Diagnostic fiber-based optical imaging catheters

Biomedical Engineering Letters

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 239-249

  Kim, Jun Young ^a   Lee, Min Woo ^a   Yoo, Hongki ^a  

^a Hanyang University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Fiber optics; Optical diagnosis; Optical imaging catheters; Rotary scanner

Indexed keywords

CATHETERS; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; FIBER OPTICS; MINIATURE INSTRUMENTS; OPTICAL IMAGE STORAGE; OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY; TEXTILE FIBERS;

CONFOCAL ENDOMICROSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES; FURTHER DEVELOPMENT; OPTICAL DIAGNOSIS; OPTICAL IMAGING; OPTICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE; ROTARY SCANNERS; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGES;

DIAGNOSIS;

COMPUTER MODEL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC FIBER; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING EQUIPMENT; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GEOMETRY; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGING CATHETER; IMAGING SYSTEM; MATHEMATICAL PHENOMENA; MICROENDOSCOPY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PHOTOACOUSTICS; REVIEW;

EID: 84910011681     PISSN: 20939868     EISSN: 2093985X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13534-014-0151-1     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Balas C. Review of biomedical optical imaging-a powerful, non-invasive, non-ionizing technology for improving in vivo diagnosis. Meas Sci Technol. 2009; doi:10.1088/0957-0233/20/10/104020.
2. Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med. 2003; 9(1):123–8.
3. Tearney G, Waxman S, Shishkov M, Vakoc B, Suter M, Freilich MI, Desjardins A, Oh W, Bartlett L, Rosenberg M, Bouma B. Three-dimensional coronary artery microscopy by intracoronary optical frequency domain imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008; 1(6):752–61.
4. Polglase A, McLaren W, Skinner S, Kiesslich R, Neurath M, Delaney P. A fluorescence confocal endomicroscope for in vivo microscopy of the upper- and the lower-GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005; 62(5):686–95.
5. Swanson E, Izatt J, Hee M, Huang D, Lin C, Schuman J, Puliafito C, Fujimoto J. In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 1993; 18(21):1864–6.
6. Izatt J, Hee M, Swanson E, Lin C, Huang D, Schuman J, Puliafito C, Fujimoto J. Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994; 112(12):1584–9.
7. Li H, Petroll W, Møller-Pedersen T, Maurer J, Cavanagh H, Jester J. Epithelial and corneal thickness measurements by in vivo confocal microscopy through focusing (CMTF). Curr Eye Res. 1997; 16(3):214–21.
8. Tuchin VV. Handbook of optical biomedical diagnostics. SPIE Press; 2002.
9. Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008; 146(4):496–500.
10. Jang J, Lim J, Yu H, Choi H, Ha J, Park JH, Oh WY, Jang W, Lee S, Park Y. Complex wavefront shaping for optimal depthselective focusing in optical coherence tomography. Opt Express. 2013; 21(3):2890–902.
11. Matthews T, Medina M, Maher J, Levinson H, Brown W, Wax A. Deep tissue imaging using spectroscopic analysis of multiply scattered light. Optica. 2014; 1(2):105–11.
12. Welzel J, Lankenau E, Birngruber R, Engelhardt R. Optical coherence tomography of the human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997; 37(6):958–63.
13. Longo C, Casari A, Beretti F, Cesinaro AM, Pellacani G. Skin aging: in vivo microscopic assessment of epidermal and dermal changes by means of confocal microscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013; doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.08-021.
14. Puliafito C, Hee M, Lin C, Reichel E, Schuman J, Duker J, Izatt J, Swanson E, Fujimoto J. Imaging of macular diseases with optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 1995; 102(2): 217–29.
15. Oh G, Chung E, Yun SH. Optical fibers for high-resolution in vivo microendoscopic fluorescence imaging. Opt Fiber Technol. 2013; 19(6):760–71.
16. Lee BH, Min EJ, Kim YH. Fiber-based optical coherence tomography for biomedical imaging, sensing, and precision measurements. Optical Fiber Technol. 2013; 19(6):729–40.
17. Qiu Z, Khondee S, Duan X, Li H, Mandella MJ, Joshi BP, Zhou Q, Owens SR, Kurabayashi K, Oldham KR, Wang TD. Vertical cross-sectional imaging of colonic dysplasia in vivo with multispectral dual axes confocal endomicroscopy. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146(3):615–7.
18. Jang IK, Bouma BE, Kang DH, Park SJ, Park SW, Seung KB, Choi KB, Shishkov M, Schlendorf K, Pomerantsev E, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Tearney GJ. Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39(4):604–9.
19. Farooq V, Gogas BD, Okamura T, Heo JH, Magro M, Gomez-Lara J, Onuma Y, Radu MD, Brugaletta S, van Bochove G, van Geuns RJ, Garcìa-Garcìa HM, Serruys PW. Three-dimensional optical frequency domain imaging in conventional percutaneous coronary intervention: the potential for clinical application. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(12):875–85.
20. Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, Hee MR, Flotte T, Gregory K, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography. Science. 1991; 254(5035):1178–81.
21. Tahara S, Morooka T, Wang Z, Bezerra HG, Rollins AM, Simon DI, Costa MA. Intravascular optical coherence tomography detection of atherosclerosis and inflammation in murine aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012; 32(5):1150–7.
22. Ughi GJ, Adriaenssens T, Onsea K, Kayaert P, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, Coosemans M, Desmet W, D'hooge J. Automatic segmentation of in-vivo intra-coronary optical coherence tomography images to assess stent strut apposition and coverage. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012; 28(2):229–41.
23. Bouma BE, Tearney GJ, Compton CC, Nishioka NS. Highresolution imaging of the human esophagus and stomach in vivo using optical coherence tomography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000; 51(4 Pt 1):467–74.
24. Tearney GJ, Bouma BE, Boppart SA, Golubovic B, Swanson EA, Fujimoto JG. Rapid acquisition of in vivo biological images by use of optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 1996; 21(17):1408–10.
25. Tearney GJ, Brezinski ME, Bouma BE, Boppart SA, Pitris C, Southern JF, Fujimoto JG. In vivo endoscopic optical biopsy with optical coherence tomography. Science. 1997; 276(5321): 2037–9.
26. Yun SH, Tearney GJ, de Boer J, Iftimia N, Bouma B. Highspeed optical frequency-domain imaging. Opt Express. 2003; 11(22):2953–63.
27. Leitgeb R, Hitzenberger C, Fercher A. Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography. Opt Express. 2003; 11(8):889–94.
28. Tearney GJ, Boppart SA, Bouma BE, Brezinski ME, Weissman NJ, Southern JF, Fujimoto JG. Scanning single-mode fiber optic catheter-endoscope for optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 1996; 21(7):543–5.
29. Jang IK, Tearney G, Bouma B. Visualization of tissue prolapse between coronary stent struts by optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 2001; doi:10.1161/hc4701.098069.
30. Yabushita H, Bouma BE, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Jang IK, Schlendorf KH, Kauffman CR, Shishkov M, Kang DH, Halpern EF, Tearney GJ. Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography. Circulation. 2002; 106(13):1640–5.
31. Bouma BE, Tearney GJ, Yabushita H, Shishkov M, Kauffman CR, DeJoseph Gauthier D, MacNeill BD, Houser SL, Aretz HT, Halpern EF, Jang IK. Evaluation of intracoronary stenting by intravascular optical coherence tomography. Heart. 2003; 89(3):317–20.
32. Tearney GJ, Jang IK, Bouma BE. Optical coherence tomography for imaging the vulnerable plaque. J Biomed Opt. 2006; doi:10.1117/1.2192697.
33. Yun SH, Tearney GJ, Vakoc BJ, Shishkov M, Oh WY, Desjardins AE, Suter MJ, Chan RC, Evans JA, Jang IK, Nishioka NS, de Boer JF, Bouma BE. Comprehensive volumetric optical microscopy in vivo. Nat Med. 2006; 12(12):1429–33.
34. Okamura T, Onuma Y, García-García HM, Regar E, Wykrzykowska JJ, Koolen J, Thuesen L, Windecker S, Whitbourn R, McClean DR, Ormiston JA, Serruys PW; ABSORB Cohort B Investigators. 3-Dimensional optical coherence tomography assessment of jailed side branches by bioresorbable vascular scaffolds: a proposal for classification. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010; 3(8):836–44.
35. Gonzalo N, Tearney GJ, van Soest G, Serruys P, Garcia-Garcia HM, Bouma BE, Regar E. Witnessed coronary plaque rupture during cardiac catheterization. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 4(4):437–8.
36. Gogas BD, van Geuns RJ, Farooq V, Regar E, Heo JH, Ligthart J, Serruys PW. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the postdilated ABSORB everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold in a true bifurcation lesion for flow restoration. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011; 4(10):1149–50.
37. Wang T, Wieser W, Springeling G, Beurskens R, Lancee CT, Pfeiffer T, van der Steen AF, Huber R, van Soest G. Intravascular optical coherence tomography imaging at 3200 frames per second. Opt Lett. 2013; 38(10):1715–7.
38. Cho HS, Jang SJ, Kim K, Dan-Chin-Yu AV, Shishkov M, Bouma BE, Oh WY. High frame-rate intravascular optical frequency-domain imaging in vivo. Biomed Opt Express. 2013; 5(1):223–32.
39. Ha JY, Shishkov M, Colice M, Oh WY, Yoo H, Liu L, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. Compensation of motion artifacts in catheterbased optical frequency domain imaging. Opt Express. 2010; 18(11):11418–27.
40. Kim S, Kim CS, Na JO, Choi CU, Lim HE, Kim EJ, Rha SW, Park CG, Seo HS, Oh DJ, Yoo H, Kim JW. Coronary stent fracture complicated multiple aneurysms confirmed by 3-dimensional reconstruction of intravascular-optical coherence tomography in a patient treated with open-cell designed drugeluting stent. Circulation. 2014; doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000223.
41. Su J, Zhang J, Yu L, Chen Z. In vivo three-dimensional microelectromechanical endoscopic swept source optical coherence tomography. Opt Express. 2007; 15(16):10390–6.
42. Chang S, Murdock E, Mao Y, Flueraru C, Disano J. Stationaryfiber rotary probe with unobstructed 360 degrees view for optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 2011; 36(22):4392–4.
43. Liang S, Saidi A, Jing J, Liu G, Li J, Zhang J, Sun C, Narula J, Chen Z. Intravascular atherosclerotic imaging with combined fluorescence and optical coherence tomography probe based on a double-clad fiber combiner. J Biomed Opt. 2012; doi:10.1117/1.JBO.17.7.070501.
44. Lee S, Kim CS, Oh DJ, Yoo H, Kim JW. Three-dimensional intravascular optical coherence tomography rendering assessment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection concomitant with left main ostial critical stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2013.10.023
45. Ughi GJ, Steigerwald K, Adriaenssens T, Desmet W, Guagliumi G, Joner M, D’hooge J. Automatic characterization of neointimal tissue by intravascular optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2014; doi:10.1117/1.JBO.19.2.021104.
46. Ughi GJ, Van Dyck CJ, Adriaenssens T, Hoymans VY, Sinnaeve P, Timmermans JP, Desmet W, Vrints CJ, D’hooge J. Automatic assessment of stent neointimal coverage by intravascular optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014; 15(2):195–200.
47. Kim JS, Ha J, Kim BK, Shin DH, Ko YG, Choi D, Jang Y, Hong MK. The relationship between post-stent strut apposition and follow-up strut coverage assessed by a contour plot optical coherence tomography analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 7(6):641–51.
48. Yoo H, Kim JW, Shishkov M, Namati E, Morse T, Shubochkin R, McCarthy JR, Ntziachristos V, Bouma BE, Jaffer FA, Tearney GJ. Intra-arterial catheter for simultaneous microstructural and molecular imaging in vivo. Nat Med. 2011; 17(12):1680–4.
49. Lee S, Lee MW, Cho HS, Song JW, Nam HS, Oh DJ, Park K, Oh WY, Yoo H, Kim JW. Fully integrated high-speed intravascular optical coherence tomography/near-infrared fluorescence structural/molecular imaging in vivo using a clinically available near-infrared fluorescence-emitting indocyanine green to detect inflamed lipid-rich atheromata in coronary-sized vessels. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 7(4):560–9.
50. Fard AM, Vacas-Jacques P, Hamidi E, Wang H, Carruth RW, Gardecki JA, Tearney GJ. Optical coherence tomography—near infrared spectroscopy system and catheter for intravascular imaging. Opt Express. 2013; doi:10.1117/1.3308642.
51. Yin J, Yang HC, Li X, Zhang J, Zhou Q, Hu C, Shung KK, Chen Z. Integrated intravascular optical coherence tomography ultrasound imaging system. J Biomed Opt. 2010; doi:10.1117/1.3308642.
52. Li X, Yin J, Hu C, Zhou Q, Shung KK, Chen Z. High-resolution coregistered intravascular imaging with integrated ultrasound and optical coherence tomography probe. Appl Phys Lett. 2010; doi:10.1063/1.3493659.
53. Yang HC, Yin J, Hu C, Cannata J, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Chen Z, Shung KK. A dual-modality probe utilizing intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for intravascular imaging applications. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010; 57(12):2839–43.
54. Li BH, Leung AS, Soong A, Munding CE, Lee H, Thind AS, Munce NR, Wright GA, Rowsell CH, Yang VX, Strauss BH, Foster FS, Courtney BK. Hybrid intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography catheter for imaging of coronary atherosclerosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013; 81(3):494–507.
55. Park J, Jo JA, Shrestha S, Pande P, Wang Q, Applegate BE. A dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system for simultaneous morphological and biochemical tissue characterization. Biomed Opt Express. 2010; 1(1):186–200.
56. Jaffer FA, Calfon MA, Rosenthal A, Mallas G, Razansky RN, Mauskapf A, Weissleder R, Libby P, Ntziachristos V. Twodimensional intravascular near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging of inflammation in atherosclerosis and stent-induced vascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57(25):2516–26.
57. Vinegoni C, Botnaru I, Aikawa E, Calfon MA, Iwamoto Y, Folco EJ, Ntziachristos V, Weissleder R, Libby P, Jaffer FA. Indocyanine green enables near-infrared fluorescence imaging of lipid-rich, inflamed atherosclerotic plaques. Sci Transl Med. 2011; doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001–77.
58. Madder RD, Steinberg DH, Anderson RD. Multimodality direct coronary imaging with combined near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound: initial US experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2013; 81(3):551–7.
59. Bec J, Xie H, Yankelevich DR, Zhou F, Sun Y, Ghata N, Aldredge R, Marcu L. Design, construction, and validation of a rotary multifunctional intravascular diagnostic catheter combining multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging and intravascular ultrasound. J Biomed Opt. 2012; doi:10.1117/1.JBO.17.10.106012.
60. Yin J, Li X, Jing J, Li J, Mukai D, Mahon S, Edris A, Hoang K, Shung KK, Brenner M, Narula J, Zhou Q, Chen Z. Novel combined miniature optical coherence tomography ultrasound probe for in vivo intravascular imaging. J Biomed Opt. 2011; doi:10.1117/1.3589097.
61. Kang D, Yoo H, Jillella P, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Comprehensive volumetric confocal microscopy with adaptive focusing. Biomed Opt Express. 2011; 2(6):1412–22.
62. Yoo K, Kang D, Katz A, Lauwers G, Nishioka N, Yagi Y, Tanpowpong P, Namati J, Bouma B, Tearney G. Reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis: a pilot study conducted on biopsy specimens. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011; 74(5):992–1000.
63. Gonsalves N, Policarpio-Nicolas M, Zhang Q, Rao MS, Hirano I. Histopathologic variability and endoscopic correlates in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 64(3): 313–9.
64. Sivak MV Jr, Kobayashi K, Izatt JA, Rollins AM, Ung-Runyawee R, Chak A, Wong RC, Isenberg GA, Willis J. Highresolution endoscopic imaging of the GI tract using optical coherence tomography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000; 51(4 Pt 1): 474–9.
65. Qi X, Sivak MV, Isenberg G, Willis JE, Rollins AM. Computeraided diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus using endoscopic optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2006; doi:10.1117/1.2337314.
66. Vakoc BJ, Shishko M, Yun SH, Oh WY, Suter MJ, Desjardins AE, Evans JA, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. Comprehensive esophageal microscopy by using optical frequency-domain imaging (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65(6):898–905.
67. Suter MJ, Vakoc BJ, Yachimski PS, Shishkov M, Lauwers GY, Mino-Kenudson M, Bouma BE, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Comprehensive microscopy of the esophagus in human patients with optical frequency domain imaging. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008; 68(4):745–53.
68. Atif M, Ullah H, Hamza MY, Ikram M. Catheters for optical coherence tomography. Laser Phys Lett. 2011. 8(9):629–46.
69. Tsai T-H, Fujimoto JG, Mashimo H. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography for clinical gastroenterology. Diagnostics. 2014; 4(2):57–93.
70. Suter MJ, Jillella PA, Vakoc BJ, Halpern EF, Mino-Kenudson M, Lauwers GY, Bouma BE, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Imageguided biopsy in the esophagus through comprehensive optical frequency domain imaging and laser marking: a study in living swine. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71(2):346–53.
71. Gora M, Yoo H, Suter MJ, Gallagher KA, Bouma BE, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Optical frequency domain imaging system and catheters for volumetric imaging of the human esophagus. Photonics Lett Pol. 2011; 3(4):144–6.
72. Tsai TH, Potsaid B, Tao YK, Jayaraman V, Jiang J, Heim PJS, Kraus MF, Zhou C, Hornegger J, Mashimo H, Cable AE, Fujimoto JG. Ultrahigh speed endoscopic optical coherence tomography using micromotor imaging catheter and VCSEL technology. Biomed Opt Express. 2013; 4(7):1119–32.
73. Wei Kang, Hui Wang, Yinsheng Pan, Michael W Jenkins, Gerard A Isenberg, Amitabh Chak, Matthew Atkinson, Deepak Agrawal, Zhilin Hu, Andrew M. Rollins. Endoscopically guided spectral-domain OCT with double-balloon catheters. Opt Express. 2010; 18(16):17364–72.
74. Xi J, Huo L, Wu Y, Cobb MJ, Hwang JH, Li X. High-resolution OCT balloon imaging catheter with astigmatism correction. Opt Lett. 2009; 34(13):1943–5.
75. Wang T, van der Steen AFW, van Soest G. Correction of astigmatism in endoscopic OCT for esophageal and coronary imaging. Conf Proc Endoscopic Microscopy VII. 2012; doi:10.1117/12.906326.
76. Kang W, Wang H, Wang Z, Jenkins MW, Isenberg GA, Chak A, Rollins AM. Motion artifacts associated with in vivo endoscopic OCT images of the esophagus. Opt Express. 2011; 19(21): 20722–35.
77. Adler DC, Zhou C, Tsai TH, Schmitt J, Huang Q, Mashimo H, Fujimoto JG. Three-dimensional endomicroscopy of the human colon using optical coherence tomography. Opt Express. 2009; 17(2):784–96.
78. Alex A, Noti M, Tait Wojno ED, Artis D, Zhou C. Characterization of eosinophilic esophagitis murine models using optical coherence tomography. Biomed Opt Express. 2014; 5(2):609–20.
79. Gora MJ, Sauk JS, Carruth RW, Lu W, Carlton DT, Soomro A, Rosenberg M, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Imaging the upper gastrointestinal tract in unsedated patients using tethered capsule endomicroscopy. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145(4):723–5.
80. Gora MJ, Sauk JS, Carruth RW, Gallagher KA, Suter MJ, Nishioka NS, Kava LE, Rosenberg M, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Tethered capsule endomicroscopy enables less invasive imaging of gastrointestinal tract microstructure. Nat Med. 2013; 19(2): 238–40.
81. Seibel EJ, Carroll RE, Dominitz JA, Johnston RS, Melville CD, Lee CM, Seitz SM, Kimmey MB. Tethered capsule endoscopy, a low-cost and high-performance alternative technology for the screening of esophageal cancer and Barrett’s esophagus. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008; 55(3):1032–42.
82. Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Hoffman Z, Galle PR. New imaging techniques and opportunities in endoscopy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 8(10):547–53.
83. Piyawattanametha W, Ra H, Qiu Z, Friedland S, Liu JT, Loewke K, Kino GS, Solgaard O, Wang TD, Mandella MJ, Contag CH. In vivo near-infrared dual-axis confocal microendoscopy in the human lower gastrointestinal tract. J Biomed Opt. 2012; doi:10.1117/1.JBO.17.2.021102.
84. Kang D, Suter MJ, Boudoux C, Yoo H, Yachimski PS, Puricelli WP, Nishioka NS, Mino-Kenudson M, Lauwers GY, Bouma BE, Tearney GJ. Comprehensive imaging of gastroesophageal biopsy samples by spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010; 71(1):35–43.
85. Tearney GJ, Webb RH, Bouma BE. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. Opt Lett. 1998; 23(15):1152–4.
86. Schlachter SC, Kang D, Gora MJ, Vacas-Jacques P, Wu T, Carruth RW, Wilsterman EJ, Bouma BE, Woods K, Tearney GJ. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy of esophageal tissues at 100 kHz line rate. Biomed Opt Express. 2013; 4(9):1636–45.
87. Kang D, Carruth RW, Kim M, Schlachter SC, Shishkov M, Woods K, Tabatabaei N, Wu T, Tearney GJ. Endoscopic probe optics for spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. Biomed Opt Express. 2013; 4(10):1925–36.
88. Tabatabaei N, Kang D, Wu T, Kim M, Carruth RW, Leung J, Sauk JS, Shreffler W, Yuan Q, Katz A, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Tethered confocal endomicroscopy capsule for diagnosis and monitoring of eosinophilic esophagitis. Biomed Opt Express. 2013; 5(1):197–207.