Subjective visual perception: From local processing to emergent phenomena of brain activity

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 369, Issue 1641, 2014, Pages

  Panagiotaropoulos, Theofanis I ^a   Kapoor, Vishal ^a   Logothetis, Nikos K ^a,b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Electrophysiology; Local field potentials; Neural correlates of consciousness; Oscillations; Single units; Spatio temporal patterns

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; COGNITION; IMAGING METHOD; NEUROLOGY; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; RESEARCH WORK; VISION;

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BRAIN; CONSCIOUSNESS; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS; NEURAL CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS; OSCILLATIONS; PHYSIOLOGY; SINGLE UNITS; SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS; VISION;

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; LOCAL FIELD POTENTIALS; NEURAL CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS; OSCILLATIONS; SINGLE UNITS; SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERNS;

AWARENESS; BRAIN; CONSCIOUSNESS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84909642809     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0534     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Velmans M. 1993 A reflexive science of consciousness. Ciba Found. Symp. 174, 81-91.
2. Attneave F. 1971 Multistability in perception. Sci. Am. 225, 63-71. (doi: 10. 1038/scientificamerican 1271-62).
3. Panagiotaropoulos TI, Logothetis NK. 2013 Multistable visual perception as a gateway to the neural correlates of phenomenal consciousness. The scope and limits of neuroscientific analysis. In The handbook of experimental phenomenology: visual perception of shape, space and appearance (ed. L Albertazzi), pp. 119-144. New York, NY: Wiley.
4. Logothetis NK, Schall JD. 1989 Neuronal correlates of subjective visual perception. Science 245, 761-763. (doi: 10. 1126/science. 2772635).
5. Crick F, Koch C. 1990 Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Semin. Neurosci. 2, 263-275.
6. Blake R, Logothetis N. 2002 Visual competition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 13-21. (doi: 10. 1038/nrn701).
7. Wolfe JM. 1984 Reversing ocular dominance and suppression in a single flash. Vis. Res. 24, 471-478. (doi: 10. 1016/0042-6989(84)90044-0).
8. Wilke M, Logothetis NK, Leopold DA. 2003 Generalized flash suppression of salient visual targets. Neuron 39, 1043-1052. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2003. 08. 003).
9. Wilke M, Mueller KM, Leopold DA. 2009 Neural activity in the visual thalamus reflects perceptual suppression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 9465-9470. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0900714106).
10. Keliris G, Logothetis NK, Tolias AS. 2010 The role of the primary visual cortex in perceptual suppression of salient visual stimuli. J. Neurosci. 30, 12 353-12 365. (doi: 10. 1523/?JNEUROSCI. 0677-10. 2010).
11. Panagiotaropoulos TI, Deco G, Kapoor V, Logothetis NK. 2012 Neuronal discharges and gamma oscillations explicitly reflect visual consciousness in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 74, 924-935. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2012. 04. 013).
12. Bonneh YS, Cooperman A, Sagi D. 2001 Motioninduced blindness in normal observers. Nature 411, 798-801. (doi: 10. 1038/35081073).
13. Cosmelli D, David O, Lachaux JP, Martinerie J, Garnero L, Renault B, Varela F. 2004 Waves of consciousness: ongoing cortical patterns during binocular rivalry. Neuroimage 23, 128-140. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2004. 05. 008).
14. Doesburg SM, Green JJ, McDonald JJ, Ward LM. 2009 Rhythms of consciousness: binocular rivalry reveals large-scale oscillatory network dynamics mediating visual perception. PLoS ONE 4, e6142. (doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0006142).
15. Haken H. 2004 Synergetic computers and cognition, 2nd edn. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
16. Hipp JF, Engel AK, Siegel M. 2011 Oscillatory synchronization in large scale networks predicts perception. Neuron 69, 387-396. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2010. 12. 027).
17. Kelso JAS. 2012 Multistability and metastability: understanding dynamic coordination in the brain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 906-918. (doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 2011. 0351).
18. Melloni L, Singer W. 2010 Distinct characteristics of conscious experience are met by large-scale neuronal synchronization. In New horizons in the neuroscience of consciousness (eds EK Perry, D Collerton, FEN LeBeau, H Ashton), pp. 17-28. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
19. Srinivasan R, Russell DP, Edelman GM, Tononi G. 1999 Increased synchronization of neuromagnetic responses during conscious perception. J. Neurosci. 19, 5435-5448.
20. Tononi G, Srinivasan R, Russell DP, Edelman GM. 1998 Investigating neural correlates of conscious perception by frequency-tagged neuromagnetic responses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3198-3203. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 95. 6. 3198).
21. Varela FJ. 1999 The specious present: a neurophenomenology of time consciousness. In Naturalizing phenomenology: issues in contemporary phenomenology and cognitive science (eds J Petitot, FJ Varela, J-M Roy, B Pachoud), pp. 266-314. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
22. Henze DA, Borhegyi Z, Csicsvari J, Mamiya A, Harris KD, Buszaki G. 2000 Intracellular features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 479-490.
23. Gray JM, Maldonado PE, Wilson M, McNaughton B. 1995 Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of multiple single-unit isolation from multiunit recordings in cat striate cortex. J. Neurosci. Methods 63, 43-54. (doi: 10. 1016/0165-0270(95)00085-2).
24. Logothetis NK. 2008 What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature 453, 869-878. (doi: 10. 1038/nature06976).
25. Blake R, Westendorf D, Overton R. 1979 What is suppressed during binocular rivalry? Perception 9, 223-231. (doi: 10. 1068/p090223).
26. Blake R. 1989 A neural theory of binocular rivalry. Psychol. Rev. 96, 145-167. (doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 96. 1. 145).
27. Logothetis NK. 1998 Single units and conscious vision. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353, 1801-1818. (doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 1998. 0333).
28. Lehky SR, Maunsell JHR. 1996 No binocular rivalry in the LGN of alert macaque monkeys. Vis. Res. 36, 1225-1234. (doi: 10. 1016/0042-6989(95) 00232-4).
29. Gail A, Brinksmeyer HJ, Eckhorn R. 2004 Perceptionrelated modulations of local field potential power and coherence in primary visual cortex of awake monkey during binocular rivalry. Cereb. Cortex 14, 300-313. (doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhg129).
30. Leopold DA, Logothetis NK. 1996 Activity changes in early visual cortex reflect monkeys' percepts during binocular rivalry. Nature 379, 549-553. (doi: 10. 1038/379549a0).
31. Grunewald A, Bradley DC, Andersen RA. 2002 Neural correlates of structure-from-motion perception in macaque V1 and MT. J. Neurosci. 22, 6195-6207.
32. Wilke M, Logothetis NK, Leopold DA. 2006 Local field potential reflects perceptual suppression in monkey visual cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 17 507-17 512. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0604673103).
33. Maier A, Wilke M, Aura C, Zhu C, Ye FQ, Lepold DA. 2008 Divergence of fMRI and neural signals in V1 during perceptual suppression in the awake monkey. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 1193-1200. (doi: 10. 1038/nn. 2173).
34. Libedinsky C, Savage T, Livingstone M. 2009 Perceptual and physiological evidence for a role for early visual areas in motion-induced blindness. J. Vis. 9, 14. 1-10. (doi: 10. 1167/9. 1. 14).
35. Cumming BG, Parker AJ. 1997 Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature 389, 280-283. (doi: 10. 1038/38487).
36. Supèr H, Spekreijse H, Lamme VA. 2001 Two distinct modes of sensory processing observed in monkey primary visual cortex (V1). Nat. Neurosci. 4, 304-310. (doi: 10. 1038/85170).
37. Lamme VAF. 2000 The role of primary visual cortex (V1) in visual awareness. Vis. Res. 40, 1507-1521. (doi: 10. 1016/S0042-6989(99)00243-6).
38. Crick F, Koch C. 1995 Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375, 121-123. (doi: 10. 1038/375121a0).
39. Crick F, Koch C. 1998 Consciousness and neuroscience. Cereb. Cortex 8, 97-107. (doi: 10. 1093/cercor/8. 2. 97).
40. Leopold DA. 2012 Primary visual cortex: awareness and blindsight. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 91-109. (doi: 10. 1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150356.).
41. Lamme VAF, Roelfsema PR. 2000 The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing. Trends Neurosci. 23, 571-579. (doi: 10. 1016/S0166-2236(00)01657-X).
42. Maier A, Logothetis NK, Leopold DA. 2007 Contextdependent perceptual modulation of single neurons in primate visual cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 5620-5625. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0608489104).
43. Bradley DC, Chang GC, Andersen RA. 1998 Encoding the three-dimensional structure-from-motion by primate area MT neurons. Nature 392, 714-717. (doi: 10. 1038/33688).
44. Dodd JV, Krug K, Cumming BG, Parker AJ. 2001 Perceptually bistable three-dimensional figures evoke high choice probabilities in cortical area MT. J. Neurosci. 21, 4809-4821.
45. Sheinberg DL, Logothetis NK. 1997 The role of temporal cortical areas in perceptual organization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3408-3413. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 94. 7. 3408).
46. Kreiman G, Fried I, Koch C. 2002 Single-neuron correlates of subjective vision in the human medial temporal lobe. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 8378-8383. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 072194099).
47. Ungerleider LG, Haxby JV. 1994 What and where in the human brain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4, 157-165. (10. 1016/0959-4388(94)90066-3).
48. Barbas H. 1988 Anatomic organization of basoventral and mediodorsal visual recipient prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 313-342. (doi: 10. 1002/cne. 902760302).
49. Borra E, Ichinohe N, Sato T, Tanifuji M, Rockland KS. 2010 Cortical connections to area TE in monkey: hybrid modular and distributed organization. Cereb. Cortex 20, 257-270. (doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhp096).
50. Webster MJ, Bachevalier J, Ungerleider LG. 1994 Connections of inferior temporal areas TEO and TE with parietal and frontal cortex in macaque monkeys. Cereb. Cortex 4, 470-483. (doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903340111).
51. Yeterian EH, Pandya DN, Tomaiuolo F, Petrides M. 2012 The cortical connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey brain. Cortex 48, 58-81. (doi: 10. 1016/j. cortex. 2011. 03. 004).
52. Pigarev IN, Rizzolatti G, Scandolara C. 1979 Neurons responding to visual stimuli in the frontal lobe of macaque monkeys. Neurosci. Lett. 12, 207-212. (doi: 10. 1016/0304-3940(79)96063-4).
53. Scalaidhe SP, Wilson FA, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1999 Face-selective neurons during passive viewing and working memory performance of rhesus monkeys: evidence for intrinsic specialization of neuronal coding. Cereb. Cortex 9, 459-475. (doi: 10. 1093/cercor/9. 5. 459).
54. Wilson FA, Scalaidhe SP, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1993 Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260, 1955-1958. (doi: 10. 1126/science. 8316836).
55. Libedinsky C, Livingstone M. 2011 Role of prefrontal cortex in conscious visual perception. J. Neurosci. 31, 64-69. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 3620-10. 2011).
56. Aru J, Bachmann T, Singer W, Melloni L. 2012 Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 737-746. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neubiorev. 2011. 12. 003).
57. van Gaal S, deLange FP, Cohen MX. 2012 The role of consciousness in cognitive control and decision making. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6, 121. (doi: 10. 3389/fnhum. 2012. 00121).
58. van Gaal S, Ridderinkhof KR, Scholte HS, Lamme VA. 2010 Unconscious activation of the prefrontal no-go network. J. Neurosci. 30, 4143-4150. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 2992-09. 2010).
59. van Gaal S, Lamme VA. 2012 Unconscious high-level information processing: implication for neurobiological theories of consciousness. Neuroscientist 18, 287-301. (doi: 10. 1177/1073858411404079).
60. Panagiotaropoulos TI, Kapoor V, Logothetis NK. 2013 Desynchronization and rebound of beta oscillations during conscious and unconscious local neuronal processing in the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex. Front. Psychol. 4, 603. (doi: 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2013. 00603).
61. Barbas H, Henion TH, Dermon CR. 1991 Diverse thalamic projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 313, 65-94. (doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903130106).
62. Contini M, Baccarini M, Borra E, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Lupino G. 2010 Thalamic projections to the macaque caudal ventrolateral prefrontal areas 45A and 45B. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, 1337-1353. (doi: 10. 1111/j. 1460-9568. 2010. 07390. x).
63. Romanski LM, Giguere M, Bates JF, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1997 Topographic organization of medial pulvinar connections with the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 379, 313-332. (doi: 10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970317)379: 33. 0. CO; 2-6).
64. Webster MJ, Bachevalier J, Ungerleider LG. 1993 Subcortical connections of inferior temporal areas TE and TEO in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 335, 73-91. (doi: 10. 1002/cne. 903350106).
65. Gutierrez C, Cola MG, Seltzer B, Cusick C. 2000 Neurochemical and connectional organization of the dorsal pulvinar complex in monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 419, 61-86. (10. 1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000327)419: 1, 61:: AID-CNE4. 3. 0. CO; 2-I).
66. Shipp S. 2003 The functional logic of corticopulvinar connections. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 358, 1605-1624. (doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 2002. 1213).
67. Dehaene S, Changeux JP. 2011 Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 70, 200-227. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2011. 03. 018).
68. Baars BJ, Franklin S, Ramsoy TZ. 2013 Global workspace dynamics: cortical 'binding and propagation' enables conscious contents. Front. Psychol. 4, 200. (doi: 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2013. 00200).
69. Llinas RR, Ribary U, Contreras D, Pedroarena C. 1998 The neuronal basis for consciousness. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 353, 1841-1849. (doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 1998. 0336).
70. Gaillard R, Dehaene S, Adam C, Clémenceau S, Hasboun D, Baulac M, Cohen L, Naccache L. 2009 Converging intracranial markers of conscious access. PLoS Biol. 7, e61. (doi: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 1000061).
71. Alais D, Cass J, O'Shea RP, Blake R. 2010 Visual sensitivity underlying changes in visual consciousness. Curr. Biol. 20, 1362-1367. (doi: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2010. 06. 015).
72. Bialek W, DeWeese M. 1995 Random switching and optimal processing in the perception of ambiguous signals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3077-3080. (doi: 10. 1103/PhysRevLett. 74. 3077).
73. Brascamp JW, van Ee R, Noest AJ, Jacobs RH, van den Berg AV. 2006 The time course of binocular rivalry reveals a fundamental role of noise. J. Vis. 6, 1244-1256. (doi: 10. 1167/6. 11. 8).
74. Freeman AW. 2005 Multistage model for binocular rivalry. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 4412-4420. (doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00557. 2005).
75. Kim Y, Grabowecky M, Suzuki S. 2006 Stochastic resonance in binocular rivalry. Vis. Res. 46, 392-406. (doi: 10. 1016/j. visres. 2005. 08. 009).
76. Lago-Fernandez L, Deco G. 2002 A model of binocular rivalry based on competition in IT. Neurocomputing 44, 503-507. (doi: 10. 1016/S0925-2312(02)00408-3).
77. Laing CR, Chow CC. 2002 A spiking neuron model for binocular rivalry. J. Comput. Neurosci. 12, 39-53. (doi: 10. 1023/A: 1014942129705).
78. Lankheet MJ. 2006 Unraveling adaptation and mutual inhibition in perceptual rivalry. J. Vis. 6, 304-310. (doi: 10. 1167/6. 4. 1).
79. Lehky S. 1987 A stable multivibrator model of binocular rivalry. Perception 17, 215-228. (doi: 10. 1068/p170215).
80. Lumer ED. 1998 A neural model of binocular integration and rivalry based on the coordination of action-potential timing in primary visual cortex. Cereb. Cortex 8, 553-561. (doi: 10. 1093/cercor/8. 6. 553).
81. Moreno-Bote R, Rinzel J, Rubin N. 2007 Noiseinduced alternations in an attractor network model of perceptual bistability. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 1125-1139. (doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00116. 2007).
82. Shpiro A, Curtu R, Rinzel J, Rubin N. 2007 Dynamical characteristics common to neuronal competition models. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 462-473. (doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00604. 2006).
83. Shpiro A, Moreno-Bote R, Rubin N, Rinzel J. 2009 Balance between noise and adaptation in competition models of perceptual bistability. J. Comput. Neurosci. 27, 37-54. (doi: 10. 1007/s10827-008-0125-3).
84. Theodoni P, Panagiotaropoulos TI, Kapoor V, Logothetis NK, Deco G. 2011 Cortical microcircuit dynamics mediating binocular rivalry: the role of adaptation in inhibition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5, 145. (doi: 10. 3389/fnhum. 2011. 00145).
85. van Ee R. 2009 Stochastic variations in sensory awareness are driven by noisy neuronal adaptation: evidence from serial correlations in perceptual bistability. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 26, 2612-2622. (doi: 10. 1364/JOSAA. 26. 002612).
86. Wilson HR. 2003 Computational evidence for a rivalry hierarchy in vision. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 14 499-14 503. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 2333622100).
87. Kramers HA. 1940 Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions. Physicas 7, 284-304. (doi: 10. 1016/S0031-8914(40) 90098-2).
88. Panagiotaropoulos TI, Kapoor V, Logothetis NK, Deco G. 2013 A common neurodynamical mechanism could mediate externally induced and intrinsically generated transitions in visual awareness. PLoS ONE 8, e53833. (doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0053833).
89. Averbeck BB, Latham PE, Pouget A. 2006 Neural correlations population coding and computation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 358-366. (doi: 10. 1038/nrn1888).
90. Meenan JP, Miller LA. 1994 Perceptual flexibility after frontal or temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia 32, 1145-1149. (doi: 10. 1016/0028-3932(94)90159-7).
91. Ricci C, Blundo C. 1990 Perception of ambiguous figures after focal brain lesions. Neuropsychologia 28, 1163-1173. (doi: 10. 1016/0028-3932(90)90052-P).
92. Windmann S, Wehrmann M, Calabrese P, Güntürkün O. 2006 Role of the prefrontal cortex in attentional control over bistable vision. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18, 456-471. (doi: 10. 1162/jocn. 2006. 18. 3. 456).
93. Mitzdorf U. 1985 Current-source density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena. Physiol. Rev. 65, 37.
94. Mitzdorf U. 1987 Properties of the evoked potential generators: current-source density analysis of visually evoked potentials in the cat cortex. Int. J. Neurosci. 33, 33-59. (doi: 10. 3109/00207458708985928).
95. Logothetis NK. 2003 The underpinnings of the BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. J. Neurosci. 23, 3963-3971.
96. Haynes JD, Deichmann R, Rees G. 2005 Eye-specific effects of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature 438, 496-499. (doi: 10. 1038/nature04169).
97. Haynes JD, Rees G. 2005 Predicting the stream of consciousness from activity in the human visual cortex. Curr. Biol. 15, 1201-1207. (doi: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2005. 06. 026).
98. Lee SH, Blake R. 2002 V1 activity is reduced during binocular rivalry. J. Vis. 2, 618-626. (doi: 10. 1167/1. 3. 448).
99. Lee SH, Blake R, Heeger DJ. 2007 Hierarchy of cortical responses underlying binocular rivalry. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1048-1054. (doi: 10. 1038/nn1939).
100. Polonsky A, Blake R, Braun J, Heeger DJ. 2000 Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with perception during binocular rivalry. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1153-1159. (doi: 10. 1038/80676).
101. Tong F, Engel SA. 2001 Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation. Nature 411, 195-199. (doi: 10. 1038/35075583).
102. Fries P, Roelfsema PR, Engel AK, König P, Singer W. 1997 Synchronization of oscillatory responses in visual cortex correlates with perception in interocular rivalry. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 12 699-12 704. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 94. 23. 12699).
103. Lamme VA, Spekreijse H. 1998 Neuronal synchrony does not represent texture segregation. Nature 396, 362-366. (doi: 10. 1038/24608).
104. Belitski A, Gretton A, Magri A, Murayama Y, Montemurro MA, Logothetis NK, Panzeri S. 2008 Low-frequency local field potentials and spikes in primary visual cortex convey independent visual information. J. Neurosci. 28, 5696-5709. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 0009-08. 2008).
105. Magri C, Schridde U, Murayama Y, Panzeri S, Logothetis NK. 2012 The amplitude and timing of the BOLD signal reflects the relationship between local field potential power at different frequencies. J. Neurosci. 32, 1395-1407. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 3985-11. 2012).
106. Steriade M. 2006 Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems. Neuroscience 137, 1087-1106. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2005. 10. 029).
107. Maier AV, Aura CJ, Leopold DA. 2007 Laminar differences in perceptual modulation of V1 local field potentials. In Program No. 451. 12. Neuroscience Meeting Planner. San Diego, CA: Society for Neuroscience.
108. Mitchell JF, Sundberg KA, Reynolds JH. 2009 Spatial attention decorrelates intrinsic activity fluctuations in macaque area V4. Neuron 63, 879-888. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2009. 09. 013).
109. Abbott LF, Dayan P. 1999 The effect of correlated variability on the accuracy of a population code. Neural Comput. 11, 91-101. (doi: 10. 1162/0899 76699300016827).
110. Sompolinsky H, Yoon H, Kang K, Shamir M. 2001 Population coding in neuronal systems with correlated noise. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 64, 051904. (doi: 10. 1103/PhysRevE. 64. 051904).
111. Wilke SD, Eurich CW. 2002 Representational accuracy of stochastic neural populations. Neural Comput. 14, 155. (doi: 10. 1162/089976602753284482).
112. Zohary E, Shadlen MN, Newsome WT. 1994 Correlated neuronal discharge rate and its implications for psychophysical performance. Nature 370, 140-143. (doi: 10. 1038/370140a0).
113. Averbeck BB, Lee D. 2006 Effects of noise correlations on information encoding and decoding. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 3633-3644. (doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00919. 2005).
114. Kohn A, Smith MA. 2005 Stimulus dependence of neuronal correlation in primary visual cortex of the macaque. J. Neurosci. 25, 3661-3673. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 5106-04. 2005).
115. Adibi M, McDonald JS, Clifford CW, Arabzadeh E. 2013 Adaptation improves neural coding efficiency despite increasing correlations in variability. J. Neurosci. 33, 2108-2120. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 3449-12. 2013).
116. Gutnisky DA, Dragoi V. 2008 Adaptive coding of visual information in neural populations. Nature 452, 220-224. (doi: 10. 1038/nature06563).
117. Romo R, Hernández A, Zainos A, Salinas E. 2003 Correlated neuronal discharges that increase coding efficiency during perceptual discrimination. Neuron 38, 649-657. (doi: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(03)00287-3).
118. Cohen MR, Maunsell JHR. 2009 Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1594-1600. (doi: 10. 1038/nn. 2439).
119. Herrero JL, Gieselmann MA, Sanayei M, Thiele A. 2013 Attention-induced variance and noise correlation reduction in macaque V1 is mediated by NMDA receptors. Neuron 78, 729-739. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2013. 03. 029).
120. Poort J, Roelfsema PR. 2009 Noise correlations have little influence on the coding of selective attention in area V1. Cereb. Cortex 19, 543-553. (doi: 10. 1093/cercor/bhn103).
121. Gu Y, Liu S, Fetsch CR, Yang Y, Fok S, Sunkara A, DeAngelis GC, Angelaki DE. 2011 Perceptual learning reduces interneuronal correlations in macaque visual cortex. Neuron 71, 750-761. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2011. 06. 015).
122. Jeanne JM, Sharpee TO, Gentner TQ. 2013 Associative learning enhances population coding by inverting interneuronal correlation patterns. Neuron 78, 352-363. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2013. 02. 023).
123. Cohen MR, Newsome WT. 2008 Context-dependent changes in functional circuitry in visual area MT. Neuron 60, 162-173. (doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2008. 08. 007).
124. Ecker AS, Berens P, Tolias AS, Bethge M. 2011 The effect of noise correlations in populations of diversely tuned neurons. J. Neurosci. 31, 14 272-14 283. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 2539-11. 2011).
125. Hesselmann G, Kell CA, Eger E, Kleinschmidt A. 2008 Spontaneous local variations in ongoing neural activity bias perceptual decisions. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 10 984-10 989. (doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 0712043105).
126. Hesselmann G, Kell CA, Kleinschmidt A. 2008 Ongoing activity fluctuations in hMT{thorn} bias the perception of coherent visual motion. J. Neurosci. 28, 14 481-14 485. (doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 4398-08. 2008).
127. Leopold DA, Logothetis NK. 1999 Multistable phenomena: changing views in perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3, 254-264. (doi: 10. 1016/S1364-6613 (99)01332-7).
128. Lumer ED, Friston KJ, Rees G. 1998 Neural correlates of perceptual rivalry in the human brain. Science 280, 1930-1934. (doi: 10. 1126/science. 280. 5371. 1930).
129. Klink PC, van Wezel RJ, van Ee R. 2012 United we sense, divided we fail: context-driven perception of ambiguous visual stimuli. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 932-941. (doi: 10. 1098/rstb. 2011. 0358).
130. Cosmelli DJ, Lachaux JP, Thompson E. 2007 Neurodynamical approaches to consciousness. In Cambridge handbook of consciousness (eds PD Zelazo, M Moscovitch, E Thompson), pp. 731-774. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
131. Freeman WJ. 2000 Mesoscopic neurodynamics: from neuron to brain. J. Physiol. Paris 94, 303-322. (doi: 10. 1016/S0928-4257(00)01090-1).
132. Wu JY, Huang X, Zhang C. 2008 Propagating waves of activity in the neocortex: what they are, what they do. Neuroscientist 14, 487-502. (doi: 10. 1177/1073858408317066).
133. Rubino D, Robbins KA, Hatsopoulos NG. 2006 Propagating waves mediate information transfer in the motor cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1549-1557. (doi: 10. 1038/nn1802).
134. Lubenov EV, Siapas AG. 2009 Hippocampal theta oscillations are travelling waves. Nature 459, 534-539. (doi: 10. 1038/nature08010).
135. Ermentrout GB, Kleinfeld D. 2001 Traveling electrical waves in cortex: insights from phase dynamics and speculation on a computational role. Neuron 29, 33-44. (doi: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(01)00178-7).
136. Kenet T, Bibitchkov D, Tsodyks M, Grinvald A, Arieli A. 2003 Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes. Nature 425, 954-956. (doi: 10. 1038/nature02078).
137. Tsodyks M, Kenet T, Grinvald A, Arieli A. 1999 Linking spontaneous activity of single cortical neurons and the underlying functional architecture. Science 286, 1943-1946. (doi: 10. 1126/science. 286. 5446. 1943).