Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment

Pediatrics

Volumn 134, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 696-704

  De Vries, Annelou L C ^a   McGuire, Jenifer K ^b   Steensma, Thomas D ^a   Wagenaar, Eva C F ^a   Doreleijers, Theo A H ^a   Cohen Kettenis, Peggy T ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Gender dysphoria; Longitudinal outcomes; Psychological functioning; Puberty suppression; Transgenderism

Indexed keywords

GONADORELIN DERIVATIVE; HORMONE ANTAGONIST;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BODY IMAGE; DEPRESSION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; FEMALE TO MALE TRANSGENDER; GENDER DYSPHORIA; HAPPINESS; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; LIFE SATISFACTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALE TO FEMALE TRANSGENDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBLEM BEHAVIOR; PUBERTY SUPPRESSION; QUALITY OF LIFE; SEX REASSIGNMENT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; WELLBEING; COHORT ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFECTS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; PUBERTY; TRANSGENDER; TRANSSEXUALISM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRENDS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; BODY IMAGE; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HORMONE ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; MALE; PUBERTY; SEX REASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES; TRANSGENDERED PERSONS; TRANSSEXUALISM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84908521408     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2958     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
2. Cohen-Kettenis PT, van Goozen SH Pubertal delay as an aid in diagnosis and treatment of a transsexual adolescent. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 7(4): 246-248
3. Nakatsuka M. [Adolescents with gender identity disorder: reconsideration of the age limits for endocrine treatment and surgery.] Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2012; 114(6): 647-653
4. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Owen-Anderson A, Singh D, Blanchard R, Bain J. Pubertyblocking hormonal therapy for adolescents with gender identity disorder: a descriptive clinical study. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health. 2010; 15(1): 58-82
5. Hewitt JK, Paul C, Kasiannan P, Grover SR, Newman LK, Warne GL. Hormone treatment of gender identity disorder in a cohort of children and adolescents. Med J Aust. 2012; 196(9): 578-581
6. Olson J, Forbes C, Belzer M. Management of the transgender adolescent. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011; 165(2): 171-176
7. Spack NP, Edwards-Leeper L, Feldman HA, et al. Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(3): 418-425
8. Byne W, Bradley SJ, Coleman E, et al. Treatment of gender identity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(8): 875-876
9. Adelson SL Practice parameter on gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation, gender nonconformity, and gender discordance in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012; 51(9): 957-974
10. Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis P, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, et al. Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(9): 3132-3154
11. Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, et al. Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. Int J Transgenderism. 2012; 13(4): 165-232
12. Cohen-Kettenis PT, Steensma TD, de Vries AL Treatment of adolescents with gender dysphoria in the Netherlands. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011; 20(4): 689-700
13. Thornton P, Silverman LA, Geffner ME, Neely EK, Gould E, Danoff TM. Review of outcomes after cessation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment of girls with precocious puberty. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev Mar. 2014; 11(3): 306-317
14. Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: a protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006; 155(Suppl 1):S131-S137
15. Steensma TD, Biemond R, Boer FD, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: a qualitative follow-up study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011; 16(4): 499-516
16. de Vries AL, Steensma TD, Doreleijers TA, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: a prospective follow-up study. J Sex Med. 2011; 8(8): 2276-2283
17. Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res. 2004; 13(2): 299-310
18. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction With Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985; 49(1): 71-75
19. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper HS. A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Soc Indic Res. 1999; 46(2): 137-155
20. Koot HM The study of quality of life: concepts and methods. In: Koot HM, Wallander JL, eds. Quality of Life in Child and Adolescent Illness: Concepts, Methods and Findings. London, UK: Harwood Academic Publishers; 2001: 3-20
21. Carver PR, Yunger JL, Perry DG. Gender identity and adjustment in middle childhood. Sex Roles. 2003; 49(3-4): 95-109
22. Grossman AH, D'Augelli AR. Transgender youth: invisible and vulnerable. J Homosex. 2006; 51(1): 111-128
23. Steensma TD, Kreukels BP, Jurgensen M, Thyen U, De Vries AL, Cohen-Kettenis PT. The Urecht Gender Dysphoria Scale: a validation study. Arch Sex Behav. provisionally accepted
24. Lindgren TW, Pauly IB. A body image scale for evaluating transsexuals. Arch Sex Behav. 1975; 4: 639-656
25. Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, et al. A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983; 40(11): 1228-1231
26. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1996
27. Spielberger CD Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1988
28. Spielberger CD, Gorssuch RL, Lushene PR, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc; 1983
29. Achenbach TM Manual for the Youth Self-Report. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991
30. Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families; 2003
31. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1983
32. Cohen-Kettenis PT, Owen A, Kaijser VG, Bradley SJ, Zucker KJ. Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2003; 31(1): 41-53
33. Statistics Netherlands. Landelijke Jeugdmonitor. In: Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Wetenschap en Sport, ed. Den Haag, Heerlen: Tuijtel, Hardinxveld-Giessendam; 2012
34. Arrindell WA, Heesink J, Feij JA. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS): appraisal with 1700 healthy young adults in The Netherlands. Pers Individ Dif. 1999; 26(5): 815-826
35. Murad MH, Elamin MB, Garcia MZ, et al. Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010; 72(2): 214-231
36. Smith YL, Van Goozen SH, Kuiper AJ, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals. Psychol Med. 2005; 35(1): 89-99
37. Ross MW, Need JA. Effects of adequacy of gender reassignment surgery on psychological adjustment: a follow-up of fourteen male-to-female patients. Arch Sex Behav. 1989; 18(2): 145-153
38. Lawrence AA Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Arch Sex Behav. 2003; 32(4): 299-315
39. Grossman AH, D'Augelli AR. Transgender youth and life-threatening behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007; 37(5): 527-537
40. Garofalo R, Deleon J, Osmer E, Doll M, Harper GW. Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female trans-gender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 38(3): 230-236
41. Toomey RB, Ryan C, Diaz RM, Card NA, Russell ST. Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Dev Psychol. 2010; 46 (6): 1580-1589
42. McGuire JK, Anderson CR, Toomey RB, Russell ST. School climate for trans-gender youth: a mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responses. J Youth Adolesc. 2010; 39(10): 1175-1188
43. Cohen-Kettenis PT, Schagen SE, Steensma TD, de Vries AL, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Puberty suppression in a gender-dysphoric adolescent: a 22-year follow-up. Arch Sex Behav. 2011; 40(4): 843-847
44. Steensma TD, McGuire JK, Kreukels BP, Beekman AJ, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013; 52(6): 582-590
45. Kreukels BP, Cohen-Kettenis PT. Puberty suppression in gender identity disorder: the Amsterdam experience. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7(8): 466-472
46. Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Manual. 3rd ed. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1997
47. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). 3rd ed. Dutch version. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zetlinger; 1997
48. Wechsler D, Kort W, Compaan EL, Bleichrodt N, Resing WCM, Schittkatte M. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III). 3rd ed. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zettlinger; 2002