Can sleep apnea cause Alzheimer's disease?

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 47, Issue , 2014, Pages 656-669

  Pan, Weihong ^a,b   Kastin, Abba J ^a  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b Biopotentials LLC ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Autophagy; Hypoxia; Oxidative stress; Sleep apnea; Sleep fragmentation

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; DONEPEZIL; PLACEBO;

AGE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CELL INTERACTION; CELL STRESS; CLINICAL STUDY; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INFLAMMATION; INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SYNAPSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; BRAIN; COMPLICATION; NEUROIMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN; HUMANS; NEUROIMAGING; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE;

EID: 84910075230     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.019     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Abrams B. Add Alzheimer's to the list of sleep apnea consequences. Med. Hypotheses 2005, 65:1201-1202.
2. Alberti A., Sarchielli P., Gallinella E., Floridi A., Floridi A., Mazzotta G., Gallai V. Plasma cytokine levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a preliminary study. J. Sleep Res. 2003, 12:305-311.
3. Alchanatis M., Zias N., Deligiorgis N., Liappas I., Chroneou A., Soldatos C., Roussos C. Comparison of cognitive performance among different age groups in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2008, 12:17-24.
4. Alkan A., Sharifov R., Akkoyunlu M.E., Kilicarslan R., Toprak H., Aralasmak A., Kart L. MR spectroscopy features of brain in patients with mild and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin. Imaging 2013, 37:989-992.
5. Ancoli-Israel S., Klauber M.R., Butters N., Parker L., Kripke D.F. Dementia in institutionalized elderly: relation to sleep apnea. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1991, 39:258-263.
6. Ancoli-Israel S., Palmer B.W., Cooke J.R., Corey-Bloom J., Fiorentino L., Natarajan L., Liu L., Ayalon L., He F., Loredo J.S. Cognitive effects of treating obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2008, 56:2076-2081.
7. Antonelli I.R., Marra C., Salvigni B.L., Petrone A., Gemma A., Selvaggio D., Mormile F. Does cognitive dysfunction conform to a distinctive pattern in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome?. J. Sleep Res. 2004, 13:79-86.
8. Archbold K.H., Borghesani P.R., Mahurin R.K., Kapur V.K., Landis C.A. Neural activation patterns during working memory tasks and OSA disease severity: preliminary findings. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2009, 5:21-27.
9. Ayalon L., Ancoli-Israel S., Aka A.A., McKenna B.S., Drummond S.P. Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea severity and brain activation during a sustained attention task. Sleep 2009, 32:373-381.
10. Ayalon L., Ancoli-Israel S., Drummond S.P. Altered brain activation during response inhibition in obstructive sleep apnea. J. Sleep Res. 2009, 18:204-208.
11. Banks W.A., Kumar V.B., Farr S.A., Nakaoke R., Robinson S.M., Morley J.E. Impairments in brain-to-blood transport of amyloid-beta and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease are reversed by antisense directed against amyloid-beta protein precursor. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2011, 23:599-605.
12. Banks W.A., Robinson S.M., Verma S., Morley J.E. Efflux of human and mouse amyloid beta proteins 1-40 and 1-42 from brain: impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2003, 121:487-492.
13. Beebe D.W., Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J. Sleep Res. 2002, 11:1-16.
14. Bixler E. Sleep and society: an epidemiological perspective. Sleep Med 2009, 10(Suppl. 1):S3-S6.
15. Bliwise D.L., Nekich J.C., Dement W.C. Relative validity of self-reported snoring as a symptom of sleep apnea in a sleep clinic population. Chest 1991, 99:600-608.
16. Bombois S., Derambure P., Pasquier F., Monaca C. Sleep disorders in aging and dementia. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2010, 14:212-217.
17. Braga C.W., Martinez D., Wofchuk S., Portela L.V., Souza D.O. S100B and NSE serum levels in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 2006, 7:431-435.
18. 2(15)O PET study. Brain 1997, 120(Pt 7):1173-1197.
19. Canessa N., Castronovo V., Cappa S.F., Aloia M.S., Marelli S., Falini A., Alemanno F., Ferini-Strambi L. Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes, neurocognitive function before, after treatment. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, 183:1419-1426.
20. Carlson B.W., Neelon V.J., Carlson J.R., Hartman M., Bliwise D.L. Cerebral oxygenation in wake and during sleep and its relationship to cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults without sleep disordered breathing. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2011, 66:150-156.
21. Cecarini V., Bonfili L., Cuccioloni M., Mozzicafreddo M., Rossi G., Buizza L., Uberti D., Angeletti M., Eleuteri A.M. Crosstalk between the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in a human cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1822:1741-1751.
22. Chang W.P., Liu M.E., Chang W.C., Yang A.C., Ku Y.C., Pai J.T., Huang H.L., Tsai S.J. Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: a population-based 5-year follow-up study in Taiwan. PLOS ONE 2013, 8:e78655.
23. Chong M.S., Ayalon L., Marler M., Loredo J.S., Corey-Bloom J., Palmer B.W., Liu L., Ancoli-Israel S. Continuous positive airway pressure reduces subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease with sleep disordered breathing. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006, 54:777-781.
24. Cirrito J.R., Deane R., Fagan A.M., Spinner M.L., Parsadanian M., Finn M.B., Jiang H., Prior J.L., Sagare A., Bales K.R., Paul S.M., Zlokovic B.V., Piwnica-Worms D., Holtzman D.M. P-glycoprotein deficiency at the blood-brain barrier increases amyloid-beta deposition in an Alzheimer disease mouse model. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:3285-3290.
25. Cohen-Zion M., Stepnowsky C., Marler, Shochat T., Kripke D.F., Ancoli-Israel S. Changes in cognitive function associated with sleep disordered breathing in older people. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2001, 49:1622-1627.
26. Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research Board on Health Sciences Policy Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem 2006, The National Academies Press.
27. Cooke J.R., Ancoli-Israel S., Liu L., Loredo J.S., Natarajan L., Palmer B.S., He F., Corey-Bloom J. Continuous positive airway pressure deepens sleep in patients with Alzheimer's disease and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2009, 10:1101-1106.
28. Cooke J.R., Ayalon L., Palmer B.W., Loredo J.S., Corey-Bloom J., Natarajan L., Liu L., Ancoli-Israel S. Sustained use of CPAP slows deterioration of cognition, sleep, and mood in patients with Alzheimer's disease and obstructive sleep apnea: a preliminary study. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2009, 5:305-309.
29. Daulatzai M.A. Death by a thousand cuts in Alzheimer's disease: hypoxia - the prodrome. Neurotox. Res. 2013, 24:216-243.
30. Davies R.J., Stradling J.R. The epidemiology of sleep apnoea. Thorax 1996, 51(Suppl. 2):S65-S70.
31. Dealberto M.J., Pajot N., Courbon D., Alperovitch A. Breathing disorders during sleep and cognitive performance in an older community sample: the EVA Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1996, 44:1287-1294.
32. Dyugovskaya L., Polyakov A., Lavie P., Lavie L. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in patients with sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008, 177:544-554.
33. Enright P.L., Newman A.B., Wahl P.W., Manolio T.A., Haponik E.F., Boyle P.J. Prevalence and correlates of snoring and observed apneas in 5,201 older adults. Sleep 1996, 19:531-538.
34. Erickson M.A., Banks W.A. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a cause and consequence of Alzheimer's disease. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2013, 33:1500-1513.
35. Erkinjuntti T., Partinen M., Sulkava R., Telakivi T., Salmi T., Tilvis R. Sleep apnea in multiinfarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Sleep 1987, 10:419-425.
36. Ferini-Strambi L., Baietto C., Di Gioia M.R., Castaldi P., Castronovo C., Zucconi M., Cappa S.F. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): partial reversibility after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Brain Res. Bull. 2003, 61:87-92.
37. Foley D.J., Masaki K., White L., Larkin E.K., Monjan A., Redline S. Sleep-disordered breathing and cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese-American men. Sleep 2003, 26:596-599.
38. Foley D.J., Monjan A.A., Masaki K.H., Enright P.L., Quan S.F., White L.R. Associations of symptoms of sleep apnea with cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and mortality among older Japanese-American men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1999, 47:524-528.
39. Frisoni G.B., et al. Imaging markers for Alzheimer disease: which vs how. Neurology 2013, 81:487-500.
40. Guarnieri B., et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in mild cognitive impairment and dementing disorders: a multicenter Italian clinical cross-sectional study on 431 patients. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2012, 33:50-58.
41. Haass C., Kaether C., Thinakaran G., Sisodia S. Trafficking and proteolytic processing of APP. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2012, 2:a006270.
42. Halassa M.M., Florian C., Fellin T., Munoz J.R., Lee S.Y., Abel T., Haydon P.G., Frank M.G. Astrocytic modulation of sleep homeostasis and cognitive consequences of sleep loss. Neuron 2009, 61:213-219.
43. Hartz A.M., Miller D.S., Bauer B. Restoring blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein reduces brain amyloid-beta in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Pharmacol. 2010, 77:715-723.
44. He J., Hsuchou H., He Y., Kastin A.J., Wang Y., Pan W. Sleep restriction impairs blood-brain barrier function. J. Neurosci. 2014, 34:14697-14706. PMID: 25355222.
45. Higgins J.P.T., Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2011.
46. Hoch C.C., Reynolds C.F., Kupfer D.J., Houck P.R., Berman S.R., Stack J.A. Sleep-disordered breathing in normal and pathologic aging. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1986, 47:499-503.
47. Hook V.Y., Kindy M., Hook G. Inhibitors of cathepsin B improve memory and reduce beta-amyloid in transgenic Alzheimer disease mice expressing the wild-type, but not the Swedish mutant, beta-secretase site of the amyloid precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:7745-7753.
48. Horovitz S.G., Fukunaga M., de Zwart J.A., van G.P., Fulton S.C., Balkin T.J., Duyn J.H. Low frequency BOLD fluctuations during resting wakefulness and light sleep: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2008, 29:671-682.
49. Hsu J.C., Lee Y.S., Chang C.N., Chuang H.L., Ling E.A., Lan C.T. Sleep deprivation inhibits expression of NADPH-d and NOS while activating microglia and astroglia in the rat hippocampus. Cells Tissues Organs 2003, 173:242-254.
50. Hsuchou H., He Y., Kastin A.J., Tu H., Markadakis E.N., Rogers R.C., Fossier P.B., Pan W. Obesity induces functional astrocytic leptin receptors in hypothalamus. Brain 2009, 132:889-902.
51. Jack C.R., Lowe V.J., Weigand S.D., Wiste H.J., Senjem M.L., Knopman D.S., Shiung M.M., Gunter J.L., Boeve B.F., Kemp B.J., Weiner M., Petersen R.C. Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2009, 132:1355-1365.
52. Janssens J.P., Pautex S., Hilleret H., Michel J.P. Sleep disordered breathing in the elderly. Aging (Milano) 2000, 12:417-429.
53. Ju G., Yoon I.Y., Lee S.D., Kim T.H., Choe J.Y., Kim K.W. Effects of sleep apnea syndrome on delayed memory and executive function in elderly adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2012, 60:1099-1103.
54. Ju Y.E., McLeland J.S., Toedebusch C.D., Xiong C., Fagan A.M., Duntley S.P., Morris J.C., Holtzman D.M. Sleep quality and preclinical Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013, 70:587-593.
55. Kang J.E., Lim M.M., Bateman R.J., Lee J.J., Smyth L.P., Cirrito J.R., Fujiki N., Nishino S., Holtzman D.M. Amyloid-beta dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle. Science 2009, 326:1005-1007.
56. Kaufmann C., Wehrle R., Wetter T.C., Holsboer F., Auer D.P., Pollmacher T., Czisch M. Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: an EEG/fMRI study. Brain 2006, 129:655-667.
57. Kaushal N., Ramesh V., Gozal D. Human apolipoprotein E4 targeted replacement in mice reveals increased susceptibility to sleep disruption and intermittent hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2012, 303:R19-R29.
58. Kim H., Yun C.H., Thomas R.J., Lee S.H., Seo H.S., Cho E.R., Lee S.K., Yoon D.W., Suh S., Shin C. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for cerebral white matter change in a middle-aged and older general population. Sleep 2013, 36:709-715B.
59. Kim S.J., Lee J.H., Lee D.Y., Jhoo J.H., Woo J.I. Neurocognitive dysfunction associated with sleep quality and sleep apnea in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2011, 19:374-381.
60. Knutson K.L., Van C.E., Rathouz P.J., DeLeire T., Lauderdale D.S. Trends in the prevalence of short sleepers in the USA: 1975-2006. Sleep 2010, 33:37-45.
61. Krueger P.M., Friedman E.M. Sleep duration in the United States: a cross-sectional population-based study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 169:1052-1063.
62. Kumar V.B., Franko M., Banks W.A., Kasinadhuni P., Farr S.A., Vyas K., Choudhuri V., Morley J.E. Increase in presenilin 1 (PS1) levels in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8) may indirectly impair memory by affecting amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. J. Exp. Biol. 2009, 212:494-498.
63. Laufs H., Walker M.C., Lund T.E. 'Brain activation and hypothalamic functional connectivity during human non-rapid eye movement sleep: an EEG/fMRI study' - its limitations and an alternative approach. Brain 2007, 130:e75.
64. Lee M.J., Lee J.H., Rubinsztein D.C. Tau degradation: the ubiquitin-proteasome system versus the autophagy-lysosome system. Prog. Neurobiol. 2013, 105:49-59.
65. Lee M.M., Strauss M.E., Adams N., Redline S. Executive functions in persons with sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 1999, 3:13-16.
66. Macey P.M., Henderson L.A., Macey K.E., Alger J.R., Frysinger R.C., Woo M.A., Harper R.K., Yan-Go F.L., Harper R.M. Brain morphology associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 166:1382-1387.
67. Mackic J.B., Bading J., Ghiso J., Walker L., Wisniewski T., Frangione B., Zlokovic B.V. Circulating amyloid-beta peptide crosses the blood-brain barrier in aged monkeys and contributes to Alzheimer's disease lesions. Vascul. Pharmacol. 2002, 38:303-313.
68. Maquet P. Brain mechanisms of sleep: contribution of neuroimaging techniques. J. Psychopharmacol. 1999, 13:S25-S28.
69. Maquet P. Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography. J. Sleep Res. 2000, 9:207-231.
70. Maquet P., Dive D., Salmon E., Sadzot B., Franco G., Poirrier R., von F.R., Franck G. Cerebral glucose utilization during sleep-wake cycle in man determined by positron emission tomography and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose method. Brain Res. 1990, 513:136-143.
71. Mathieu A., Mazza S., Decary A., Massicotte-Marquez J., Petit D., Gosselin N., Malo J., Montplaisir J. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive function: a comparison between younger and older OSAS patients. Sleep Med. 2008, 9:112-120.
72. Matthews E.E., Aloia M.S. Cognitive recovery following positive airway pressure (PAP) in sleep apnea. Prog. Brain Res. 2011, 190:71-88.
73. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Open Med. 2009, 3:e123-e130.
74. Moraes W., Poyares D., Sukys-Claudino L., Guilleminault C., Tufik S. Donepezil improves obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Chest 2008, 133:677-683.
75. Nadjar A., Blutstein T., Aubert A., Laye S., Haydon P.G. Astrocyte-derived adenosine modulates increased sleep pressure during inflammatory response. Glia 2013, 61:724-731.
76. Naegele B., Pepin J.L., Levy P., Bonnet C., Pellat J., Feuerstein C. Cognitive executive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) after CPAP treatment. Sleep 1998, 21:392-397.
77. Naegele B., Thouvard V., Pepin J.L., Levy P., Bonnet C., Perret J.E., Pellat J., Feuerstein C. Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1995, 18:43-52.
78. Naismith S., Winter V., Gotsopoulos H., Hickie I., Cistulli P. Neurobehavioral functioning in obstructive sleep apnea: differential effects of sleep quality, hypoxemia and subjective sleepiness. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2004, 26:43-54.
79. Ng K.M., Lau C.F., Fung M.L. Melatonin reduces hippocampal beta-amyloid generation in rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Brain Res. 2010, 1354:163-171.
80. Onen F., Onen H. Obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Psychol. Neuropsychiatr. Vieil. 2010, 8:163-169.
81. Pan W., Hsuchou H., He Y., Kastin A.J. The astroglial leptin receptors and obesity. Modern Insights into Disease - From Molecules to Man: Adipokines 2011, 185-196. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA. V.R. Preedy (Ed.).
82. Pan W., Hsuchou H., He Y., Sakharkar A., Cain C., Yu C., Kastin A.J. Astrocyte leptin receptor (ObR) and leptin transport in adult-onset obese mice. Endocrinology 2008, 149:2798-2806.
83. Pan W., Hsuchou H., Jayaram B., Khan R.S., Huang E.Y.K., Wu X., Chen C., Kastin A.J. Leptin action on non-neuronal cells in the CNS: potential clinical implications. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2012, 1264:64-71.
84. Pan W., Kastin A.J. Leptin: a biomarker for sleep disorders?. Sleep Med. Rev. 2014, 18:283-290.
85. Pan W., Solomon B., Maness L.M., Kastin A.J. Antibodies to b-amyloid decrease the blood-to-brain transfer of b-amyloid peptide. Exp. Biol. Med. 2002, 227:609-615.
86. Petit J.M., Tobler I., Kopp C., Morgenthaler F., Borbely A.A., Magistretti P.J. Metabolic response of the cerebral cortex following gentle sleep deprivation and modafinil administration. Sleep 2010, 33:901-908.
87. Reinvang I., Espeseth T., Westlye L.T. APOE-related biomarker profiles in non-pathological aging and early phases of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2013, 37:1322-1335.
88. Reynolds C.F., Kupfer D.J., Taska L.S., Hoch C.C., Sewitch D.E., Restifo K., Spiker D.G., Zimmer B., Marin R.S., Nelson J. Sleep apnea in Alzheimer's dementia: correlation with mental deterioration. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1985, 46:257-261.
89. Roh J.H., Huang Y., Bero A.W., Kasten T., Stewart F.R., Bateman R.J., Holtzman D.M. Disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and diurnal fluctuation of beta-amyloid in mice with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012, 4(150). ra122.
90. Roman G.C. Vascular dementia prevention: a risk factor analysis. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2005, 20(Suppl. 2):91-100.
91. Rongve A., Boeve B.F., Aarsland D. Frequency and correlates of caregiver-reported sleep disturbances in a sample of persons with early dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2010, 58:480-486.
92. Roussel B.D., Kruppa A.J., Miranda E., Crowther D.C., Lomas D.A., Marciniak S.J. Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in neurological disease. Lancet Neurol. 2013, 12:105-118.
93. Rzymski T., Petry A., Kracun D., Riess F., Pike L., Harris A.L., Gorlach A. The unfolded protein response controls induction and activation of ADAM17/TACE by severe hypoxia and ER stress. Oncogene 2012, 31:3621-3634.
94. Salminen A., Kaarniranta K., Kauppinen A., Ojala J., Haapasalo A., Soininen H., Hiltunen M. Impaired autophagy and APP processing in Alzheimer's disease: the potential role of Beclin 1 interactome. Prog. Neurobiol. 2013, 106-107:33-54.
95. Sanchez A.I., Martinez P., Miro E., Bardwell W.A., Buela-Casal G. CPAP and behavioral therapies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: effects on daytime sleepiness, mood, and cognitive function. Sleep Med. Rev. 2009, 13:223-233.
96. Santamaria J., Iranzo A., Ma M.J., de P.J. Persistent sleepiness in CPAP treated obstructive sleep apnea patients: evaluation and treatment. Sleep Med. Rev. 2007, 11:195-207.
97. Sawaguchi T., Franco P., Kato I., Shimizu S., Kadhim H., Groswasser J., Sottiaux M., Togari H., Kobayashi M., Takashima S., Nishida H., Sawaguchi A., Kahn A. Association between sleep apnea and reactive astrocytes in brainstems of victims of SIDS and in control infants. Forensic Sci. Int. 2002, 130(Suppl.):S30-S36.
98. Sawaguchi T., Patricia F., Kadhim H., Groswasser J., Sottiaux M., Nishida H., Kahn A. Clinicopathological correlation between brainstem gliosis using GFAP as a marker and sleep apnea in the sudden infant death syndrome. Early Hum. Dev. 2003, 75(Suppl.):S3-S11.
99. Sforza E., Roche F., Thomas-Anterion C., Kerleroux J., Beauchet O., Celle S., Maudoux D., Pichot V., Laurent B., Barthelemy J.C. Cognitive function and sleep related breathing disorders in a healthy elderly population: the SYNAPSE study. Sleep 2010, 33:515-521.
100. Shibata M., Yamada S., Kumar S.R., Calero M., Bading J., Frangione B., Holtzman D.M., Miller C.A., Strickland D.K., Ghiso J., Zlokovic B.V. Clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-ss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier. J. Clin. Invest. 2000, 106:1489-1499.
101. Shiota S., Takekawa H., Matsumoto S.E., Takeda K., Nurwidya F., Yoshioka Y., Takahashi F., Hattori N., Tabira T., Mochizuki H., Takahashi K. Chronic intermittent hypoxia/reoxygenation facilitate amyloid-beta generation in mice. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2013, 37:325-333.
102. Smallwood R.G., Vitiello M.V., Giblin E.C., Prinz P.N. Sleep apnea: relationship to age, sex, and Alzheimer's dementia. Sleep 1983, 6:16-22.
103. Sperling R.A., Laviolette P.S., O'Keefe K., O'Brien J., Rentz D.M., Pihlajamaki M., Marshall G., Hyman B.T., Selkoe D.J., Hedden T., Buckner R.L., Becker J.A., Johnson K.A. Amyloid deposition is associated with impaired default network function in older persons without dementia. Neuron 2009, 63:178-188.
104. Spira A.P., Blackwell T., Stone K.L., Redline S., Cauley J.A., Ancoli-Israel S., Yaffe K. Sleep-disordered breathing and cognition in older women. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2008, 56:45-50.
105. Spira A.P., Gamaldo A.A., An Y., Wu M.N., Simonsick E.M., Bilgel M., Zhou Y., Wong D.F., Ferrucci L., Resnick S.M. Self-reported sleep and beta-amyloid deposition in community-dwelling older adults. JAMA Neurol. 2013, 70:1537-1543.
106. Sukys-Claudino L., Moraes W., Guilleminault C., Tufik S., Poyares D. Beneficial effect of donepezil on obstructive sleep apnea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep Med. 2012, 13:290-296.
107. Thaler J.P., Yi C.X., Schur E.A., Guyenet S.J., Hwang B.H., Dietrich M.O., Zhao X., Sarruf D.A., Izgur V., Maravilla K.R., Nguyen H.T., Fischer J.D., Matsen M.E., Wisse B.E., Morton G.J., Horvath T.L., Baskin D.G., Tschop M.H., Schwartz M.W. Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J. Clin. Invest. 2012, 122:153-162.
108. Thomas M., Sing H., Belenky G., Holcomb H., Mayberg H., Dannals R., Wagner H., Thorne D., Popp K., Rowland L., Welsh A., Balwinski S., Redmond D. Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity. J. Sleep Res. 2000, 9:335-352.
109. Thomas R.J., Rosen B.R., Stern C.E., Weiss J.W., Kwong K.K. Functional imaging of working memory in obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005, 98:2226-2234.
110. Tononi G., Cirelli C. Sleep and the price of plasticity: from synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration. Neuron 2014, 81:12-34.
111. Verstraeten E., Cluydts R., Pevernagie D., Hoffmann G. Executive function in sleep apnea: controlling for attentional capacity in assessing executive attention. Sleep 2004, 27:685-693.
112. Ward A.M., McLaren D.G., Schultz A.P., Chhatwal J., Boot B.P., Hedden T., Sperling R.A. Daytime sleepiness is associated with decreased default mode network connectivity in both young and cognitively intact elderly subjects. Sleep 2013, 36:1609-1615.
113. Xie L., Kang H., Xu Q., Chen M.J., Liao Y., Thiyagarajan M., O'Donnell J., Christensen D.J., Nicholson C., Iliff J.J., Takano T., Deane R., Nedergaard M. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science 2013, 342:373-377.
114. Yaffe K., Laffan A.M., Harrison S.L., Redline S., Spira A.P., Ensrud K.E., Ancoli-Israel S., Stone K.L. Sleep-disordered breathing, hypoxia, and risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2011, 306:613-619.
115. Yang X.H., Liu H.G., Liu X., Chen J.N. Thioredoxin and impaired spatial learning and memory in the rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 2012, 125:3074-3080.
116. Zhang X., Zhou K., Wang R., Cui J., Lipton S.A., Liao F.F., Xu H., Zhang Y.W. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-mediated hypoxia increases BACE1 expression and beta-amyloid generation. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:10873-10880.