International criminal law: 3rd edition

International Criminal Law: 3rd Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-594

  Bantekas, Ilias ^a   Nash, Susan ^b  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909204149     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203867921     Document Type: Book

References (200)

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21. An example of a special defence is that of the 'battered wife syndrome', although this itself is based on an expanded defence of provocation. See C Wells, 'Battered Woman Syndrome and Defences to Homicide: Where Now?', 14 LS (1994), 266.
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26. MJ Osiel, Obeying Orders, 1999, Brunswick: Transaction.
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28. See also JJ Paust, 'My Lai and Vietnam: Norms, Myths and Leader Responsibility', 57 Military Law Review (1972), 99.
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31. See I Bantekas, 'The Contemporary Law of Superior Responsibility', 93 AJIL (1999), 573, 586, regarding liability of superiors who are commanders of occupied territories.
32. GR Sullivan, 'Involuntary Intoxication and Beyond', Crim LR [1994], 272.
33. See generally, P Krug, 'The Emerging Mental Incapacity Defence in International Criminal Law: Some Initial Questions of Implementation', 94 AJIL (2000), 317, 322-35.
34. See generally JJ Paust et al, International Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, 1996, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 123-28.
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38. See GR Watson, 'The Passive Personality Principle', 28 Texas ILJ (1993), 1.
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42. JES Fawcett, 'The Eichmann Case', 38 BYIL (1962), 181.
43. See K Randal, 'Universal Jurisdiction Under International Law', 66 Texas LR (1988), 785;
44. ES Kobrick, 'The Ex Post Facto Prohibition and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Over International Crimes', 87 Columbia LR (1987), 1515.
45. CM Bassiouni, 'International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes', 59 LCP (1996), 63.
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48. See Kirkpatrick v Environmental Tectonics, 493 US 403 (1990).
49. See G Garnett, 'The Defence of State Immunity for Acts of Torture', 18 Australian YIL (1997), 97.
50. K Ambos, 'Impunity and International Law', 18 HRLJ (1997), 1, pp 7-8.
51. See DS Wijewardane, 'Criminal Jurisdiction over Visiting Forces with Special Reference to International Forces', 41 BYIL (1965-66), 122.
52. I Bantekas, 'The Contemporary Law of Superior Responsibility', 93 AJIL (1999), 573, p 579.
53. See J Brown, 'Diplomatic Immunity: State Practice Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations', 37 ICLQ (1988), 53.
54. See SE Nahlik, 'Development of Diplomatic Law: Selected Problems', 222 RCADI (1990 III), 187.
55. E Denza, Diplomatic Law, 1976, New York: Oceana, p 135;
56. JS Beaumont, 'Self-Defence as a Justification for Disregarding Diplomatic Immunity', 29 Can YIL (1991), 391.
57. See M Ratner and J Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law, 1997, Oxford: OUP, pp 124-25.
58. H McCoubrey, International Humanitarian Law: The Regulation of Armed Conflicts, 1990, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1-2.
59. T Meron, 'Classification of Armed Conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia: Nicaragua's Fallout', 92 AJIL (1998), 236.
60. JS Pictet, Commentary: IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of Armed Conflict, 1958, 305.
61. See DE Elder, 'The Historical Background of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949', 11 Case W Res J Int'l L (1979), 37.
62. R Clark, 'Crimes Against Humanity at Nuremberg', in G Ginsburg, VN Kudriavtsev (eds), The Nuremberg Trial in International Law, 1990, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 177.
63. CM Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law, 1992, Dordrecht:Martinus Nijhoff, 175-76.
64. D Robinson, 'Defining Crimes Against Humanity at the Rome Conference', 93 AJIL (1999), 43, p 51.
65. See RC Slye, 'Apartheid as a Crime Against Humanity: A Submission to the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission', 20 Mich J Int'l L (1999), 267.
66. P Akhavan, 'Enforcement of the Genocide Convention: A Challenge to Civilization', 8 Harvard Human Rights Journal (1995), 229.
67. VN Dadrian, 'Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: The World War I Armenian Case and its Contemporary Legal Ramifications', 14 Yale J Int'l L (1989), 221.
68. See L Kuper, The Prevention of Genocide, 1985, New Haven, London: Yale UP.
69. See H Hannum, 'International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence' 11 HRQ (1989), 82.
70. G Verdirame, 'The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc Tribunals', 49 ICLQ (2000), 578, p 588.
71. JAC Gutteridge, 'The Supplementary Slavery Convention 1956', 6 ICLQ (1957), 449, p 452.
72. L Tucker, 'Child Slaves in Modern India: The Bonded Labour Problem', 19 HRQ (1997), 572, p 573.
73. See LM Jones, 'Regulating Child Pornography on the Internet: The Implications of Article 34 of the United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child', 6 Int'l J Children's Rights (1998), 55.
74. MJ Dennis, 'The ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour', 93 AJIL (1999), 943, p 947.
75. RR Churchill and AV Lowe, The Law of the Sea, 1999, Manchester: Manchester UP, 171.
76. T Arbuckle, 'Scourge of Piracy Returns to Southeast Asia', 29 Jane's International Defence Review (1996), 26.
77. M Halberstam, 'Terrorism on the High Seas: The Achille Lauro, Piracy and the IMO Convention on Maritime Safety', 82 AJIL (1988), 269, p 272.
78. A Arend and R Beck, International Law and the Use of Force, 1993, London: Routledge, 81-2.
79. PT Bangsberg, 'Gurkhas Offered for On-board Protection' (2000) Journal of Commerce Online, 28 January.
80. MS McDougal and WT Burke, The Public Order of the Oceans: A Contemporary International Law of the Sea, 1962, New Haven: Yale UP, 1079
81. See JC Woodliffe, 'The Demise of Unauthorised Broadcasting from Ships in International Waters', 1 IJECL (1986), 402;
82. NM Hunnings, 'Pirate Broadcasting in European Waters', 14 ICLQ (1965), 410.
83. JF Meltz, 'Rwandan Genocide and the International Law of Radio Jamming', 91 AJIL (1997), 628.
84. See I Bantekas, Principles of Direct and Superior Responsibility in International Humanitarian Law, 2002, Manchester: Manchester UP, pp 57-62.
85. RC Reuland, 'The Customary Right of Hot Pursuit Onto the High Seas: Annotations to Article 111 of the Law of the Sea Convention', 33 Va J Int'l L (1993), 557, p 558.
86. See WC Gilmore, 'Hot Pursuit and Constructive Presence in Canadian Law Enforcement', 12 Marine Policy (1988), 105.
87. See A Cassese, 'The International Community's Legal Response to Terrorism', 38 ICLQ (1989), 589, p 591.
88. See generally M Mendelsohn, 'In-Flight Crime: The International and Domestic Picture Under the Tokyo Convention', 53 Virginia Law Review (1967), 509.
89. E McWhinney, Aerial Piracy and International Terrorism, 1987, Dordrecht, Lancaster:Martinus Nijhoff, pp 39-40.
90. S Shubber, 'Aircraft Hijacking under the Hague Convention 1970 - A New Regime?', 22 ICLQ (1973), 687, p 691.
91. CS Thomas and MI Kirby, 'Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation', 22 ICLQ (1973), 163.
92. See C Joyner and W Rothbaum, 'Libya and the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie: What Lessons for International Extradition Law', 14 Michigan JIL (1992-93), 643.
93. see also TH Sponsler, 'International Kidnappings', 5 International Lawyer (1970), 25.
94. CL Rozakis, 'Terrorism and the Internationally Protected Persons in the Light of the ILC's Draft Code', 23 ICLQ (1974), 32, p 43.
95. See E Yuksel, 'Cannibal Democracies, Theocratic Secularism: The Turkish Version', 7 Cardozo J Int'l & Comp L (1999), 423.
96. I Cameron, 'Terrorist Financing in International Law' in I Bantekas (ed), International and European Financial Criminal Law, 2006, Butterworths.
97. See JF Murphy, 'The Future of Multilateralism and Efforts to Combat International Terrorism', 25 Columbia J Trans L (1986), 35.
98. SD Murphy, 'Contemporary Practice of the US Relating to International Law', 93 AJIL (1999), 161.
99. See SS Evans, 'The Lockerbie Incident Cases: Libyan Sponsored Terrorism, Judicial Review and the Political Question Doctrine', 18 Maryland JIL & Trade (1994), 20, p 70.
100. M Vadnais, The Terrorism Exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: Forward Leaning Legislation or Just Bad Law?', 5 UCLA J Int'l L & For Aff (2000), 199, p 201.
101. See generally G Schwarzenberger, 'Terrorists, Hijackers, Guerillas and Mercenaries', 24 CLP (1971), 257.
102. See C Pilloud et al, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, 1987, Geneva: Martinus Nijhoff, 41-56.
103. See generally DA Mundis, 'The Use of Military Commissions to Prosecute Individuals Accused of Terrorist Attacks', 96 AJIL (2002), 320;
104. HH Koh, 'The Case Against Military Commissions', 96 AJIL (2002), 337
105. N Chomsky, 'Human Rights Priorities and Responsibilities for Citizens', in D Barnheizer (ed), Effective Strategies for Protecting Human Rights, 2002, Aldershot: Ashgate.
106. N Passas, 'Globalisation and Transnational Crime: Effects of Criminogenic Asymmetries', 4 Transnational Organized Crime (1998), 2.
107. W Rensselaer and I Lee, 'Transnational Organised Crime: An Overview', in T Farer (ed), Transnational Crime in the Americas, 1999, New York: Routledge, 4.
108. JM Waller and VJ Yasmann, 'Russia's Great Criminal Revolution: The Role of the Security Services', 11 Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice (1995), 282.
109. See GOW Mueller, 'Transnational Crime: Definitions sand Concepts', 4 Transnational Organised Crime (1998), 14.
110. See also P Williams, 'Organising Transnational Crime: Networks, Markets and Hierarchies', 4 Transnational Organised Crime (1998), 57.
111. L Sunga, The Emerging System of International Criminal Law, 1997, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 206-12.
112. See generally C Bassiouni, 'The International Narcotic Control Scheme', in C Bassiouni (ed), International Criminal Law: Crimes, 1986, New York: Transnational, 507-24.
113. See generally M Lopez-Ray, A Guide to United Nations Criminal Policy, 1985, Aldershot:Gower.
114. For discussion on these measures and their operation, see W Gilmore, 'Drug-Trafficking at Sea: The Case of R v Charrington and Others', 49 ICLQ (2000), 477.
115. H Meijers, Schengen, Internationalisation of Central Chapters of the Law on Aliens, Refugees, Privacy, Security and the Police, 1991, Dordrecht: Stichting Noem-Beokerij, 107.
116. For further discussion see DL Speer, 'Redefining Borders: The Challenges of Cybercrime', 34 Crime, Law and Social Change (2000), 259.
117. V Tanzi and H Davaodi, 'Corruption, Public Investment and Growth', IMF Working Paper 97/139, 1997.
118. See L H Brown, 'The Extra-Territorial Reach of the US Government's Campaign Against International Bribery', 22 Hastings Intl & Comp L Rev (1999), 407, pp 410-16;
119. MK Hurst, 'Eliminating Bribery in International Business Transactions', 6 JILP (1997), 111.
120. See C Gane and S Nash, 'Illegal Extradition: The Irregular Return of Fugitive Offenders', 1 Scottish Law & Practice Quarterly (1996), 277.
121. See G Mullan, 'The Concept of Double Criminality in the Context of Extra-Territorial Crimes', Crim LR [1997] 17.
122. See further C Warbrick, 'Extradition Law Aspects of Pinochet 3', 48 ICLQ (1999), 958.
123. CM Bassiouni, International Criminal Law: Procedural and Enforcement Mechanisms, 1999, New York: Transnational, 236.
124. For further discussion, see H Lauterpacht, 'The Law of Nations and the Punishment of War Crimes', 21 BYIL (1944).
125. For further discussion see H van der Wilt, 'The EAW and the principle ne bis in idem in Union' in R Blekxtoon (ed), Handbook on the European Arrest Warrant, 2005, The Hague, Netherlands: Asser Press.
126. C Nicholls, 'The Rule of Non-Inquiry in Extradition Cases', paper presented to the Oxford Conference on International Co-operation in Criminal Matters, 24-28 August 1998.
127. For further discussion, see M Mackarel and S Nash, 'Extradition and the European Union', 46 ICLQ (1997), 948.
128. G Vermeulun and G Vander Beken, 'Extradition in the European Union: State of the Art and Perspectives', 4 Eur J Crime Cr L Cr J (1996), 200, pp 207-08.
129. For further discussion of this point, see M Birnbaum, 'Pinochet and Double Criminality', Crim LR [2000], 127.
130. C Gane and M Mackarel, 'The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained from Abroad into Criminal Proceedings - The Interpretation of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and Use of Evidence Irregularly Obtained', 4 Eur J Crime Cr L Cr J (1996), 98.
131. See G Vermeulen, Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Within the European Union:Towards a Full Mutual Assistance Area Specific to the Member States?, 1999, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ghent.
132. See C Rijken and G Vermeulen (eds) Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union: From Theory to Practice, 2006, The Hague, Netherlands: Asser Press, pp 146-58.
133. See generally, M Leaf (ed), Cross Border Crime: Defence rights in a new era of international judicial co-operation, 2006, London: JUSTICE.
134. See C Gane and M Mackarel, 'The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained from Abroad into Criminal Proceedings - The Interpretation of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and the Use of Evidence Irregularly Obtained', 4 Eur J Crime Cr L Cr J (1996), 98, p 116.
135. For further discussion of the ICA 1985, see S Nash, 'Interception of Communications in the European Union', 5 Juridical Review (1996), 321.
136. See S Nash 'Tipping the Scales: The Reduction of Procedural Protection for the Accused in Inter-jurisdictional Cases' 2000 PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.
137. M Andersen, Policing the World: Interpol and the Politics of International Police Co-operation, 1989, Oxford: OUP, pp 41-42.
138. A Bossard, 'Interpol and Law Enforcement: Response to Transnational Crime', 11 Police Studies (1988), 177, p 179.
139. J Benyon et al, Police Co-operation in Europe: An Investigation, 1993, Leicester: University of Leicester Centre for the Study of Public Order, 125.
140. G Mason, 'Kendall's Kingdom', 14 Police Studies (1991), 19.
141. M Colvin, The Schengen Information System: A Human Rights Audit, 2000, London:JUSTICE.
142. For further discussion see S White 'Harmonisation of criminal law under the first pillar' (2006) 31 EL Rev 81.
143. T Bunyan, 'Trevi, Europol and the New European State', in T Bunyan (ed), Statewatching the New Europe: A Handbook on the European State, 1993, Nottingham: Russell.
144. M Den Boer and N Walker, 'European Policing After 1992', 31 Journal of Common Market Studies (1995), 3.
145. Declaration, Art 8(1); see K Lenaerts, 'Fundamental Rights to be Included in a Community Catalogue' [1991] ECR 366.
146. C Fijnaut, 'The Schengen Treaties and European Police Co-operation', 1 Eur J Crime Cr L Cr J (1993), 37.
147. V Morris and MP Scharf, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 1998, Irvington-on Hudson, NY: Transnational, 414.
148. See JW Strong (ed), McCormick on Evidence, 1999, St Paul, Minnesota: West, pp 391-92.
149. G Schwarzenberger, International Law As Applied by Courts and Tribunals, 1968, London:Stevens, pp 462-66.
150. JJ Paust, 'Aggression Against Authority: The Crime of Oppression, Politicide and Other Crimes Against Human Rights', 18 Case W Res J Int'l L (1986), 283, pp 283-84.
151. P Boissier, From Solferino to Tsushima: History of the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1985, Geneva: Henri Durant Institute, pp 283-84.
152. See IF Willis, Prologue to Nuremberg: The Politics and Diplomacy of Punishing War Criminals of the First World War, 1982, Westport, Conn: Greenwood.
153. Dover Castle case, 16 AJIL (1922), 704;
154. Llandovery Castle case, 16 AJIL (1922), 708;
155. Trial of Emil Mueller, 16 AJIL (1922), 684.
156. See generally T Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoire, 1993, London: Bloomsbury;
157. A Tusa and J Tusa, The Nuremberg Trial, 1983, London: Macmillan.
158. See I Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States, 1963, Oxford: OUP, 62.
159. G Finch, 'The Nuremberg Trial and International Law', 41 AJIL (1947), 20, pp 26-28.
160. S Glueck, 'The Nuremberg Trial and Aggressive War', 59 Harv L Rev (1946), 396;
161. Lord Wright, 'War Crimes Under International Law', 62 LQR (1946), 40.
162. F Biddle, 'The Nuremberg Trial', 33 Va L Rev (1947), 679.
163. CM Bassiouni, 'Nuremberg Forty Years After: An Introduction', 18 Case W Res J Intl L (1986), 261.
164. See generally RH Minear, Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 1971, Princeton:Princeton UP.
165. ES Kopelman, 'Ideology and International Law: The Dissent of the Indian Justice at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial', 23 NYUJ Intl L & Pol (1991), 373.
166. M Ratner and J Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law, 1997, Oxford: OUP, p 164.
167. See JC O'Brien, 'The International Tribunal for Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia', 87 AJIL (1993), 639.
168. See CM Bassiouni, 'The United Nations Commission of Experts Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)', 88 AJIL (1994), 784.
169. See D Sarooshi, 'The Legal Framework Governing United Nations Subsidiary Organs', 67 BYIL (1996), 413, pp 428-31.
170. P Akhavan, 'The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment', 90 AJIL (1996), 501, p 502.
171. A D'Amato, 'Peace vs Accountability in Bosnia', 88 AJIL (1994), 500.
172. JE Alvarez, 'Crimes of States, Crimes of Hate: Lessons from Rwanda', 24 Yale J Int'l L (1999), 365, pp 377-78.
173. C Niarchos, 'Women, War and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia', 17 HRQ (1995), 649.
174. H Fox, 'The Objections to Transfer of Criminal Jurisdiction to the UN Tribunal', 46 ICLQ (1997), 434, regarding the UK's 1996 SI.
175. See I Bantekas, 'Study on the Minimum Rules of Conduct in Cross-Examination to be Applied by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia', 50 Rev Hel (1997), 205.
176. J Crawford, 'The ILC Adopts a Statute for an International Criminal Court', 89 AJIL (1995), 404.
177. DJ Scheffer, 'Staying the Course with the International Criminal Court', 35 Cornell ILJ (2002), 47.
178. GM Danilenko, 'The Statute of the International Criminal Court and Third States', 21 Mich J Int'l L (2000), 444, p 448.
179. DJ Scheffer, 'The United States and the International Criminal Court', 93 AJIL (1999), 12, p 18.
180. D McGoldrick, 'The Permanent International Criminal Court: An End to the Culture of Impunity?', Crim LR [1999], 627, p 642.
181. For a contrary argument, see M Arsanjani, 'The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court', 93 AJIL (1999), 22, p 28.
182. C Antonopoulos, 'Whatever Happened to Crimes Against Peace?', 6 Journal of Conflict & Security Law (2001), 33, p 38.
183. C Garraway, 'Superior Orders and the International Criminal Court: Justice Delivered or Justice Denied?', 836 IRRC (1999), 785.
184. A McDonald, 'Sierra Leone's Shoestring Special Court', 84 IRRC (2002), 121, p 126.
185. See generally, M Happold, Child Soldiers in International Law, 2005, Manchester: Manchester University Press 40
186. For an overview of the problems facing UNTAET, see H Strohmeyer, 'Collapse and Reconstruction of a Judicial System: The United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor', 95 AJIL (2001), 46.
187. S Linton, 'New Approaches to International Justice in Cambodia and East Timor', 84 IRRC (2002), 93, p 106.
188. See D Turns, ' "Internationalised" or Ad Hoc Justice for International Criminal Law in a Time of Transition: The Cases of East Timor, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Cambodia', 7 ARIEL (2002) 123.
189. R Wilde, 'From Danzig to East Timor and Beyond: The Role of International Territorial Administration', 95 AJIL (2001), 583.
190. See B Kierman, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79, 2002, Boston, Mass: Yale University Press.
191. R Ratner, 'The Cambodian Settlement Accords', 87 AJIL (1993), 1, pp 3-5; SC Res 717 (16 Oct 1991).
192. See I Bantekas, 'The Iraqi Special Tribunal for Crimes against Humanity', 54 ICLQ (2005) 237, from which this section has been partly excerpted.
193. See A Klip and M Mackarel, 'The Lockerbie Trial - A Scottish Court in The Netherlands', 70 Revue Internationale de Droit Penale (1999), 777.
194. P Hayner, 'Fifteen Truth Commissions 1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study', 16 HRQ (1994), 597.
195. See M Scharf, 'The Case for a Permanent International Truth Commission', 8 Duke J Intl & Comp L (1997), 1;
196. T Klosterman, 'The Feasibility and Propriety of a Truth Commission in Cambodia: Too Little? Too Late?', 15 Ariz J Intl & Comp L (1998), 2.
197. See T Buergenthal, 'The United Nations Truth Commission for El-Salvador', 27 Vand J Trans L (1994), 498.
198. M Ratner and J Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law, 1997, Oxford: OUP, 196.
199. See generally P Parker, 'The Politics of Indemnities: Truth Telling and Reconciliation in South Africa', 17 HRLJ (1996), 1.
200. J Gavron, 'Amnesties in the Light of Development in International Law and the Establishment of the International Criminal Court', 51 ICLQ (2002), 91, pp 94-99.