Stereotypes as Stumbling-Blocks: How Coping With Stereotype Threat Affects Life Outcomes for People With Physical Disabilities

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 40, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1330-1340

  Silverman, Arielle M ^a   Cohen, Geoffrey L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

achievement; coping; disability; social identity; stigma

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; DISABLED PERSON; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL STIGMA; STEREOTYPING; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DISABLED PERSONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL STIGMA; STEREOTYPING; VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84908505189     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167214542800     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aiken L. S.,West S. G.Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE; 1991:
2. Aronson J.,McGlone M. S.Handbook of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination research. Nelson T., ed. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2009:153-178.
3. Asch A.,Rousso H.,Jefferies T.Double jeopardy: Addressing gender equity in special education supports and services. Rousso H., ed. New York: State University of New York Press; 2001:13-41.
4. Bissett L.,Coussins J.Badge of poverty: A new look at the stigma attached to free school meals. London, England: Child Poverty Action Group; 1982:
5. Blascovich J.,Spencer S. J.,Quinn D.,Steele C.African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat.Psychological Science. 2001;12:225-229
6. Bowen N.,Wegmann K.,Webber K.Enhancing a brief writing intervention to combat stereotype threat among middle-school students.Journal of Educational Psychology. 2013;105:427-435
7. Cacioppo J. T.,Patrick B.Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; 2008:
8. Cohen G. L.,Garcia J.“I am us”: Negative stereotypes as collective threats.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:566-582
9. Cohen G. L.,Garcia J.Identity, belonging, and achievement: A model, interventions, implications.Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2008;17:365-369
10. Cohen G. L.,Garcia J.,Apfel N.,Master A.Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention.Science. 2006;313:1307-1310
11. Cohen G. L.,Garcia J.,Purdie-Vaughns V.,Apfel N.,Brzustoski P.Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap.Science. 2009;324:400-403
12. Cohen G. L.,Sherman D. K.The psychology of change: Self-affirmation and social-psychological intervention.Annual Review of Psychology. 2014;65:333-371
13. Cohen S.,Kamarck T.,Mermelstein R.A global measure of perceived stress.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983;24:385-396
14. Cook J. E.,Purdie-Vaughns V.,Garcia J.,Cohen G.Chronic threat and contingent belonging: Protective benefits of values affirmation on identity development.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012;102:479-496
15. Creswell J. D.,Welch W.,Taylor S. E.,Sherman D. K.,Gruenewald T.,Mann T.Affirmation of personal values buffers neuroendocrine and psychological stress responses.Psychological Science. 2005;16:846-851
16. Crocker J.,Major B.Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.Psychological Review. 1989;96:608-630
17. Davies P. G.,Spencer S. J.,Quinn D. M.,Gerhardstein R.Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2002;28:1615-1628
18. Diener E.,Emmons R. A.,Larsen R. J.,Griffin S.The satisfaction with life scale.Journal of Personality Assessment. 1985;49:71-75
19. Dodds A. G.,Bailey P.,Pearson A.,Yates L.Psychological factors in acquired visual impairment: The development of a scale of adjustment.Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness. 1991;85:306-310
20. Dodds A. G.,Ferguson E.The concept of adjustment: A structural model.Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness. 1994;88:488-497
21. Goffman E.Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1963:
22. Inzlicht M.,Tullett A. M.,Gutsell J. N.Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application. Inzlicht M.Schmader T., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012:107-123.
23. Kissane R. J.What’s need got to do with it? Barriers to use of nonprofit social services.Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 2003;30:127-148
24. Klein R.Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. 2010. Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2010:
25. Major B.,O’Brien L. T.The social psychology of stigma.Annual Review of Psychology. 2005;56:393-421
26. Martens A.,Johns M.,Greenberg J.,Schimel J.Combating stereotype threat: The effect of self-affirmation on women’s intellectual performance.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2006;42:236-243
27. McQueen A.,Klein W.Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review.Self and Identity. 2006;5:289-354
28. Miyake A.,Kost-Smith L. E.,Finkelstein N. D.,Pollock S. J.,Cohen G. L.,Ito T. A.Reducing the gender achievement gap in college science: A classroom study of values-affirmation.Science. 2010;330:1234-1237
29. Nario-Redmond M. R.Cultural stereotypes of disabled and non-disabled men and women: Consensus for global category representations in diagnostic domains.British Journal of Social Psychology. 2010;49:471-488
30. Nario-Redmond M. R.,Noel J.,Fern E.Redefining disability, reimagining the self: Disability identification predicts self-esteem and strategic responses to stigma.Self and Identity. 2013;12:468-488
31. Nussbaum A. D.,Steele C. M.Situational disengagement and persistence in the face of adversity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2007;43:127-134
32. Omvig J.Freedom for the blind: The secret is empowerment. Hot Springs, AR: Region VI Rehabilitation Continuing Education Program, University of Arkansas; 2002:
33. Pascoe E. A.,Richman L. S.Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin. 2009;135:531-554
34. Schmader T.,Johns M.,Forbes C.An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance.Psychological Review. 2008;115:336-356
35. Shapiro J. R.Different groups, different threats: A multi-threat approach to the experience of stereotype threats.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2011;37:464-480
36. Shapiro J. R.,Neuberg S. L.From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2007;11:107-130
37. Sherman D. K.,Bunyan D. P.,Creswell J. D.,Jaremka L.Psychological vulnerability and stress: The effects of self-affirmation on sympathetic nervous system responses to naturalistic stressors.Health Psychology. 2009;28:554-562
38. Sherman D. K.,Cohen G. L.Advances in experimental social psychology. Zanna M. P., ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2006:183-242.
39. Sherman D. K.,Cohen G. L.,Nelson L. D.,Nussbaum A. D.,Bunyan D. P.,Garcia J.Affirmed yet unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009;97:745-764
40. Sherman D. K.,Hartson K. A.Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection. Alicke M. D., ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011:128-151.
41. Sherman D. K.,Hartson K. A.,Binning K. R.,Purdie-Vaughns V.,Garcia J.,Taborsky-Barba S.,.. Cohen G. L.Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative: How self-affirmation affects academic performance and motivation under identity threat.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2013;104:591-618
42. Silverman A. M.,Cohen G. L.Fostering positive narratives: Social-psychological interventions to maximize motivation in the classroom and beyond.Advances in Motivation and Achievement. in press;Vol. 18:
43. Silverman A.,Logel C.,Cohen G.Self-affirmation as a deliberate coping strategy: The moderating role of choice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2013;49:93-98
44. Smart J.Disability, society, and the individual. Austin, TX: ProEd; 2001:
45. Smedema S. M.,Catalano D.,Ebener D.The relationship of coping, self-worth, and subjective well-being: A structural equation model.Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 2010;53:131-142
46. Stangor C.,Carr C.,Chiang L.Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;75:1191-1197
47. Steele C. M.Advances in experimental social psychology. Berkowitz L., ed. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1988:261-302.
48. Steele C. M.A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.American Psychologist. 1997;52:613-629
49. Steele C. M.,Aronson J.Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995;69:797-811
50. Steele C. M.,Spencer S.,Aronson J.Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat.Advances in experimental social psychology. 2002;34:379-440
51. Stone J.Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping among white athletes.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2002;28:1667-1678
52. Taylor V. J.,Walton G.Stereotype threat undermines academic learning.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2011;37:1055-1067
53. Thomaes S.,Bushman B. J.,De Castro B. O.,Reijntjes A.Arousing “gentle passions” in young adolescents: Sustained experimental effects of value-affirmations on prosocial feelings and behaviors.Developmental Psychology. 2012;48:103-110
54. Walton G. M.,Cohen G.A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes for minority students.Science. 2011;331:1447-1451
55. Wright B.Physical disability: A social-psychological approach. 1983. Physical disability: A social-psychological approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row.New York, NY: Harper & Row; 1983:
56. Yeager D. S.,Walton G. M.Social-psychological interventions in education: They’re not magic.Review of Educational Research. 2011;81:281-317