Rwandan genocide and the international law of radio jamming

American Journal of International Law

Volumn 91, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 628-632

  Metzl, Jamie Frederic ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040955219     PISSN: 00029300     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2998097     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. ROBERT EDWIN HERZSTEIN, THE WAR THAT HITLER WON: THE MOST INFAMOUS PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN IN HISTORY (1978).
2. See FRANÇOISE J. HAMPSON, INCITEMENT AND THE MEDIA: RESPONSIBILITY OF AND FOR THE MEDIA IN THE CONFLICTS IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, Papers in the Theory and Practice of Human Rights No. 3, 1993); and ARTICLE 19 ORGANIZATION, FORGING WAR: THE MEDIA IN SERBIA, CROATIA, AND BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA (1994).
3. See FRANÇOISE J. HAMPSON, INCITEMENT AND THE MEDIA: RESPONSIBILITY OF AND FOR THE MEDIA IN THE CONFLICTS IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, Papers in the Theory and Practice of Human Rights No. 3, 1993); and ARTICLE 19 ORGANIZATION, FORGING WAR: THE MEDIA IN SERBIA, CROATIA, AND BOSNIA-HERCEGOVINA (1994).
4. See RWANDA: LES MÉDIAS DU GÉNOCIDE (Jean-Pierre Chrétien et al. eds., 1995) [hereinafter RWANDA]; and ARTICLE 19 ORGANIZATION, BROADCASTING GENOCIDE: CENSORSHIP, PROPAGANDA AND STATE SPONSORED VIOLENCE IN RWANDA 1990-1994 (1996) [hereinafter BROADCASTING GENOCIDE].
5. See RWANDA: LES MÉDIAS DU GÉNOCIDE (Jean-Pierre Chrétien et al. eds., 1995) [hereinafter RWANDA]; and ARTICLE 19 ORGANIZATION, BROADCASTING GENOCIDE: CENSORSHIP, PROPAGANDA AND STATE SPONSORED VIOLENCE IN RWANDA 1990-1994 (1996) [hereinafter BROADCASTING GENOCIDE].
6. See MARILYN MATELSKI, VATICAN RADIO: PROPAGATION BY THE AIRWAVES (1995).
7. See HERBERT SCHILLER, MASS COMMUNICATIONS AND AMERICAN EMPIRE 63-78 (1970); and LOUIS MEULSTEE, WIRELESS FOR THE WARRIOR (1995).
8. See HERBERT SCHILLER, MASS COMMUNICATIONS AND AMERICAN EMPIRE 63-78 (1970); and LOUIS MEULSTEE, WIRELESS FOR THE WARRIOR (1995).
9. See FRED H. CATE, INTERNATIONAL DISASTER COMMUNICATIONS: HARNESSING THE POWER OF COMMUNICATIONS TO AVERT DISASTERS AND SAVE LIVES (Annenberg Washington Program, Communications Policy Studies, 1994).
10. DAVID ABSHIRE, INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING: A NEW DIMENSION OF WESTERN DIPLOMACY (Washington Papers No. 35, 1976).
11. See PHILO C. WASBURN, BROADCASTING PROPAGANDA: INTERNATIONAL RADIO BROADCASTING AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICAL REALITY (1992).
12. Jamming has been defined as the "deliberate use of interfering radio signals sent from one or more transmitters to garble emissions from other transmitters in order to make them unintelligible at reception." JOHN B. WHITTON & ARTHUR D. LARSON, PROPAGANDA TOWARDS DISARMAMENT IN THE WAR OF WORDS 210 (1964).
13. See HOWARD H. FREDERICK, CUBAN-AMERICAN RADIO WARS: IDEOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS (1986).
14. See Douglas Waller, America's Persuader in the Sky, TIME, Aug. 21, 1995, at 38.
15. Id.
16. BROADCASTING GENOCIDE, supra note 3, at 116-17.
17. RTLM broadcast, April 15, 1994, reprinted in RWANDA, supra note 3, at 194.
18. Id. at 300.
19. See, e.g., Hilsum, supra note 22.
20. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Introduction to UN DEP'T OF PUBLIC INFORMATION, THE UNITED NATIONS AND RWANDA, 1993-1996, at 44, UN Sales No. E.96.I.20 (1996).
21. See INT'L HERALD TRIB., June 13, 1994; and Douglas Jehl, Officials Told to Avoid Calling Rwanda Killings "Genocide," N.Y. TIMES, June 10, 1994, at A8. According to Presidential Decision Directive 25, the classified U.S. government document outlining the Clinton administration's policy on peacekeeping operations, summarized in 33 ILM 795 (1994), genocide was considered an appropriate justification for U.S. intervention. For the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, see 78 UNTS 277 [hereinafter Genocide Convention].
22. See INT'L HERALD TRIB., June 13, 1994; and Douglas Jehl, Officials Told to Avoid Calling Rwanda Killings "Genocide," N.Y. TIMES, June 10, 1994, at A8. According to Presidential Decision Directive 25, the classified U.S. government document outlining the Clinton administration's policy on peacekeeping operations, summarized in 33 ILM 795 (1994), genocide was considered an appropriate justification for U.S. intervention. For the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, see 78 UNTS 277 [hereinafter Genocide Convention].
23. See INT'L HERALD TRIB., June 13, 1994; and Douglas Jehl, Officials Told to Avoid Calling Rwanda Killings "Genocide," N.Y. TIMES, June 10, 1994, at A8. According to Presidential Decision Directive 25, the classified U.S. government document outlining the Clinton administration's policy on peacekeeping operations, summarized in 33 ILM 795 (1994), genocide was considered an appropriate justification for U.S. intervention. For the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, see 78 UNTS 277 [hereinafter Genocide Convention].
24. See SC Res. 918 (May 17, 1994).
25. See Clinton Administration avoids definition of "genocide," Human Rights Watch/Africa Press Release (June 10, 1994).
26. US to Help Equip UN in Rwanda, CHICAGO TRIB. (N.Y. Times News Service), June 16, 1994, at 8.
27. Thomas Lippman, U.S. Aides Fear New Violence in Burundi, WASH. POST, June 17, 1994, at A19.
28. PRUNIER, supra note 20, at 296.
29. BROADCASTING GENOCIDE, supra note 3, at 135-36. RTLM broadcast 24 hours a day during the first 10 days of the mass killing.
30. United Press International, Apr. 12, 1994.