Pyroelectric materials and devices for energy harvesting applications

Energy and Environmental Science

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 3836-3856

  Bowen, C R ^a   Taylor, J ^b   Leboulbar, E ^a,b   Zabek, D ^a   Chauhan, A ^c   Vaish, R ^c  

^a University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^b University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^c INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANDI   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC FIELDS;

DEVICE PERFORMANCE; ELECTRICAL POWER; POWER LEVELS; PYROELECTRIC EFFECT; PYROELECTRIC MATERIALS; SOLID MATERIAL; THERMAL FLUCTUATIONS; THERMOELECTRIC SYSTEMS;

ENERGY HARVESTING;

ELECTRICAL METHOD; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 84910116297     PISSN: 17545692     EISSN: 17545706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/c4ee01759e     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. S. P. Beeby M. J. Tudor N. M. White Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications Meas. Sci. Technol. 2006 17 R175 R195
2. S. R. Hunter N. V. Lavrik S. Mostafa S. Rajic P. G. Datskos Review of pyroelectric thermal energy harvesting and new MEMs-based resonant energy conversion techniques Proc. SPIE 2012 8377 83770D
3. A. Khodayari, S. Mohammadi and D. Guyomar, Pyroelectric energy harvesting: fundamentals and applications, VDM Publishing, 2011
4. W. H. Clingman R. G. Moore Application of ferroelectricity to energy conversion processes J. Appl. Phys. 1961 32 675 681
5. E. Fatuzzo H. Kiess R. Nitsche Theoretical efficiency of pyroelectric power converters J. Appl. Phys. 1966 37 510 516
6. S. R. Hoh Conversion of thermal to electrical energy with ferroelectric materials Proc. IEEE 1963 51 838 845
7. A. van der Ziel Solar power generation with pyroelectric effect J. Appl. Phys. 1974 45 4128
8. J. E. Drummond, Dielectric power conversion, in Energy 10; Annual Intersociety Energy Conversion and Engineering Conference, Newark, 1975, pp. 569-575
9. J. D. Childress Application of a ferroelectric material in an energy conversion device J. Appl. Phys. 1962 33 1793 1798
10. J. E. Drummond V. Fargo M. Briscoe H. Reed Demonstration of a high power density electrocaloric heat engine Ferroelectrics 1980 27 215 218
11. R. W. Whatmore Pyroelectric devices and materials Rep. Prog. Phys. 1986 49 1335 1386
12. S. B. Lang Pyroelectricity: From ancient curiosity to modern imaging tool Phys. Today 2005 58 31 36
13. J. Erhart Experiments to demonstrate piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects Phys. Educ. 2013 48 438 447
14. S. B. Lang and D. K. Das-Gupta, Pyroelectricity: Fundamentals and Applications, in Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices, ed., H. S. Nalwa, Academic Press, 2001, vol. 4, pp. 1-54
15. S. B. Lang S. B. Muensit Review of some lesser-known applications of piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymers Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2006 85 125 134
16. S. B. Lang Pyroelectricity: A 2300-year history Ferroelectrics 1974 7 231 234
17. I. Lubomirsky O. Stafsudd Practical guide for pyroelectric measurements Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2012 83 051101
18. D. Lingam A. R. Parikh J. Huang A. Jain M. Minary-Jolandan Nano/microscale pyroelectric energy harvesting: challenges and opportunities Int. J. Smart Nano Mater. 2013 4 229 245
19. L. B. Kong, et al., Waste energy harvesting: Mechanical and thermal energies, Springer, London, 1994
20. R. G. Kepler Piezolectricity, pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity in organic materials Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1978 29 497 518
21. J. Li Y. Liu Y. Zhang H. Caic R. Xiong Molecular ferroelectrics: where electronics meet biology Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013 15 20786 20796
22. F. Y. Lee A. Navid L. Pilon Pyroelectric waste heat energy harvesting using heat conduction Appl. Therm. Eng. 2012 37 30 37
23. 3 single crystals Smart Mater. Struct. 2012 21 035015
24. A. Navid D. Vanderpool A. Bah L. Pilon Towards optimization of a pyroelectric energy converter for harvesting waste heat Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2010 53 4060 4070
25. Micropelt, http://www.micropelt.com/technology.php
26. Marlow Industries, Inc., https://www.marlow.com
27. D. Guyomar G. Sebald Pyroelectric/electrocaloric scavenging and cooling capabilities in ferroelectric materials International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2009 31 41 46
28. J. Xie X. P. Mane C. W. Green K. M. Mossi K. K. Leang Performance of thin piezoelectric materials for pyroelectric energy harvesting J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 2010 21 243 249
29. G. Cha and Y. Jia, High power density pyroelectric energy harversting incorporating switchable liquid-based thermal interfaces, in IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2012, pp. 1241-1244
30. H. Maiwa, Y. Ishizone and W. Sakamoto, Thermal and vibrational energy harvesting using PZT- and BT-based ceramics, in IEEE, Applications of Ferroelectrics, Aviero, 2012, pp. 1-4
31. G. Sebald D. Guyomar A. Agbossu On thermoelectric and pyroelectric energy harvesting Smart Mater. Struct. 2009 18 125006
32. A. Khodayari S. Pruvost G. Sebald D. Guyomar S. Mohammadi Nonlinear pyroelectric energy harvesting from relaxor single crystals IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2009 56 693 699
33. A. A. Sklar, A numerical investigation of a thermodielectric power generation system, PhD Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005
34. A. Potnuru Y. Tadesse Characterization of pyroelectric materials for energy harvesting from human body Integr. Ferroelectr. 2014 150 23 50
35. A. K. Batra S. Bhatacharjee A. K. Chilvery Energy harvesting roads via pyroelectric effect: a possible approach Proc. SPIE 2011 8035 803519
36. P. Mane J. Xie K. K. Leang K. Mossi Cyclic energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2011 58 1 10 17
37. A. Cuadras M. Gasulla V. Ferrari Thermal energy harvesting through pyroelectricity Sens. Actuators, A 2010 158 132 139
38. A. Navid L. Pilon Pyroelectric energy harvesting using Olsen cycles in purified and porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] thin films Smart Mater. Struct. 2011 20 025012
39. X. Li et al., Pyroelectric and electrocaloric materials J. Mater. Chem. 2013 1 23 37
40. J. D. Zook S. T. Liu Pyroelectric effects in thin film J. Appl. Phys. 1978 49 4604 4606
41. Y. Yang et al., Pyroelectric nanogenerators for harvesting thermoelectric energy Nano Lett. 2012 12 2833 2838
42. H. H. S. Chang Z. Huang Laminate composites with enhanced pyroelectric effects for energy harvesting Smart Mater. Struct. 2010 19 065018
43. H. H. S. Chang R. W. Whatmore Z. Huang Pyroelectric enhancement in laminate composites under short circuit condition J. Appl. Phys. 2009 106 014101
44. J. Lim, Energy harvesting device using pyroelectric material, US Pat., US2011/0169372A1, 2010
45. G. Sebald E. Lefeuvre D. Guyomar Pyroelectric energy conversion: Optimisation principles IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2008 55 538 551
46. 3 single crystals J. Appl. Phys. 2006 100 124112
47. 3 Thin Films ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013 5 13235 13241
48. S. K. T. Ravindran T. Huesgen M. Kroener P. Woias A self-sustaining micro thermomechanic-pyroelectric generator Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011 99 104102
49. S. K. T. Ravindran, T. Huesgen, M. Kroener, and P. Woias, A self-sustaining pyroelectric energy harvester utilizing spatial thermal gradients, in Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, Beijing, 2011, pp. 657-660
50. A. Navid C. S. Lynch L. Pilon Purified and porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) thin films for pyroelectric infrared sensing and energy harvesting Smart Mater. Struct. 2010 19 055006
51. G. M. Loiacono A. Shaulov D. Dorman J. Jacco G. Kostecky Crystal growth and electrical properties of DTGFB/TGSe solid solutions J. Cryst. Growth 1982 60 1 29 32
52. M. Marsilius et al., Mechanical Confinement: An Effective Way of Tuning Properties of Piezoelectric Crystals Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012 22 797 802
53. P. Yu Y. Tang H. Luo Fabrication, property and application of novel pyroelectric single crystals - PMN-PT J. Electroceram. 2010 24 1 4
54. I. M. McKinley L. Pilon Phase transitions and thermal expansion in pyroelectric energy conversion Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013 102 023906
55. S. K. T. Ravindran T. Huesgen M. Kroener P. Woias A self-sustaining micro thermomechanic-pyroelectric generator Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011 99 104102
56. G. Sebald S. Pruvost D. Guyomar Energy harvesting based on Ericsson pyroelectric cycles in a relaxor ferroelectric ceramic Smart Mater. Struct. 2008 17 015012
57. R. Kandilian A. Navid L. Pilon The pyroelectric energy harvesting capabilities of PMN-PT near the morphotropic phase boundary Smart Mater. Struct. 2011 20 055020
58. J. Xie, P. P. Mane, C. W. Green, K. M. Mossi and K. K. Leang, Energy harvesting by pyroelectric effect using PZT, in Proc. ASME Conf. Smart Materials, Adaptive Strucutre, Intelligent Systems, Maryland, 2008, pp. 273-277
59. Y. Yang Y. Zhou J. M. Wu Z. L. Wang Single micro/nanowire pyroelectric nanogenerators as self-powered temperature sensors ACS Nano 2012 6 8456 8461
60. A. Cuadras, M. Gasulla, A. Ghisla and V. Ferrari, Energy harvesting from PZT pyroelectric cells, in IMTC 2006 Intrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Sorrento, 2006, pp. 1668-1672
61. S. Dalola V. Ferrari D. Marioli Pyroelectric effect in PZT thick films for thermal energy harvesting in low-power sensors Procedia Eng. 2010 5 685 688
62. U. Erturun, R. Waxman, C. Green, M. L. Richeson and K. Mossi, Energy scavenging combining piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects, in ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Philadelphia, 2010
63. C. C. Hsiao A. Siao J. Ciou Improvement of pyroelectric cells for thermal energy harvesting Sensors 2012 12 534 548
64. S. Krishnan D. Ezhilarasi G. Uma M. Umapathy Pyroelectric-based solar and wind energy harvesting system IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy 2014 5 73 81
65. V. Kotipalli et al., Light and thermal energy cell based on carbon nanotube films Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010 97 124102
66. Y. Yang S. Wang Y. Zhang Z. L. Wang Pyroelectric Nanogenerators for Driving Wireless Sensors Nano Lett. 2012 12 6408 6413
67. U. Erturun C. Green M. L. Richeson K. Mossi Experimental analysis of radiation heat-based energy harvesting through pyroelectricity Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 2014 10.1177/1045389X14533432
68. F. Y. Lee S. Goljahi I. M. McKinley C. S. Lynch L. Pilon Pyroelectric waste heat energy harvesting using relaxor ferroelectric 8/65/35 PLZT and the Olsen cycle Smart Mater. Struct. 2012 21 025021
69. T. K. Chin et al., Direct thermal to electrical energy conversion using 9.5/65/35 PLZT ceramics in the ergodic relaxor phase IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2012 59 2373 2385
70. F. Y. Lee H. R. Jo C. S. Lynch L. Pilon Pyroelectric energy conversion using PLZT ceramics and ferroelectric-ergodic relaxor phase transition Smart Mater. Struct. 2013 22 025038
71. 3 ceramic for efficient refrigeration and thermal energy harvesting J. Appl. Phys. 2014 115 013505
72. 3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics Mater. Lett. 2005 59 12 1576 1580
73. 3 lead-free single crystals J. Appl. Phys. 2014 115 074101
74. 3 thin films for pyroelectric energy harvesting Sens. Actuators, B 2012 169 208 212
75. S. Bhattacharjee, A. K. Batra and J. Cain, Energy harvesting from pavements using pyroelectric single crystal and nano-composite based smart materials, in First Congress of Transportation and Development Institute (TDI), Chicago, 2011, pp. 741-750
76. B. Naranjo J. K. Gimzewski S. Putterman Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal Nature 2005 434 1115 1117
77. V. A. Borisenok, A. S. Koshelev and E. Z. Novitsky, Pyroelectric materials for converters of pulsed ionizing radiation energy into electric power, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 1996, vol. 60, pp. 1660-1662
78. Y. Saito et al., Lead-free piezoceramics Nature 2004 432 84 87
79. A. Kumar A. Sharma R. Kumar R. Vaish V. S. Chauhan Finite element analysis of vibration energy harvesting using lead-free piezoelectric materials: A comparative study Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 2014 2 138 143
80. 3 (KNN)-based Lead-free Piezoelectric Materials in Active Vibration Control Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2014 10.1111/ijac.12231
81. 3 nanowires Adv. Mater. 2012 24 5357 5362
82. H. Nguyen A. Navid L. Pilon Pyroelectric energy converter using co-polymer P(VDF-TrFE) and Olsen cycle for waste heat energy harvesting Appl. Therm. Eng. 2010 30 2127 2137
83. R. B. Olsen D. A. Bruno J. M. Briscoe E. W. Jacobs High electric field resistivity and pyroelectric properties of vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer J. Appl. Phys. 1985 58 2854 2860
84. R. B. Olsen D. A. Bruno J. M. Briscoe E. W. Jacobs Pyroelectric coversion cycle of vinylidene fluroide-trifluoroethylene copolymer J. Appl. Phys. 1985 57 5036 5042
85. L. Kouchachvili M. Ikura Pyroelectric conversion-effects of P(VDF-TrFE) preconditioning on power conversion J. Electrost. 2007 65 182 188
86. H. Nguyen A. Navid L. Pilon Pyroelectric energy converter using co-polymer P(VDF-TrFE) and Olsen cycle for waste heat energy harvesting Appl. Therm. Eng. 2010 30 2127 2137
87. Y. Yang et al., Flexible hybrid energy cell for simultaneously harvesting thermal, mechanical, and solar energies ACS Nano 2013 7 785 790
88. A. K. Batra A. Alomari M. Thomas M. Dokhanian D. Reynolds Paint based pyroelectric thick-films for infrared and energy harvesting devices Adv. Sci., Eng. Med. 2014 6 708 711
89. R. B. Olsen D. A. Bruno J. M. Briscoe Pyroelectric conversion cycles J. Appl. Phys. 1985 58 4709 4716
90. G. Sebald E. Lefeuvre D. Guyomar Pyroelectric energy conversion: Optimisation principles IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2008 55 538 551
91. D. Guyomar G. Sebald E. Lefeuvre A. Khodayari Toward heat energy harvesting using pyroelectric material J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 2009 20 265 271
92. S. Mohammadi A. Khodayari Free energy harvesting from ambient temperature variations International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 2011 6 167 170
93. D. Guyomar and M. Lallart, Energy conversion improvement in ferroelectrics: application to energy harvesting and self-powered systems, in IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Rome, 2009, pp. 1-10
94. J. E. Drummond, Dielectric thermal power converter, US4220906 A, 1977
95. R. A. Olsen Ferroelectric conversion of heat to electrical energy-A demonstration J. Energy 1982 6 91 95
96. R. B. Olsen J. M. Briscoe D. A. Bruno W. F. Butler A pyroelectric energy converter which employs regeneration Ferroelectrics 1981 38 975 978
97. R. B. Olsen D. D. Brown High efficiency direct conversion of heat to electrical energy-related pyroelectric measurements Ferroelectrics 1982 40 17 27
98. R. B. Olsen D. Evans Pyroelectric energy conversion: Hysteresis loss and temperature sensitivity of a ferroelectric material J. Appl. Phys. 1983 54 5941 5944
99. R. B. Olsen, Pyroelectric energy converter and method, US 4647836 A, 1984
100. R. B. Olsen, Pyroelectric energy converter element comprising vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, US 4620262 A, 1984
101. J. L. Yu M. Ikura Direct conversion of waste heat to electricity using pyroelectric conversion International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2007 27 407 413
102. H. Zhu S. Pruvost D. Guyomar A. Khodayari Thermal energy harvesting from Pb[(Zn.sub.1/3][Nb.sub.2/3]).sub.0.955][Ti.sub.0.045][O.sub.3] single crystals phase transitions J. Appl. Phys. 2009 106 124102
103. S. Mohammadi A. Khodayari Pyroelectric energy harvesting with thermodynamic-based cycles Smart Mater. Res. 2012 2012 160956
104. M. Ikura Conversion of low-grade heat to electricity using pyroelectric copolymer Ferroelectrics 2002 267 403 408
105. D. Vanderpool J. H. Yoon L. Pilon Simulations of a prototypical device using pyroelectric materials for harvesting waste heat Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2008 51 5052 5062
106. L. Kouchachvili M. Ikura Improving the efficiency of pyroelectric conversion Int. J. Energy Res. 2008 32 328 335
107. M. Ikura and R. Charbonneau, Pyroelectric conversion system, US 6528898 B1, 2003
108. R. C. Moreno B. A. James A. Navid L. Pilon Pyroelectric energy converter for harvesting waste heat: Simulations versus experiments Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2012 55 4301 4311
109. R. B. Olsen and D. A. Bruno, Pyroelectric conversion materials, in ECEC '86; Proceedings of the Twenty-first Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, 1986, pp. 89-93
110. D. Guyomar S. Pruvost G. Sebald Energy harvesting based on FE-FE transitions in ferroelectric single crystals IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2008 55 279 285
111. G. Cha Y. S. Ju Electric field dependence of the Curie temperature of ferroelectric ply(vinyldenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) co-polymers for pyroelectric energy harvesting Smart Mater. Struct. 2012 21 022001
112. R. B. Olsen D. A. Bruno J. M. Briscoe J. Dullea Cascaded pyroelectric energy converter Ferroelectrics 1984 59 205 219
113. I. M. McKinley F. Y. Lee L. Pilon A novel thermomechanical energy conversion cycle Appl. Energy 2014 126 78 89
114. G. Cha Y. S. Ju Pyroelectric energy harvesting using liquid-based switchable thermal interfaces Sens. Actuators, A 2013 189 100 107
115. D. Guyomar G. Sebald S. Pruvost M. Lallart C. Richard A. Khodayari Energy harversting from ambient vibrations and heat J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 2009 20 609 624
116. M. Amokrane, A. Baysse, B. Nogarede and M. Rguiti, Low-voltage active diode rectifier for pyroelectric harvesting cell, in IECON 2012, 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Montreal, 2012, pp. 1055-1060
117. C. Richard, D. Guyomar, D. Audigier, and G. Ching, Semi passive damping using continuous switching of a piezoelectric device I, in Proc. SPIE Smart Struct. and Mat. Conf., Passive Damping and Isolation, San Diego, 1999, vol. 3672, p. 104
118. C. Richard, D. Guyomar, D. Audigier and H. Bassaler, Enhanced semi passive damping using continuous switching of a piezoelectric device on an inductor, in Proc. SPIE Smart Struct. and Mat. Conf., Passive Damping and Isolation, 2000, vol. 3989, p. 288
119. A. Badel D. Guyomar E. Lefeuvre C. Richard Efficiency enhancement of a piezoelectric energy harvesting device in pulsed operation by synchronous charge inversion Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures 2005 16 889 901
120. J. Fang H. Frederich L. Pilon Harvesting nanoscale thermal radiation using pyroelectric materials J. Heat Transfer 2010 132 092701
121. C. C. Hsiao J. Ciou A. Siao C. Lee Temperature field analysis for PZT pyroelectric cells for thermal energy harvesting Sensors 2011 11 10458 10473
122. C. C. Hsiao A. Siao Improving pyroelectric energy harvesting using a sandblast etching technique Sensors 2013 13 12113 12131
123. C. S. Wei et al., Partial-electroded ZnO pyroelectric sensors for responsivity improvement Sens. Actuators, A 2006 128 18 24
124. A. N. Morozovska E. A. Eliseev G. S. Svechnikov S. V. Kalinin Pyroelectric response of ferroelectric nanowires: Size effect and electric energy harvesting J. Appl. Phys. 2010 108 042009
125. R. Agrawal H. D. Espinosa Giant Piezoelectric Size Effects in Zinc Oxide and Gallium Nitride Nanowires. A First Principles Investigation Nano Lett. 2011 11 786 790
126. J. H. Lee et al., Highly stretchable piezoelectric-pyroelectric hybrid nanogenerator Adv. Mater. 2014 26 765 769
127. M. Goudarzi1 K. Niazi M. K. Besharati Hybrid energy harvesting from vibration and temperature gradient by PZT and PMN-0.25PT ceramics Mater. Phys. Mech. 2013 16 55 65
128. S. R. Hunter and P. G. Datskos, Mems based pyroelectric thermal energy harvester, US Patent Pub. no. US 20120056504 A1, 2012
129. S. Mostafa et al., A finitie element model of self-resonating bimorph cantilever for fast temperature cycling in a pyroelectric energy harvester Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 2011 1325 159 164
130. S. R. Hunter et al., Development of MEMS based pyroelectric thermal energy harvesters Proc. SPIE 2011 8035 80350V
131. T. Huesgen J. Ruhhammer G. Biancuzzi P. Woias Detailed study of a micro heat engine for thermal energy harvesting J. Micromech. Microeng. 2010 20 104004
132. S. K. T. Ravindran, T. Huesgen, M. Kroener and P. Woias, A self-sustaining pyroelectric energy harvester utilizing spatial thermal gradients, in Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (Transducers), Beijing, 2011, pp. 657-660
133. T. Huesgen, T. Ravindran, S. Karanilam and P. Woias, Micromechanical pyroelectric generator, WO 2012025137 A1, 2010
134. I. S. McKay E. N. Wang Thermal pulse energy harvesting Energy 2013 57 632 640
135. L. Carlioz, J. Delamare and S. Basrour, Temperature threshold tuning of a thermal harvesting switch, in Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, Denver, 2009, pp. 1385-1388
136. Z. Gong Y. He Y. Tseng C. O'Neal L. Que A micromachined carbon nanotube film cantilever-based energy cell Nanotechnology 2012 23 335401
137. Q. Zhang A. Agbossou Z. Feng M. Cosnier Solar micro-energy harvesting with pyroelectric effect and wind flow Sens. Actuators, A 2011 168 335 342
138. T. Lukasiewicz M. A. Swirkowicz J. Dec W. Hofman W. Szyrski Strontium-barium niobate single crystals, growth and ferroelectric properties J. Cryst. Growth 2008 310 1464 1469
139. J. G. Webster and E. Halit, Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook, CRC Press, 2014
140. 6 lead-free ceramics Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013 102 102908
141. S. T. Lau et al., Lead-free ceramics for pyroelectric applications J. Appl. Phys. 2008 103 104105
142. C. R. Bowen H. A. Kim P. M. Weaver S. Dunn Piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials and structures for energy harvesting applications Energy Environ. Sci. 2014 7 25 44
143. G. Hyseni, N. Caka, and K. Hysen, Infrared thermal detectors parameters: Semiconductor bolometers versus pyroelectrics, WSEAS Transactions on circuits and systems, 2010, 9, pp. 238-247
144. Y. He Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion of barium titanate-based ceramics Thermochim. Acta 2004 419 135 141
145. U. Özgür et al., Thermal conductivity of bulk ZnO after different thermal treatments J. Electron. Mater. 2006 35 550 555
146. Z. X. Huang Z. A. Tang J. Yu S. Bai Thermal conductivity of nanoscale polycrystalline ZnO thin films Physica B 2011 406 818 823
147. Mintres Material Data Sheet, http://www.mintres.com/pdf%5Cdia19.pdf, 2014
148. M. Pecht, et al., Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties, CRC Press, 1999
149. C. Glaw K. Janiak A. Kummrow V. Penschke H. J. Eichler Thermal relaxation times of bistable thin film elements J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. 1993 2 209
150. D. S. Ginley and D. Cahen, Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2012
151. Y. Wu J. Singh Transient study of self-heating effects in AlGaN/GaN HFETs: Consequence of carrier velocities, temperature, and device performance J. Appl. Phys. 2007 101 113712
152. G. Vats A. Chauhan R. Vaish Thermal energy harvesting using bulk lead-free ferroelectric ceramics Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2014 10.1111/ijac.12214
153. 3 Lead-Free Ferroelectric Ceramics Energy Technology 2014 2 2 205 209
154. 3 ceramic for efficient refrigeration and thermal energy harvesting J. Appl. Phys. 2014 115 1 013505
155. G. Vats H. S. Kushwaha R. Vaish Enormous energy harvesting and storage potential in multiferroic epitaxial thin film hetrostructures: an unforeseen era Materials Research Express 2014 1 1 015503
156. H. Zhu S. Pruvost P. J. Cottinet D. Guyomar Energy harvesting by nonlinear capacitance variation for a relaxor ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) terpolymer Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011 98 222901