메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 547-557

Clostridium difficile infection: Current, forgotten and emerging treatment options

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile infection; fecal microbiota therapy; fidaxomicin; metronidazole; vancomycin

Indexed keywords

BACITRACIN; BACTERIAL VACCINE; FIDAXOMICIN; FUSIDIC ACID; METRONIDAZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NITAZOXANIDE; PLACEBO; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 84908464532     PISSN: 20426305     EISSN: 20426313     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/cer.14.36     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (3)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe
    • Hall IC, OToole E. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 49(49), 390-402 (1935).
    • (1935) Bacillus Difficilis. Am. J. Dis. Child , vol.49 , Issue.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    Otoole, E.2
  • 2
    • 0017801430 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-Associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia
    • Bartlett JG, Chang TW, Gurwith M, Gorbach SL, Onderdonk AB. Antibiotic-Associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N. Engl. J. Med. 298(10), 531-534 (1978).
    • (1978) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.298 , Issue.10 , pp. 531-534
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Chang, T.W.2    Gurwith, M.3    Gorbach, S.L.4    Onderdonk, A.B.5
  • 3
    • 0018193196 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis
    • Larson HE, Price AB, Honour P, Borriello SP. Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet 1(8073), 1063-1066 (1978).
    • (1978) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8073 , pp. 1063-1066
    • Larson, H.E.1    Price, A.B.2    Honour, P.3    Borriello, S.P.4
  • 4
    • 0029650566 scopus 로고
    • Hospital Infection Control PracticesAdvisory Committee. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC(RR-12
    • Hospital Infection Control PracticesAdvisory Committee. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm. Rep. 44(RR-12), 1-13 (1995).
    • (1995) MMWR Recomm. Rep , vol.44 , pp. 1-13
  • 5
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea and colitis
    • Teasley DG, Gerding DN, Olson MM, et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet 2(8358), 1043-1046 (1983).
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8358 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 6
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Hasenhundl M, Hirschl AM, Graninger W. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 22(5), 813-818 (1996).
    • (1996) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhundl, M.3    Hirschl, A.M.4    Graninger, W.5
  • 7
    • 0018220731 scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea
    • Keighley MR, Burdon DW, Arabi Y, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis and postoperative diarrhoea. Br. Med. J. 2(6153), 1667-1669 (1978).
    • (1978) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , Issue.6153 , pp. 1667-1669
    • Keighley, M.R.1    Burdon, D.W.2    Arabi, Y.3
  • 8
    • 0024492975 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of antibiotic-Associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: Comparison of two dosage regimens
    • Fekety R, Silva J, Kauffman C, Buggy B, Deery HG. Treatment of antibiotic-Associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens. Am. J. Med. 86(1), 15-19 (1989).
    • (1989) Am. J. Med , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-19
    • Fekety, R.1    Silva, J.2    Kauffman, C.3    Buggy, B.4    Deery, H.G.5
  • 9
    • 0022382249 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-Associated colitis due to clostridium difficile: Double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin
    • Young GP, Ward PB, Bayley N, et al. Antibiotic-Associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile: double-blind comparison of vancomycin with bacitracin. Gastroenterology 89(5), 1038-1045 (1985).
    • (1985) Gastroenterology , vol.89 , Issue.5 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Young, G.P.1    Ward, P.B.2    Bayley, N.3
  • 10
    • 3543083961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea
    • Wullt M, Odenholt I. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54(1), 211-216 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Antimicrob. Chemother , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 211-216
    • Wullt, M.1    Odenholt, I.2
  • 11
    • 34848836638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in clostridium difficile-related mortality rates united states 1999-2004
    • Redelings MD, Sorvillo F, Mascola L. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999-2004. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13(9), 1417-1419 (2007).
    • (2007) Emerg. Infect. Dis , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 1417-1419
    • Redelings, M.D.1    Sorvillo, F.2    Mascola, L.3
  • 12
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(23), 2442-2449 (2005).
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.353 , Issue.23 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3
  • 13
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea in a region of quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 171(5), 466-472 (2004).
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , Issue.5 , pp. 466-472
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 14
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(3), 302-307 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 15
    • 33747603490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea
    • Lagrotteria D, Holmes S, Smieja M, Smaill F, Lee C. Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(5), 547-552 (2006).
    • (2006) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 547-552
    • Lagrotteria, D.1    Holmes, S.2    Smieja, M.3    Smaill, F.4    Lee, C.5
  • 16
    • 58749112167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, Johnson DP, Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(4), e41-e46 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. e41-e46
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Bressler, A.M.3    Johnson, D.P.4    Rossignol, J.F.5
  • 17
    • 33746626011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide for the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(4), 421-427 (2006).
    • (2006) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 421-427
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Hamill, R.J.3
  • 18
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection n
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection N. Engl. J. Med. 364(5), 422-431 (2011).
    • (2011) Engl. J. Med , vol.364 , Issue.5 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 19
    • 79952585695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-Associated clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-Associated infection due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals
    • Miller BA, Chen LF, Sexton DJ, Anderson DJ. Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-Associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-Associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 32(4), 387-390 (2011).
    • (2011) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 387-390
    • Miller, B.A.1    Chen, L.F.2    Sexton, D.J.3    Anderson, D.J.4
  • 20
    • 57749091990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of current literature on the economic burden of clostridium difficile infection
    • Dubberke ER, Wertheimer AI. Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 30(1), 57-66 (2009).
    • (2009) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-66
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Wertheimer, A.I.2
  • 21
    • 79960555026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of and risk factors for community-Associated clostridium difficile infection: A nested case-control study
    • Kuntz JL, Chrischilles EA, Pendergast JF, Herwaldt LA, Polgreen PM. Incidence of and risk factors for community-Associated Clostridium difficile infection: a nested case-control study. BMC Infect. Dis. 11, 194 (2011).
    • (2011) BMC Infect. Dis , vol.11 , pp. 194
    • Kuntz, J.L.1    Chrischilles, E.A.2    Pendergast, J.F.3    Herwaldt, L.A.4    Polgreen, P.M.5
  • 22
    • 84884510020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diverse sources of c difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing
    • Eyre DW, Cule ML, Wilson DJ, et al. Diverse sources of C. difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 369(13), 1195-1205 (2013).
    • (2013) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.369 , Issue.13 , pp. 1195-1205
    • Eyre, D.W.1    Cule, M.L.2    Wilson, D.J.3
  • 23
    • 67349239352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent clostridium difficile infection: A review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes
    • Johnson S. Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes. J. Infect. 58(6), 403-410 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Infect , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 403-410
    • Johnson, S.1
  • 26
    • 36549073638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of clostridium difficile-Associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of nap1/027
    • Pepin J, Valiquette L, Gagnon S, Routhier S, Brazeau I. Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/027. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102(12), 2781-2788 (2007).
    • (2007) Am. J. Gastroenterol , vol.102 , Issue.12 , pp. 2781-2788
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Gagnon, S.3    Routhier, S.4    Brazeau, I.5
  • 27
    • 66949167421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory clostridium difficile infection
    • Herpers BL, Vlaminckx B, Burkhardt O, et al. Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(12), 1732-1735 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.48 , Issue.12 , pp. 1732-1735
    • Herpers, B.L.1    Vlaminckx, B.2    Burkhardt, O.3
  • 28
    • 83755183852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of clostridium difficile treatments: A systematic review
    • Drekonja DM, Butler M, Macdonald R, et al. Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments: a systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med. 155(12), 839-847 (2011)
    • (2011) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.155 , Issue.12 , pp. 839-847
    • Drekonja, D.M.1    Butler, M.2    MacDonald, R.3
  • 29
    • 0026663447 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    • Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 117(4), 297-302 (1992
    • (1992) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-302
    • Johnson, S.1    Homann, S.R.2    Bettin, K.M.3
  • 30
    • 46249099130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease
    • Al-Nassir WN, Sethi AK, Li Y, Pultz MJ, Riggs MM, Donskey CJ. Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52(7), 2403-2406 (2008).
    • (2008) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother , vol.52 , Issue.7 , pp. 2403-2406
    • Al-Nassir, W.N.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Li, Y.3    Pultz, M.J.4    Riggs, M.M.5    Donskey, C.J.6
  • 31
    • 40449138792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea
    • Bishara J, Wattad M, Paul M. Vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(12), 1646-1647 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , Issue.12 , pp. 1646-1647
    • Bishara, J.1    Wattad, M.2    Paul, M.3
  • 32
    • 40449095731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin therapy for severe clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea
    • Huggan PJ, Murdoch DR. Vancomycin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(12), 1647-1648 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , Issue.12 , pp. 1647-1648
    • Huggan, P.J.1    Murdoch, D.R.2
  • 33
    • 40449115157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-Associated disease treatment response depends on definition of cure
    • 1648; author reply
    • Lawrence SJ, Dubberke ER, Johnson S, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile-Associated disease treatment response depends on definition of cure. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(12), 1648; author reply 1649-1651 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , Issue.12 , pp. 1649-1651
    • Lawrence, S.J.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 35
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of america (shea) and the infectious diseases society of america (idsa
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31(5), 431-455 (2010).
    • (2010) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 36
    • 57749107808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bad bugs, no drugs: No eskape an update from the infectious diseases society of america
    • Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48(1), 1-12 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-12
    • Boucher, H.W.1    Talbot, G.H.2    Bradley, J.S.3
  • 38
    • 84941818386 scopus 로고
    • Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea: A randomized double-blind trial
    • Dudley MN, McLaughlin JC, Carrington G, Frick J, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 146(6), 1101-1104 (1986).
    • (1986) Arch. Intern. Med , vol.146 , Issue.6 , pp. 1101-1104
    • Dudley, M.N.1    McLaughlin, J.C.2    Carrington, G.3    Frick, J.4    Nightingale, C.H.5    Quintiliani, R.6
  • 39
    • 0026784482 scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea
    • De Lalla F, Nicolin R, Rinaldi E, et al. Prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36(10), 2192-2196 (1992).
    • (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother , vol.36 , Issue.10 , pp. 2192-2196
    • De Lalla, F.1    Nicolin, R.2    Rinaldi, E.3
  • 40
    • 34548537873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for low risk of Clostridium difficile infection associated with tigecycline
    • Wilcox MH. Evidence for low risk of Clostridium difficile infection associated with tigecycline. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13(10), 949-952 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.13 , Issue.10 , pp. 949-952
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 41
    • 82455187892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of infectious diseases: A meta-Analysis
    • Tasina E, Haidich AB, Kokkali S, Arvanitidou M. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of infectious diseases: a meta-Analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11(11), 834-844 (2011).
    • (2011) Lancet Infect. Dis , vol.11 , Issue.11 , pp. 834-844
    • Tasina, E.1    Haidich, A.B.2    Kokkali, S.3    Arvanitidou, M.4
  • 42
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(3), 197-205 (2010).
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.362 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 43
    • 84859432325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential protective role of linezolid against Clostridium difficile infection
    • Valerio M, Pedromingo M, Munoz P, et al. Potential protective role of linezolid against Clostridium difficile infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 39(5), 414-419 (2012).
    • (2012) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 414-419
    • Valerio, M.1    Pedromingo, M.2    Munoz, P.3
  • 44
    • 84864953708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does doxycycline protect against development of clostridium difficile infection
    • Doernberg SB, Winston LG, Deck DH, Chambers HF. Does doxycycline protect against development of Clostridium difficile infection? Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(5), 615-620 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 615-620
    • Doernberg, S.B.1    Winston, L.G.2    Deck, D.H.3    Chambers, H.F.4
  • 45
    • 84898542092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review
    • Ohoro JC, Jindai K, Kunzer B, Safdar N. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. Infection 42(1), 43-59 (2014).
    • (2014) Infection , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-59
    • Ohoro, J.C.1    Jindai, K.2    Kunzer, B.3    Safdar, N.4
  • 46
    • 0034450738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: Use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Surawicz CM, Mcfarland LV, Greenberg RN, et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(4), 1012-1017 (2000).
    • (2000) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 47
    • 84863676557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin
    • Cornely OA, Miller MA, Louie TJ, Crook DW, Gorbach SL. Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55 (Suppl. 2), S154-S161 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , pp. S154-S161
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Miller, M.A.2    Louie, T.J.3    Crook, D.W.4    Gorbach, S.L.5
  • 48
    • 84873019302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent clostridium difficile n
    • Van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile N. Engl. J. Med. 368(5), 407-415 (2013).
    • (2013) Engl. J. Med , vol.368 , Issue.5 , pp. 407-415
    • Van Nood, E.1    Vrieze, A.2    Nieuwdorp, M.3
  • 49
    • 33644837200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of clostridium difficile-Associated disease in quebec
    • Pepin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, Brazeau I. Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease in Quebec, Canada. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(6), 758-764 (2006).
    • (2006) Canada. Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 758-764
    • Pepin, J.1    Routhier, S.2    Gagnon, S.3    Brazeau, I.4
  • 50
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-Associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC. Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-Associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 80(11), 867-868 (1985).
    • (1985) Am. J. Gastroenterol , vol.80 , Issue.11 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 51
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent clostridium difficile disease
    • Mcfarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97(7), 1769-1775 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Gastroenterol , vol.97 , Issue.7 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 52
    • 0042922857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Wullt M, Hagslatt ML, Odenholt I. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 35(6-7), 365-367 (2003).
    • (2003) Scand. J. Infect. Dis , vol.35 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 365-367
    • Wullt, M.1    Hagslatt, M.L.2    Odenholt, I.3
  • 53
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, Kelly CP, Gerding DN. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44(6), 846-848 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 54
    • 70450228421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin redux: Treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Patel U, Patel T, Hecht DW, Gerding DN. Rifaximin redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment. Anaerobe 15(6), 290-291 (2009).
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 290-291
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Patel, U.3    Patel, T.4    Hecht, D.W.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 55
    • 50549086810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind study comparing clostridium difficile immune whey and metronidazole for recurrent clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea: Efficacy and safety data of a prematurely interrupted trial
    • Mattila E, Anttila VJ, Broas M, et al. A randomized, double-blind study comparing Clostridium difficile immune whey and metronidazole for recurrent Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhoea: efficacy and safety data of a prematurely interrupted trial. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 40(9), 702-708 (2008).
    • (2008) Scand. J. Infect. Dis , vol.40 , Issue.9 , pp. 702-708
    • Mattila, E.1    Anttila, V.J.2    Broas, M.3
  • 57
    • 0001412472 scopus 로고
    • Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis
    • Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 44(5), 854-859 (1958).
    • (1958) Surgery , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 854-859
    • Eiseman, B.1    Silen, W.2    Bascom, G.S.3    Kauvar, A.J.4
  • 58
    • 0037373020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent clostridium difficile colitis: Case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube
    • Aas J, Gessert CE, Bakken JS. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36(5), 580-585 (2003).
    • (2003) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 580-585
    • Aas, J.1    Gessert, C.E.2    Bakken, J.S.3
  • 59
    • 84855772543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: Methodology and results
    • Kelly CR, De Leon L, Jasutkar N. Fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection in 26 patients: methodology and results. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 46(2), 145-149 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Clin. Gastroenterol , vol.46 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-149
    • Kelly, C.R.1    De Leon, L.2    Jasutkar, N.3
  • 60
    • 84862309942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Hamilton MJ, Weingarden AR, Sadowsky MJ, Khoruts A. Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107(5), 761-767 (2012).
    • (2012) Am. J. Gastroenterol , vol.107 , Issue.5 , pp. 761-767
    • Hamilton, M.J.1    Weingarden, A.R.2    Sadowsky, M.J.3    Khoruts, A.4
  • 61
    • 77950861655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success of self-Administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection
    • Silverman MS, Davis I, Pillai DR. Success of self-Administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(5), 471-473 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 471-473
    • Silverman, M.S.1    Davis, I.2    Pillai, D.R.3
  • 62
    • 84862908065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal transplant via retention enema for refractory or recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kassam Z, Hundal R, Marshall JK, Lee CH. Fecal transplant via retention enema for refractory or recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 172(2), 191-193 (2012).
    • (2012) Arch. Intern. Med , vol.172 , Issue.2 , pp. 191-193
    • Kassam, Z.1    Hundal, R.2    Marshall, J.K.3    Lee, C.H.4
  • 63
    • 84906790071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of combined jejunal and colonic fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Epub ahead of print
    • Dutta SK, Girotra M, Garg S, et al. Efficacy of combined jejunal and colonic fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.12.032 (2014) (Epub ahead of print).
    • (2014) Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol
    • Dutta, S.K.1    Girotra, M.2    Garg, S.3
  • 64
    • 84900418033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: A randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study
    • Youngster I, Sauk J, Pindar C, et al. Fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58(11), 1515-1522 (2014).
    • (2014) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.58 , Issue.11 , pp. 1515-1522
    • Youngster, I.1    Sauk, J.2    Pindar, C.3
  • 65
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53(10), 994-1002 (2011).
    • (2011) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.53 , Issue.10 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 66
    • 84905968786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review
    • Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A. Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 48(8), 693-702 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Clin. Gastroenterol , vol.48 , Issue.8 , pp. 693-702
    • Cammarota, G.1    Ianiro, G.2    Gasbarrini, A.3
  • 67
    • 84893235395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation: A practical update for the infectious disease specialist
    • Moore T, Rodriguez A, Bakken JS. Fecal microbiota transplantation: a practical update for the infectious disease specialist. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58(4), 541-545 (2014).
    • (2014) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.58 , Issue.4 , pp. 541-545
    • Moore, T.1    Rodriguez, A.2    Bakken, J.S.3
  • 68
    • 84870178314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient attitudes toward the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Zipursky JS, Sidorsky TI, Freedman CA, Sidorsky MN, Kirkland KB. Patient attitudes toward the use of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(12), 1652-1658 (2012).
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , Issue.12 , pp. 1652-1658
    • Zipursky, J.S.1    Sidorsky, T.I.2    Freedman, C.A.3    Sidorsky, M.N.4    Kirkland, K.B.5
  • 69
    • 84877020842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of clostridium difficile infection: Repoopulating the gut
    • Petrof EO, Gloor GB, Vanner SJ, et al. Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: RePOOPulating the gut. Microbiome 1(1), 3 (2013).
    • (2013) Microbiome , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Petrof, E.O.1    Gloor, G.B.2    Vanner, S.J.3
  • 71
    • 77952196958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Linsky A, Gupta K, Lawler EV, Fonda JR, Hermos JA. Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(9), 772-778 (2010).
    • (2010) Arch. Intern. Med , vol.170 , Issue.9 , pp. 772-778
    • Linsky, A.1    Gupta, K.2    Lawler, E.V.3    Fonda, J.R.4    Hermos, J.A.5
  • 72
    • 84860605588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection prevention: Biotherapeutics, immunologics, and vaccines
    • Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection prevention: biotherapeutics, immunologics, and vaccines. Discov. Med. 13(68), 75-83 (2012).
    • (2012) Discov. Med , vol.13 , Issue.68 , pp. 75-83
    • Gerding, D.N.1
  • 73
    • 0035145510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults
    • Kotloff KL, Wasserman SS, Losonsky GA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults. Infect. Immun. 69(2), 988-995 (2001).
    • (2001) Infect. Immun , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 988-995
    • Kotloff, K.L.1    Wasserman, S.S.2    Losonsky, G.A.3
  • 74
    • 62249140918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: Colonisation with non-Toxigenic C difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration
    • Merrigan MM, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. New approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: colonisation with non-Toxigenic C. difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33(Suppl. 1), S46-S50 (2009).
    • (2009) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.33 , pp. S46-S50
    • Merrigan, M.M.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 75
    • 84905868991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccines against Clostridium difficile
    • Epub ahead of print
    • Leuzzi R, Adamo R, Scarselli M. Vaccines against Clostridium difficile. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 10(6), doi:10.4161/hv.28428 (2014) (Epub ahead of print).
    • (2014) Hum. Vaccin. Immunother , vol.10 , Issue.6
    • Leuzzi, R.1    Adamo, R.2    Scarselli, M.3
  • 76
    • 84886255455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horizontal gene transfer converts non-Toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains into toxin producers
    • Brouwer MS, Roberts AP, Hussain H, Williams RJ, Allan E, Mullany P. Horizontal gene transfer converts non-Toxigenic Clostridium difficile strains into toxin producers. Nat. Commun. 4, 2601 (2013
    • (2013) Nat. Commun , vol.4 , pp. 2601
    • Brouwer, M.S.1    Roberts, A.P.2    Hussain, H.3    Williams, R.J.4    Allan, E.5    Mullany, P.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.