65(12):1529–37.
38. Hurt RD, Sachs DP, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC, et al. A comparison of sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(17):1195–202. doi:10.1056/NEJM199710233371703.
39. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: J Am Med Assoc. 2006;296(1):56–63. doi:10.1001/jama.296.1.56.
40. Bardia A, Holtan SG, Slezak JM, Thompson WG. Diagnosis of obesity by primary care physicians and impact on obesity management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(8):927–32.
41. Hurt RT, Edakkanambeth Varayil J, Ebbert JO. New pharmacological treatments for the management of obesity. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014;16(6):394. doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0394-0. Recent review of FDA apporved medications for obesity.
42. Kiraly LN, McClave SA, Neel D, Evans DC, Martindale RG, Hurt RT. Physician nutrition education. Nutr Clin Pract Off Publ Am Soc Parenter Enter Nutr. 2014;29(3):332–7. doi:10.1177/0884533614525212.
43. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S102–38. Most recent obesity guidelines with evidence based recommendations for the treatment of obese patients.
44. Marincic P, Gray C. CMS coverage for obesity management. JAAPA: Off J Am Acad Physician Assist. 2014;27(1):47–50. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000438539.99762.50.
45. Pagoto SL, Pbert L, Emmons K. The Society of Behavioral Medicine position statement on the CMS decision memo on intensive behavior therapy for obesity. Transl Behav Med. 2012;2(4):381–3. doi:10.1007/s13142-012-0168-x.
46. Nagelhout GE, Willemsen MC, van den Putte B, de Vries H, Willems RA, Segaar D. Effectiveness of a national reimbursement policy and accompanying media attention on use of cessation treatment and on smoking cessation: a real-world study in the Netherlands. Tob Control. 2014. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051430.
47. Hays JT, Ebbert JO. Varenicline for tobacco dependence. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(19):2018–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMct0800146.
48. Miller NS, Sheppard LM. The role of the physician in addiction prevention and treatment. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1999;22(2):489–505.
49. Medicine ABoA. American board of addiction medicine, history. 2014. http://www.abam.net/about/history. Accessed 7 Jul 2014.
50. Beal E. The pros and cons of designating obesity a disease: the new AMA designation stirs debate. Am J Nurs. 2013;113(11):18–9. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000437102.45737.c7.
51. Hoyt CL, Burnette JL, Auster-Gussman L. “Obesity is a disease”: examining the self-regulatory impact of this public-health message. Psychol Sci. 2014;25(4):997–1002. doi:10.1177/0956797613516981.
52. Cave MC, Hurt RT, Frazier TH, Matheson PJ, Garrison RN, McClain CJ, et al. Obesity, inflammation, and the potential application of pharmaconutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(1):16–34.
53. medscape. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/825322#1. Accessed 8 Jul 2014.
54. Puhl RM, Heuer CA. The stigma of obesity: a review and update. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(5):941–64. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636.
55. Puhl RM, Moss-Racusin CA, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Weight stigmatization and bias reduction: perspectives of overweight and obese adults. Health Educ Res. 2008;23(2):347–58. doi:10.1093/her/cym052.
56. Teachman BA, Gapinski KD, Brownell KD, Rawlins M, Jeyaram S. Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: the impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. Health Psychol. 2003;22(1):68–78.
57. O’Brien KS, Puhl RM, Latner JD, Mir AS, Hunter JA. Reducing anti-fat prejudice in preservice health students: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(11):2138–44. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.79.
58. Latner JD, Ebneter DS, O’Brien KS. Residual obesity stigma: an experimental investigation of bias against obese and lean targets differing in weight-loss history. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(10):2035–8. doi:10.1038/oby.2012.55.
59. Latner JD, Puhl RM, Murakami JM, O’Brien KS. Food addiction as a causal model of obesity. Effects on stigma, blame, and perceived psychopathology. Appetite. 2014;77:77–82.