Vasculitis in antiphospholipid syndrome

Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 109-123

  Lally, Lindsay ^a   Sammaritano, Lisa R ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SPECIAL SURGERY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti 2 glycoprotein 1 antibody; Anticardiolipin antibody; Antiphospholipid syndrome; Lupus anticoagulant; Vasculitis

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; RITUXIMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS; ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; BEHCET DISEASE; BRAIN VASCULITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HEART INFARCTION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LUNG DISEASE; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; RETINA VASCULITIS; REVIEW; SMALL VESSEL VASCULITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; VASCULITIS; VEIN THROMBOSIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS; BLEEDING; COMPLICATION; IMMUNOLOGY; LIVEDO RETICULARIS; RETINAL VASCULITIS; THROMBOSIS;

ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; LIVEDO RETICULARIS; LUNG DISEASES; RETINAL VASCULITIS; THROMBOSIS; VASCULITIS;

EID: 84910133219     PISSN: 0889857X     EISSN: 15583163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.09.009     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Miyakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi T., et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). JThromb Haemost 2006, 4:295-306.
2. Erkan D., Lockshin M.D. Non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2010, 19:424-427.
3. Lie J.T. Vasculopathy of the antiphospholipid syndromes revisited: thrombosis is the culprit and vasculitis the consort. Lupus 1996, 5:368-371.
4. Norden D.K., Ostrov B.E., Shafritz A.B., et al. Vasculitis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995, 24:273-281.
5. Rees J.D., Lanca S., Marques P.V., et al. Prevalence of the antiphospholipid syndrome in primary systemic vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006, 65:109-111.
6. Giannakopoulos B., Krilis S.A. The pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. NEngl J Med 2013, 368:1033-1044.
7. Willis R., Harris E.N., Pierangeli S.S. Pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012, 38:305-321.
8. Lie J.T. The distinction between vasculitis coincidental with and one that is causally related to the antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:1540.
9. Rocca P.V., Siegel L.B., Cupps T.R. The concomitant expression of vasculitis and coagulopathy: synergy for marked tissue ischemia. JRheumatol 1994, 21:556-560.
10. Drenkard C., Villa A.R., Reyes E., et al. Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematous. Lupus 1997, 6:235-242.
11. Love P.E., Santoro S.A. Antiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non-SLE disorders. Prevalence and clinical significance. Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:682-698.
12. Ramos-Casals M., Nardi N., Lagrutta M., et al. Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and clinical characteristics in 670 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006, 85:95-104.
13. Goldberger E., Elder R.C., Schwartz R.A., et al. Vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. A cause of ischemia responding to corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum 1992, 35:569-572.
14. Hansen K.E., Moore K.D., Ortel T.L., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:2250-2252.
15. Cervera R., Piette J.C., Font J., et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1019-1027.
16. Thornsberry L.A., LoSicco K.I., English J.C. The skin and hypercoagulable states. JAm Acad Dermatol 2013, 69:450-462.
17. Francès C., Niang S., Laffitte E., et al. Dermatologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome: two hundred consecutive cases. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:1785-1793.
18. Acland K.M., Darvay A., Wakelin S.H., et al. Livedoid vasculitis: a manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome?. Br J Dermatol 1999, 140:131-135.
19. Asherson R.A., Jacobelli S., Rosenberg H., et al. Skin nodules and macules resembling vasculitis in the antiphospholipid syndrome-a report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992, 17:266-269.
20. Weinstein S., Piette W. Cutaneous manifestations of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008, 22:67-77.
21. Kawakami T., Soma Y., Mizoguchi M. Initial cutaneous manifestations associated with histopathological leukocytoclastic vasculitis in two patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. JDermatol 2005, 32:1032-1037.
22. Tajima C., Suzuki Y., Mizushima Y., et al. Clinical significance of immunoglobulin A antiphospholipid antibodies: possible association with skin manifestations and small vessel vasculitis. JRheumatol 1998, 25:1730-1736.
23. Utz V.M., Tang J. Ocular manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2011, 95:454-459.
24. Asherson R.A., Merry P., Acheson J.F., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies: a risk factor for occlusive ocular vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and the 'primary' antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1989, 48:358-361.
25. Turaka K., Bryan J.S., Kwong H.M., et al. Bilateral occlusive retinal vasculitis in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol 2012, 47:60-61.
26. Kurz D.E., Wang R.C., Kurz P.A. Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysms, and neuroretinitis in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2012, 130:257-258.
27. Miserocchi E., Baltatzis S., Foster C.S. Ocular features associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: a descriptive study. Am J Ophthalmol 2001, 131:451-456.
28. Gertner E. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in the antiphospholipid syndrome: spectrum of disease and treatment. JRheumatol 1999, 26:805-807.
29. Asherson R.A., Cervera R., Wells A.U. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: a nonthrombotic antiphospholipid lung syndrome?. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005, 35:138-142.
30. Cartin-Ceba R., Peikert T., Ashrani A., et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014, 66:301-310.
31. Deane K.D., West S.G. Antiphospholipid antibodies as a cause of pulmonary capillaritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: a case series and literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005, 35:154-165.
32. Espinosa G., Cervera R., Font J., et al. The lung in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2002, 61:195-198.
33. Toussirot E., Figarella-Branger D., Disdier P., et al. Association of cerebral vasculitis with a lupus anticoagulant. A case with brain pathology. Clin Rheumatol 1994, 13:624-627.
34. Quintero M., Mirza N., Chang H., et al. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome associated with primary angiitis of the central nervous system: report of two biopsy proven cases. Ann Rheum Dis 2006, 65:408-409.
35. Jeruc J., Popovic M., Vizjak A., et al. Multiple mononeuropathy due to vasculitis associated with anticardiolipin antibodies: a case report. Folia Neuropathol 2006, 44:140-143.
36. Rallings P., Exner T., Abraham R. Coronary artery vasculitis and myocardial infarction associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in a pregnant woman. Aust N Z J Med 1989, 19:347-350.
37. Ames P.R., Cianciaruso B., Bellizzi V., et al. Bilateral renal artery occlusion in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: thrombosis, vasculitis or both?. JRheumatol 1992, 19:1802-1806.
38. Almeshari K., Alfurayh O., Akhtar M. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome and self-limited renal vasculitis during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 24:505-508.
39. Jennette J.C., Falk R.J., Bacon P.A., et al. 2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013, 65:1-11.
40. Merkel P.A., Chang Y., Pierangeli S.S., et al. The prevalence and clinical associations of anticardiolipin antibodies in a large inception cohort of patients with connective tissue diseases. Am J Med 1996, 101:576-583.
41. Handa R., Aggarwal P., Biswas A., et al. Microscopic polyangiitis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999, 38:478-479.
42. Ferenczi K., Chang T., Camouse M., et al. Acase of Churg-Strauss syndrome associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. JAm Acad Dermatol 2007, 56:701-704.
43. Castellino G., La Corte R., Santilli D., et al. Wegener's granulomatosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2000, 9:717-720.
44. Shovman O., Langevitz P., Gilburd B., et al. Coincidence of granulomatosis and polyangiitis with atypical clinical manifestation and antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2013, 22:320-323.
45. Merkel P.A., Lo G.H., Holbrook J.T., et al. Brief communication: high incidence of venous thromboembolic events among patients with Wegener's granulomatosis: the Wegener's clinical occurrence of thrombosis (WeCLOT) Study. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:620-626.
46. Weidner S., Hafezi-Rachti S., Rupprecht H.D. Thromboembolic events as a complication of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 55:146-149.
47. Sebastian J.K., Voetsch B., Stone J.H., et al. The frequency of anticardiolipin antibodies and genetic mutations associated with hypercoagulability among patients with Wegener's granulomatosis with and without a history of a thrombotic event. JRheumatol 2007, 34:2446-2450.
48. Lamprecht P., deGroot K., Schnabel A., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and antibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein I in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000, 39:568-570.
49. von Scheven E., Lu T.T., Emery H.M., et al. Thrombosis and pediatric Wegener's granulomatosis: acquired and genetic risk factors for hypercoagulability. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 49:862-865.
50. Steen K.S., Peters M.J., Zweegman S., et al. Relapsing splenic vein thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in a patient with Wegener granulomatosis. JClin Rheumatol 2007, 13:92-93.
51. Meyer M.F., Schnabel A., Schatz H., et al. Lack of association between antiphospholipid antibodies and thrombocytopenia in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001, 31:4-11.
52. Paul S.N., Sangle S.R., Bennett A.N., et al. Vasculitis, antiphospholipid antibodies, and renal artery stenosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:1800-1802.
53. Wiesner O., Russell K.A., Lee A.S., et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies reacting with human neutrophil elastase as a diagnostic marker for cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions but not autoimmune vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:2954-2965.
54. Gulati S., Donato A.A. Lupus anticoagulant and ANCA associated thrombotic vasculopathy due to cocaine contaminated with levamisole: a case report and review of the literature. JThromb Thrombolysis 2012, 34:7-10.
55. Gaburri P.D., Chebli J.M., Attalla A., et al. Colonic ulcers in propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2005, 81:338-340.
56. Vereckel E., Krivan G., Reti M., et al. Anti-TNF-alpha-induced antiphospholipid syndrome manifested as necrotizing vasculitis. Scand J Rheumatol 2010, 39:175-177.
57. Casanueva B., Rodriguez-Valverde V., Merino J., et al. Increased IgA-producing cells in the blood of patients with active Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Arthritis Rheum 1983, 26:854-860.
58. Kawasaki Y. The pathogenesis and treatment of pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011, 15:648-657.
59. Yang Y.H., Huang M.T., Lin S.C., et al. Increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-secreting T cells and IgA anti-cardiolipin antibody levels during acute stage of childhood Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin Exp Immunol 2000, 122:285-290.
60. Kawakami T., Watabe H., Mizoguchi M., et al. Elevated serum IgA anticardiolipin antibody levels in adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Br J Dermatol 2006, 155:983-987.
61. Kawakami T., Yamazaki M., Mizoguchi M., et al. High titer of serum antiphospholipid antibody levels in adult Henoch-Schönlein purpura and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 59:561-567.
62. Kimura S., Takeuchi S., Soma Y., et al. Raised serum levels of interleukins 6 and 8 and antiphospholipid antibodies in an adult patient with Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013, 38:730-736.
63. Liu A., Zhang H. Detection of antiphospholipid antibody in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura and central nervous system involvement. Pediatr Neurol 2012, 47:167-170.
64. Asherson R.A., Cervera R. Antiphospholipid antibodies and infections. Ann Rheum Dis 2003, 62:388-393.
65. Basu N., Watts R., Bajema I., et al. EULAR points to consider in the development of classification and diagnostic criteria in systemic vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010, 69:1744-1750.
66. Allenbach Y., Seror R., Pagnoux C., et al. High frequency of venous thromboembolic events in Churg-Strauss syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis but not polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study on 1130 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:564-567.
67. Dasgupta B., Almond M.K., Tanqueray A. Polyarteritis nodosa and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 1997, 36:1210-1212.
68. Praderio L., D'Angelo A., Taccagni G., et al. Association of lupus anticoagulant with polyarteritis nodosa: report of a case. Haematologica 1990, 75:387-390.
69. Egan A.C., Caleyachetty R., Sabharwal T., et al. Endocarditis and ulnar artery aneurysm as presenting features of antiphospholipid syndrome and polyarteritis nodosa. Lupus 2005, 14:914-917.
70. Valeyrie L., Bachot N., Roujeau J.C., et al. Neurological manifestations of polyarteritis nodosa associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2003, 154:479-482.
71. Schoonjans R., Van Vlem B., Weyers S., et al. Polyarteritis nodosa and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 1996, 15:410-413.
72. Musuruana J.L., Cavallasca J.A. Polyarteritis nodosa complicated by antiphospholipid syndrome. South Med J 2008, 101:419-421.
73. Koutoulidis V., Chatziioannou A., Kostopoulos C., et al. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a unique presentation with multiple visceral aneurysms. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:1793-1794.
74. Kawakami T., Yamazaki M., Misoguchi M., et al. High titer of anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibodies in patients with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Care Res 2007, 57:1507-1513.
75. Salvarani C., Crowson C.S., O'Fallon W.M., et al. Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmstead County, Minnesota over a fifty-year period. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 51:264-268.
76. Borg F.A., Salter V.L., Dasgupta B. Neuro-ophthalmic complications in giant cell arteritis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2008, 8:323-330.
77. Cid M.C., Cervera R., Font J., et al. Recurrent arterial thrombosis in a patient with giant-cell arteritis and raised anticardiolipin antibody levels. Br J Rheumatol 1988, 27:164-166.
78. Cid M.C., Cervera R., Font J., et al. Late thrombotic events in patients with temporal arteritis and anticardiolipin antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990, 8:359-363.
79. McHugh N.J., James I.E., Plant G.T. Anticardiolipin and antineutrophil antibodies in giant cell arteritis. JRheumatol 1991, 17:916-922.
80. Espinoza L.R., Jara L.J., Silveira L.H., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis: association with severe vascular complications. Am J Med 1991, 90:474-478.
81. Duhaut P., Berruyer M., Pinede L., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and giant cell arteritis: a prospective, multicenter case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Artérite à Cellules Géantes. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:701-709.
82. Liozon E., Roussel V., Roblot P., et al. Absence of anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies in giant cell arteritis: a study of 45 biopsy-proven cases. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:1129-1131.
83. Meyer O., Nicaise P., Moreau S., et al. Antibodies to cardiolipin and beta 2 glycoprotein I in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1996, 63:241-247.
84. Manna R., Latteri M., Cristiano G., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40 cases. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:208-210.
85. Liozon E., Roblot P., Paire D., et al. Anticardiolipin antibody levels predict flares and relapses in patients with giant-cell (temporal) arteritis. A longitudinal study of 58 biopsy-proven cases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000, 39:1089-1094.
86. Le Tonquèze M., Dueymes M., Giovangrandi Y., et al. The relationship of anti-endothelial cell antibodies to anti-phospholipid antibodies in patients with giant cell arteritis and/or polymyalgia rheumatica. Autoimmunity 1995, 20(1):59-66.
87. Cuchacovich R., Espinoza L.R. Is antiphospholipid antibody determination clinically relevant to the vasculitides?. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001, 31:1-3.
88. Kerr G.S., Hallahan C.W., Giordano J., et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1994, 120:919-929.
89. Nava A., Senécal J.L., Bañales J.L., et al. Absence of antiphospholipid/co-factor antibodies in Takayasu arteritis. Int J Cardiol 2000, 75:S99-S104.
90. Park M.C., Park Y.B., Jung S.Y., et al. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies and antiphospholipid antibodies in Takayasu's arteritis: correlations of their titers and isotype distributions with disease activity. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006, 24:S10-S16.
91. Misra R., Aggarwal A., Chag M., et al. Raised anticardiolipin antibodies in Takayasu's arteritis. Lancet 1994, 43:1644-1645.
92. Nityanand S., Mishra K., Shrivastava S., et al. Autoantibodies against cardiolipin and endothelial cells in Takayasu's arteritis: prevalence and isotype distribution. Br J Rheumatol 1997, 36:923-924.
93. Santiago M.B., Paz O. Rare association of antiphospholipid syndrome and Takayasu arteritis. Clin Rheumatol 2007, 26:821-822.
94. Fain O., Mathieu E., Seror O., et al. Aortitis: a new manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:686-687.
95. Dhaon P., Das S.K., Saran R.K., et al. Is aorto-arteritis a manifestation of primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?. Lupus 2011, 20:1554-1556.
96. Seror O., Fain O., Dordea M., et al. Aortitis with antiphospholipid antibodies: CT and MR findings. Eur Radiol 1998, 8:1373-1375.
97. Kaku B., Higuchi T., Kanaya H., et al. Usefulness of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Int Heart J 2006, 47:311-317.
98. Hamuryudan V., Er T., Seyahi E., et al. Pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behçet syndrome. Am J Med 2004, 117:867-870.
99. Tomasson G., Monach P.A., Merkel P.A. Thromboembolic disease in vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009, 21:41-46.
100. Hatemi G., Yazici Y., Yazici H. Behçet's syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2013, 39:245-261.
101. Hull R.G., Harris E.N., Gharavi A.E., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: occurrence in Behçet's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1984, 43:746-748.
102. Pereira R.M., Gonçalves C.R., Bueno C., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in Behçet's syndrome: a predictor of a more severe disease. Clin Rheumatol 1989, 8:289-291.
103. Tokay S., Direskeneli H., Yurdakul S., et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in Behçet's disease: a reassessment. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:192-195.
104. Shaker O., Ay El-Deen M.A., El Hadidi H., et al. The role of heat shock protein 60, vascular endothelial growth factor and antiphospholipid antibodies in Behçet disease. Br J Dermatol 2007, 156:32-37.
105. Caramaschi P., Poli G., Bonora A., et al. Astudy on thrombophilic factors in Italian Behçet's patients. Joint Bone Spine 2010, 77:330-334.
106. El-Ageb E.M., Al-Maini M.H., Al-Shukaily A.K., et al. Clinical features of Behçet's disease in patients in the Sultanate of Oman; the significance of antiphospholipid antibodies?. Rheumatol Int 2002, 21:176-181.